Rapid transit in India

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Rapid transit in India consists of bus, metro, monorail and light rail systems. The first rapid transit system in India was the Kolkata Metro, which started operations in 1984. The Delhi Metro was India's first modern metro and the third rapid transit system in India overall, after the Kolkata Metro and Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System (Chennai MRTS), beginning operations in 2002. Rapid Metro Rail Gurgaon, which started operations in November 2013, is India's first privately owned and operated metro.[1] The Mumbai Monorail, which opened on 7 February 2014 is the first monorail in India, since the closing of the Patiala State Monorail Trainways in 1927.

In 2009, it was decided to invest ₹2,000 billion (US$29.7 billion) on metro rail projects in the following ten years.[2] It is planned that all Indian cities having population more that 2 million will have metro rail system.[3] Currently, rapid transit systems operate in 15 cities and more are under construction or in planning in several cities of India.[4]

Bus Rapid Transit System

Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) is a rapid transit for city bus service in India. The following table shows BRTS in India along with details.

Green background for the systems that are under construction. Blue background for the systems that are currently in planning. Yellow background for other proposed systems but no planning yet. Pink background for systems that are defunct.

System City Start of Operations System Lines System Length (KM) Stations
Ahmedabad BRTS Ahmedabad 14 October 2009 12 87 126
Delhi BRTS Delhi 2008 7 115.5
Indore BRTS Indore 2013 10 126.46 N/A
Jaipur BRTS Jaipur July 2010 2
Rajkot BRTS Rajkot 1 October 2012 1 63 19
Surat BRTS Surat 26 January 2014 2 29.9 50
Vijayawada BRTS Vijayawada 2011
Amritsar BRTS Amritsar November 2015 7(phase 1) 31 62
Bhopal BRTS Bhopal 10 186 230
Bhubaneswar BRTS Bhubaneswar 2015 2 66.32 TBD
Hubli-Dharwad BRTS Hubli, Dharwad 2014 2 70 33
Kolkata BRTS Kolkata 1 15.5
Ludhiana BRTS Ludhiana 48
Mumbai BRTS Mumbai 2014 1 11.7
Rainbow BRTS Pune December 2006 4 23.6
Visakhapatnam BRTS Vishakhapatnam 42
Bangalore BRTS Bangalore 14 282
Chennai BRTS Chennai 1 70.3 21
Coimbatore BRTS Coimbatore 1 27.6
Hyderabad BRTS Hyderabad 2 39
Lucknow BRTS Lucknow
Madurai BRTS Madurai 2
Mysore BRTS Mysore
Nagpur BRTS Nagpur
Tiruchirappalli BRTS Tiruchirappalli
Guwahatii BRTS[5] Guwahati
Pimpri-Chinchwad BRTS Pimpri-Chinchwad 4 112
Pune BRTS Pune December 2006 4 23.6
Gallery

  • Ahmedabad BRTS

  • Jaipur BRTS

  • Pune BRTS

Metro rail

There are currently 8 operational metro systems in India.

Metro rail lines in India are composed of both standard gauge and broad gauge. Projects like the Delhi Metro used broad gauge for their earliest lines but most new projects in India are on standard gauge as rolling stock imported from Europe is on Standard Gauge. One exception is the Ahmedabad Metro, which will use Broad gauge, as there is more space available inside the coach.[6]

Green background for the systems that are under construction. Blue background for the systems that are currently in planning. Yellow background for other proposed systems but no planning yet. Pink background for systems that are defunct.

