hh blood group

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The h/h blood group, also known as Oh[1] or the Bombay blood group, is a rare blood type. This blood [phenotype] was first discovered in Bombay, now known as Mumbai, in India, by Dr.Y.G.Bhide in 1952.

Problems with blood transfusion

The first person found to have the Bombay phenotype had an interesting blood type that reacted to other blood types in a way never seen before. The serum contained antibodies that reacted with all red blood cells' normal ABO phenotypes. The red blood cells appeared to lack all of the ABO blood group antigens and to have an additional antigen that was previously unknown.

Individuals with the rare Bombay phenotype (hh) do not express H antigen (also called substance H), the antigen which is present in blood group O. As a result, they cannot make A antigen (also called substance A) or B antigen (substance B) on their red blood cells, whatever alleles they may have of the A and B blood-group genes, because A antigen and B antigen are made from H antigen. For this reason people who have Bombay phenotype can donate red blood cells to any member of the ABO blood group system (unless some other blood factor gene, such as Rhesus, is incompatible), but they cannot receive blood from any member of the ABO blood group system (which always contains one or more of A and B and H antigens), but only from other people who have Bombay phenotype.

Receiving blood which contains an antigen which has never been in the patient's own blood causes an immune reaction due to the immune system of a hypothetical receiver producing immunoglobulins not only against antigen A and B, but also against H antigen. The most common immunoglobulins synthesized are IgM and IgG (and this seems to have a very important role in the low frequency of hemolytic disease of the newborn among non-Bombay offspring of Bombay mothers).

It is very important, in order to avoid any complications during a blood transfusion, to detect Bombay phenotype individuals, because the usual tests for ABO blood group system would show them as group O. Since Anti-H immunoglobulins can activate the complement cascade, it will lead to the lysis of red blood cells while they are still in the circulation, provoking an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction. This, of course, cannot be prevented unless the lab technologist that is involved has the means and the thought to test for Bombay group.

Incidence

This very rare phenotype is generally present in about 0.0004% (about 4 per million) of the human population, though in some places such as Mumbai (formerly Bombay) locals can have occurrences in as much as 0.01% (1 in 10,000) of inhabitants. Given that this condition is very rare, any person with this blood group who needs an urgent blood transfusion will probably be unable to get it, as no blood bank would have any in stock. Those anticipating the need for blood transfusion may bank blood for their own use, but of course this option is not available in cases of accidental injury.

Biochemistry

Biosynthesis of the H and A and B antigens involves a series of enzymes (glycosyl transferases) that transfer monosaccharides. The resulting antigens are oligosaccharide chains, which are attached to lipids and proteins that are anchored in the red blood cell membrane. The function of the H antigen, apart from being an intermediate substrate in the synthesis of ABO blood group antigens, is not known, although it may be involved in cell adhesion. Fortunately, people who lack the H antigen do not suffer from deleterious effects, and being H-deficient is only an issue if they need a blood transfusion, because they would need blood without H.

The specificity of the H antigen is determined by the sequence of oligosaccharides. More specifically, the minimum requirement for H antigenicity is the terminal disaccharide Fucose-Galactose, where the fucose has an alpha(1-2)linkage. This antigen is produced by a specific fucosyl transferase that catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of the molecule. Depending upon a person's ABO blood type, the H antigen is converted into either the A antigen, B antigen, or both. If a person has group O blood, the H antigen remains unmodified. Therefore, the H antigen is present more in blood type O and less in blood type AB.

Hh antigen system - diagram showing the molecular structure of the ABO(H) antigen system

Two regions of the genome encode two enzymes with very similar substrate specificities: the H locus (FUT1) which encodes the Fucosyl transferase and the Se locus (FUT2) that instead indirectly encodes a soluble form of the H antigen, which is found in bodily secretions. Both genes are on chromosome 19 at q.13.3. - FUT1 and FUT2 are tightly linked, being only 35 kb apart. Because they are highly homologous, they are likely to have been the result of a gene duplication of a common gene ancestor. The H locus contains four exons that span more than 8 kb of genomic DNA. Both the Bombay and para-Bombay phenotypes are the result of point mutations in the FUT1 gene. At least one functioning copy of FUT1 needs to be present (H/H or H/h) for the H antigen to be produced on red blood cells. If both copies of FUT1 are inactive (h/h), the Bombay phenotype results. The classical Bombay phenotype is caused by a Tyr316Ter mutation in the coding region of FUT1. The mutation introduces a stop codon, leading to a truncated enzyme that lacks 50 amino acids at the C-terminal end, rendering the enzyme inactive. In Caucasians, the Bombay phenotype may be caused by a number of mutations. Likewise, a number of mutations have been reported to underlie the para-Bombay phenotype. The Se locus contains the FUT2 gene, which is expressed in secretory glands. Individuals who are "secretors" (Se/Se or Se/se) contain at least one copy of a functioning enzyme. They produce a soluble form of H antigen that is found in saliva and other bodily fluids. "Non-secretors" (se/se) do not produce soluble H antigen. The enzyme encoded by FUT2 is also involved in the synthesis of antigens of the Lewis blood group.