City System Start of operations System Length Lines[lower-alpha 1] Stations[lower-alpha 2] Voltage Notes
IO[lower-alpha 3] P[lower-alpha 4] UC[lower-alpha 5]
Kolkata Kolkata Metro 24 October 1984 028.400 km 120.250 km 090.000 km 1 24 750 V DC Third rail First mass rapid transit system in India and the 17th zone of the Indian Railways.
Chennai Chennai MRTS 1 November 1995 019.340 km 024.235 km 004.500 km 1 17 25kV AC OHE It is planned for the MRTS to be taken over by the Chennai Metro Rail Limited.[7]
Delhi - NCR Delhi Metro 24 December 2002 208.000 km 126.547 km [8] 122.205 km [8] 6 156 25kV AC OHE India's first modern rapid transit system.
Bangalore Namma Metro 20 October 2011 025.5 km 072.0 km 016.8 km 2 19 750 V DC Third rail First metro in India to introduce Wi-Fi onboard trains.[9]
Gurgaon Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon 14 November 2013 005.100 km 007.000 km [10] 1 6 750 V DC Third rail India's first fully privately financed metro,[11] and the first metro system in the country to auction naming rights for its stations.[12]
Mumbai Mumbai Metro 8 June 2014 011.400 km 105.500 km[13][14] 1 12 25kV AC OHE
Jaipur Jaipur Metro 3 June 2015 009.200 km 032.500 km 002.400 km 1 9 25kV AC OHE Double-storey elevated road and Metro track project for the first time in the country.
Chennai Chennai Metro 29 June 2015 010.100 km[15] 063.000 km 035.000 km 1 7 25kV AC OHE
Hyderabad Hyderabad Metro April 2016[16] 092.000 km 071.600 km 25kV AC OHE India's first metro to have CBTC and integrated telecommunications and supervision systems, i.e. driver less metro.

NOIDA

 Noida Metro Rail Corporation 2017 029.7 km 1 22
Kochi Kochi Metro 7 June 2016[17] 025.600 km 750 V DC Third rail Kochi is the first Tier-II city in India to be granted a metro under the Central Government's plan to allow cities having population more than 20 lakhs to have a metro rail system.[18]
Navi Mumbai Navi Mumbai Metro May 2017[19] 106.400 km[20] N/A
Lucknow Lucknow Metro 2017 036.000 km 25kV AC OHE
Ahmedabad & Gandhinagar MetroLink Express Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad (MEGA) 2017[21][22] 037.766 km[23] 750 V DC Third rail
Nagpur Nagpur Metro 2018[24] 038.200 km 25kV AC OHE Construction began on 30 May 2015.[25]
Kanpur Kanpur Metro 2017 084.000 km N/A DPR being prepared.[26] Construction work starts on Jan 2016[27]
Meerut Meerut Metro 2021[28] 030.000 km N/A DPR being prepared.[29] Construction work starts by 2016 end.[30]
Patna Patna Metro 060.000 km N/A DPR being prepared.[31]
Vijayawada Vijayawada Metro 2018[32][33] 026.000 km[34] N/A DPR Approved by AP Cabinet,Construction works are yet to start,First Phase scheduled to run from August 2018 [35] Construction work starts by June 2015[32][36][37][38]
Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro 2021[39] 022.000 km[40] N/A DPR approved and submitted by DMRC; awaiting cabinet approval[41]
Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam Metro(Vizag Metro) 039.000 km N/A Construction of Phase-1 to be completed by December 2018.[42] DPR prepared and to be submitted .[32][43][44]
Kozhikode Kozhikode Light Metro 2021[45] 022.000 km[46] N/A DPR approved and submitted by DMRC on October 2014; awaiting cabinet approval[47]
Guwahati Guwahati Metro 2021 044.200 km N/A DPR being prepared.[5][48]
Bhopal Bhopal Metro 2018[49] 085.000 km[50] 25kV AC DPR being prepared[51]
Indore Indore Metro 2021[52] 030.000 km 25kV AC
National Capital Region National Capital Region Metro 2021 381.000 km[53] 25kV AC
Chandigarh Tricity Chandigarh Metro 2018[54] 037.500 km N/A DPR already prepared and submitted[55]
Agra Agra Metro 2021[56] 027.000 km[56] N/A DPR being prepared for submission[57]
Varanasi Varanasi Metro 025.000 km[58] N/A DPR being prepared for submission[57]
Allahabad Allahabad Metro 025.000 km[59] N/A DPR being prepared[60]
Pune Pune Metro[61] 082.000 km N/A DPR already submitted to CM[62]
Bhubaneswar & Cuttack Bhubaneswar Metro 030.000 km[63] N/A DPR being prepared[64]
Dehradun - Rishikesh - Haridwar Dehradun Metro[65] N/A DPR submitted[66]
Gwalior Gwalior Metro N/A Under feasibility study[67]
Surat Surat Metro N/A Under feasibility study by MEGA.[68]
Nasik Greater Nasik Metro N/A Proposed Metro line which will connect Igatpuri, Deolali, Nasik Road, Nasik Central and Ojhar Airport.[69]
Srinagar Srinagar Metro N/A
Mumbai Western railway elevated corridor 063.270 km N/A

1In operation Number of lines currently operating. Line is considered to be operating if services are running on at least one section.
2Planned Lines that are planned to b

Monorail

The Mumbai Monorail, which opened on 2 February 2014 is the first operational monorail system used for rapid transit in independent India.[70] Many other Indian cities have monorail projects, as a feeder system to the metro, in different phases of planning.

Green background for the systems that are under construction. Blue background for the systems that are currently in planning. Yellow background for other proposed systems but no planning yet. Pink background for systems that are defunct.

City System Operations began System length (km) Lines Stations Notes
Mumbai Mumbai Monorail 2 February 2014 8.26 km 1 7
Chennai Chennai Monorail 2018 57 km 3 37 Centre approved Chennai monorail project to be implemented under DBFOT model.[71][72][73][74][75]
Kolkata Kolkata Monorail 72 km 2
Coimbatore Coimbatore Monorail 2
Ranchi Ranchi Monorail March 2016 25 km 2 33
Allahabad Allahabad Monorail 70.4 km 2
Bangalore Bangalore Monorail 60 km
Delhi Delhi Monorail 90 km 6
Indore Indore Monorail
Kanpur Kanpur Monorail 63 km 3
Navi Mumbai Navi Mumbai Monorail 36.82 km 2
Patna Patna Monorail 32 km 4
Pune Pune Monorail 52 km 2
Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Monorail 30 km 4
Aizawl Aizawl Monorail
Jodhpur Jodhpur Monorail [76][77][78][79][80][81][82]
Kota Kota Monorail [76][77][78][79][80][81][82]
Nagpur Nagpur Monorail 50 km DPR is being Prepared[83]

Light rail

Green background for the systems that are under construction. Blue background for the systems that are currently in planning. Yellow background for other proposed systems but no planning yet. Pink background for systems that are defunct.

SN City System Opening Year System length (km) No. of lines
1 Kolkata Kolkata LRTS 2
2 Delhi Delhi Light Rail Transit 45 3
3 Pune Pune LRTS
4 Guwahati Guwahati LRTS 2025
5 Kozhikode Kozhikode Light Metro 2016
6 Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro 2019

Legislation

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Main articles: The Metro Railways Act, 1978 and Metro Railway Act, 2002

The subject of Railways is in the Union List of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, giving Parliament the exclusive power to enact legislation concerning it. According to Ministry of Urban Development (India) Kamal Nath, "Since the Metro rail is a central subject, it has been decided that all such projects in the country, whether within one municipal area or beyond, shall be taken up under the Central Metro Acts."[84]

Construction of metros in India are governed by the centrally enacted "The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978" which defines itself as an act to provide for the construction of works relating to metro railways in the metropolitan cities and for matters connected therewith.[85] Operation and maintenance of metros is governed by "The Delhi Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Act, 2002". Both laws were amended in 2009 with the passing of "The Metro Railways (Amendment) Act, 2009".[86] The amendment expanded the coverage of both the acts to all metropolitan areas of India.

Initially, state governments attempted to implement metro rail projects through various Tramways Act. However, the Commissioner of Railways Safety (CRS), who operates under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, is tasked with providing safety certification for metro rail projects. The CRS refused safety certification unless the projects were implemented under a Metro Act enacted by the state government and published in The Gazette of India.[87] Research Design and Standards Organization (RDSO), another railway entity, also refuses certification to projects not implemented under the criteria. Subsequently, several state governments have enacted their own Metro Acts.[87]

Metro coach factories in India

Hyundai Mitsubishi Rotem BEML

BEML manufactures Rolling Stock for Delhi Metro and Namma Metro in a consortium with Hyundai Mitsubishi Rotem BEML has supplied more than 200 coaches to DMRC and has an order of 150 coaches from Bangalore Metro. Metro Systems using/will be using BEML Rolling Stocks are:[citation needed]