Genetics

Bombay phenotype occurs in individuals who have inherited two recessive alleles of the H gene (ie: their genotype is hh). These individuals do not produce the H carbohydrate that is the precursor to the A and B antigens, meaning that individuals may possess alleles for either or both of the A and B alleles without being able to express them. Because both parents must carry this recessive allele to transmit this blood type to their children, the condition mainly occurs in small closed-off communities where there is a good chance of both parents of a child either being of Bombay type, or being heterozygous for the h allele and so carrying the Bombay characteristic as recessive. Other examples may include noble families, which are inbred due to custom rather than local genetic variety.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

In theory, the maternal production of anti-H during pregnancy might cause hemolytic disease in a fetus who did not inherit the mother's Bombay phenotype. In practice, cases of HDN caused in this way have not been described. This may be possible due to the rarity of the Bombay phenotype but also because of the IgM produced by the immune system of the mother. Since IgMs are not transported across the placental barriers (like IgG are) they cannot reach the blood stream of the fetus to provoke the expected acute hemolytic reaction.

In popular culture

  • In the cooking manga Yakitate!! Japan, Pierrot was revealed to have Bombay blood, as was the King of Monaco, who was related to him.
  • On the daytime soap opera General Hospital, it was believed that Monica's husband Alan could not have been the father of her child, as Alan's blood was AB, Monica's was A, and the child's was thought to be O. However, it was eventually revealed that Alan was indeed the father; he and Monica were both carriers of the h allele and the baby had the Bombay phenotype.[2]
  • The 2003 Anime series GetBackers episode 35, the object to be retrieved was a quantity of Bombay blood to save a girl's life.
  • The 2007 Telugu film Okkadunnadu revolves around the Bombay Blood Group; the antagonist is in dire need of blood of this blood group, which can only be given by the protagonist.
  • In the 2012 Japanese television drama Seinaru Kaibutsutachi, Mie Arima, who has Bombay blood, is killed by the chief nurse Yuka Kasugai with an O+ blood transfusion while undergoing a Caesarean section.
  • In the 2011 Canadian TV series My Babysitter's a Vampire, Ethan, one of the main characters, is said to have H-deficient blood, which the vampires of the story consider a delicacy.
  • In the 2012 film Get the Gringo the villain (Javi) also has hh blood.
  • In the 2012 Hindi film Kahaani the main antagonist (Milan Damji) has hh blood.
  • In the manga and anime Kindaichi Case Files, the case titled Legend of the Vampire had several characters with this blood type.
  • The Stone Cold Steve Austin/Dolph Lundgren film The Package revolves around hh blood. Austin's character is hired by Lundgren's to bring him a mysterious pack, which turns out to be a dose of hh blood.
  • In the 2013 Tamil film Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara the blood group plays an important role in saving the life of a pregnant woman.
  • The 2013 film Radhana Ganda was based on the Bombay blood group.
  • In an episode of the BBC drama serial Holby City, broadcast June 16, 2015, two patients with Bombay blood group, a Mr Qureshi and his daughter Hayley, required surgery which it was thought only one could have, as there was only enough blood for one. In the event, both were saved.
  • In an episode Dahej Ka Chakravyuh of Indian crime series C.I.D. (Indian TV series), Vishakha is about to get married with Abhay but her to be father-in-law demands a kidney from her father in exchange of the wedding because Mr. Uday has a rare blood group named Bombay Blood Group.
  • In a Hindi TV show called Udaan, where the main character has the rare Bombay blood group and is hunted for it.
  • In the 2015 episode of CBS's NCIS: New Orleans Season 2 Episode 07, a Crypto Analyst working for DARPA who reveals himself having the rare Hh blood group was in need of a new heart transplant which was compromised during transport by an assailant shooting the heart with a gun killing it before it could be transplanted. NCIS gets involved when 2 Navy Paramedics were killed during a house call and one of the Medics security cards was missing leading the story into a balancing of finding a killer and trying to save the life of the Analyst.
  • An episode of the Canadian TV series Psi Factor: Chronicles of the Paranormal had the O.S.I.R. team encounter a young woman with Bombay blood while working to solve the case of a haunting in the underground maintenance tunnels of a major city.
  • In the TV series Stan Lee's Lucky Man (2016) (season 1 episode 6), a plotline revolves around an antagonist with the blood type in need of a kidney transplant, who had a man with the blood type killed for his kidney.

References

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  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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