  • Delhi Metro – 200 coaches
  • Namma Metro – 150 coaches
  • Jaipur Metro – 40 coaches
  • Hyderabad Metro – 171 coaches

Bombardier

Bombardier built a £26m factory in Savli, Gujarat after it won a contract to supply 614 cars to the Delhi Metro.[88] Production at Savli began in June 2009.[89]

In June 2012, the plant won an order to supply semi-finished bogies to Australia.[89]

Alstom

In 2013, Alstom built a factory in Sri City, Andhra Pradesh after it won a €243 million contract to supply 168 cars to the Chennai Metro.[90] The 156-acre plant will be used to supply trains to cities in India and abroad.[91]

See also

References

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Notes

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  1. ↑ Rapid Metro work in last leg, to start by September
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ http://m.timesofindia.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-CM-Prithivraj-Chavan-flags-off-Mumbai-Metro/articleshow/36238569.cms
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-Metro-rail-likely-to-take-over-MRTS/articleshow/39454072.cms
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 http://www.delhimetrorail.com/OtherDocuments/EnglishAR201314Low.pdf
  9. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/NAMMA-METRO-IS-A-GEEK-TRAIN/articleshow/10372596.cms
  10. ↑ http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/rapid-metro-phaseii-chugs-on-the-fast-track/article7548594.ece
  11. ↑ Gurgaon metro link to be completed in 30 months The Times of India, 16 July 2009.
  12. ↑ http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/after-gurgaon-rapid-metro-mumbai-metro-goes-for-station-branding-114041600482_1.html
  13. ↑ http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/now-a-rocky-delay-pushes-construction-to-oct-2015/
  14. ↑ http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/maharashtra-govt-clears-metro-projects/article6618208.ece?ref=relatedNews
  15. ↑ http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/chennai-metro-rail-inauguration-on-june-29/article7364083.ece
  16. ↑ http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/no-stop-for-l-t-s-hyderabad-metro-rail-work-115082100324_1.html
  17. ↑ http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/chennai-kochi-metro-projects-to-complete-by-2016-egis-115042100820_1.html
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ http://www.mid-day.com/articles/three-critical-hurdles-stand-in-the-way-of-the-navi-mumbai-metro/16513174
  20. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/6-month-trial-will-further-delay-citys-aiden-metro-run/articleshow/48587117.cms
  21. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Metro-construction-from-July/articleshow/35530095.cms
  22. ↑ http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/region-review/metro-on-track-in-ahmedabad-as-japanese-agency-gives-loan/articleshow/42889455.cms
  23. ↑ http://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/map.html
  24. ↑ http://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/cabinet-nod-to-metro-rail-in-nagpur_956012.html
  25. ↑ http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/work-begins-on-nagpur-metro/
  26. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Report-on-Kanpur-Metro-to-be-ready-by-June/articleshow/46222579.cms
  27. ↑ http://www.patrika.com/news/kanpur/kanpur-metro-track-laying-work-will-start-in-january-1067630/
  28. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/Survey-begins-for-Meerut-Metro/articleshow/46317060.cms
  29. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/Meerut-to-get-metro-soon/articleshow/47655597.cms
  30. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/Meerut-to-get-metro-soon/articleshow/47655597.cms
  31. ↑ http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/detailed-project-report-for-patna-metro-by-oct-31-114090600403_1.html
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20150904/2673664.html
  33. ↑ http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sreedharan-told-to-finish-phase-i-of-vijayawada-metro-by-2018-115090400727_1.html
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/dpr-on-vijayawada-metro-rail-submitted-to-chief-minister/article7146610.ece
  36. ↑ http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/vijayawada-metro-rail-works-to-begin-from-june-115042600581_1.html
  37. ↑ http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-approves-vijayawada-metro-project/article7326128.ece
  38. ↑ http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sreedharan-told-to-finish-phase-i-of-vijayawada-metro-by-2018-115090400727_1.html
  39. ↑ http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/krtl-gets-1011-hectares-at-pallippuram/article7296993.ece
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/krtl-gets-1011-hectares-at-pallippuram/article7296993.ece
  42. ↑ http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Naidu-to-Receive-Vijayawada-Vizag-Metro-Rail-Plans-Today/2015/04/09/article2755000.ece
  43. ↑ http://www.nyoooz.com/visakhapatnam/161958/metro-dpr-ready
  44. ↑ http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sreedharan-told-to-finish-phase-i-of-vijayawada-metro-by-2018-115090400727_1.html
  45. ↑ http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/road-ahead-for-light-metro/article7222229.ece
  46. ↑ http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/road-ahead-for-light-metro/article7222229.ece
  47. ↑ http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/krtl-gets-1011-hectares-at-pallippuram/article7296993.ece
  48. ↑ http://metrorailnews.in/guwahati-metro-assam-cm-reviews-metro-rail-project-for-guwahati/
  49. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Driverless-metro-rail-proposed-for-Bhopal/articleshow/47083009.cms
  50. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Driverless-metro-rail-proposed-for-Bhopal/articleshow/47083009.cms
  51. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Driverless-metro-rail-proposed-for-Bhopal/articleshow/47083009.cms
  52. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Metro-project-hits-code-hurdle-in-Bhopal/articleshow/45952464.cms
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/metro-a-non-starter-ut-sticks-to-no-ppp-stand-on-unviable-project/article1-1333793.aspx
  55. ↑ http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/chandigarh-metro-back-on-track-as-mou-signed-between-punjab-haryana-ut/article1-1367742.aspx
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 http://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow/20150620/281741268058278/TextView
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 http://www.metrorailnews.in/agra-metro-agra-likely-to-get-2-metro-routes/
  58. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Work-on-Varansi-metro-begins-RITES-to-prepare-DPR/articleshow/46546322.cms
  59. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/CM-announces-metro-rail-other-projects-for-city/articleshow/48784127.cms
  60. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/CM-announces-metro-rail-other-projects-for-city/articleshow/48784127.cms
  61. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-metro-stuck-in-wrangles-as-other-cities-race-ahead/articleshow/47045613.cms
  62. ↑ http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/pune-metro-to-have-both-underground-elevated-corridorsdevendra-fadnavis/articleshow/47640388.cms
  63. ↑ http://odishasuntimes.com/81462/odisha-ready-go-mrts-faster-travel-twin-cities/
  64. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Metro-rail-plan-report-in-10-months/articleshow/40857581.cms
  65. ↑ http://www.dehradun.amarujala.com/news/city-news-dun/metro-train-work-start-in-uttarakhand-hindi-news/
  66. ↑ http://dehradun.amarujala.com/news/city-news-dun/metro-train-work-start-in-uttarakhand-hindi-news/
  67. ↑ http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhopal/gwalior-metro-work-soon.html
  68. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Feasibility-report-on-Surat-metro-soon/articleshow/47129186.cms
  69. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  70. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141121/nation-current-affairs/article/monorail-project-cleared-chennai
  72. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Despite-Centre-nod-monorail-project-in-Chennai-remains-stuck/articleshow/45224239.cms
  73. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Centre-approves-Chennai-monorail-project/articleshow/45217967.cms
  74. ↑ http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-centre-gives-the-nod-for-chennai-monorail-project-2036847
  75. ↑ http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-monorail-gets-inprinciple-nod-from-ministry/article6617874.ece
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/rajasthan-mulling-monorail-in-jaipur-kota-jodhpur/article3874332.ece
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/RAJ-JOD-jodhpur-monorail-project-report-to-come-up-in-3-months-2504486.html
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 http://www.jodhpurtimes.com/2012/02/jodhpur-monorail-project.html
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Now-government-wants-monorail-for-shorter-routes/articleshow/20283637.cms
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/raj-govt-mulling-monorail-in-jaipur-kota-jodhpur-112090800256_1.html
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 http://www.thinkindia.net.in/2011/10/jodhpur-monorail-project-report-to-come-up-in-3-months.html
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/rajasthan-govt-may-introduce-monorail-service/article117120.ece
  83. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/After-metro-50-km-mono-rail-project-for-city/articleshow/41902379.cms
  84. ↑ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/metro-rail-intra-city-commuting/1/160680.html
  85. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  86. ↑ http://urbanindia.nic.in/programme/ut/Metro.pdf
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  88. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 [1]
  90. ↑ [2]
  91. ↑ [3]


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