List of Amtrak routes

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Amtrak operates the following intercity and long-distance passenger train routes.

To-scale map of Amtrak services

Current routes

Name Route Origin Numbers Frequency FY2009 Passengers[1] FY2013 Passengers[2] Route miles Yearly Ridership per mile
Acela Express Boston – Washington, DC PC 2100–2290 15 trips per weekday, 4 trips per Saturday, 8 trips per Sunday 3,019,627 3,343,143 456 6,622
Adirondack Montreal – New York via Albany D&H 68–69 daily 104,681 133,008 381 275
Amtrak Cascades Vancouver, BC – Eugene, Oregon via Portland and Seattle NP, GN, and UP 500–517 5 trips daily (2 Seattle-Eugene, 1 Seattle-Portland, 1 Vancouver-Portland, 1 Vancouver-Seattle) 740,154 811,692 467 1,585
Auto Train Lorton, Virginia – Sanford, Florida ATC 52–53 daily 232,955 265,274 855 272
Blue Water Chicago – Port Huron, Michigan GTW 364–365 daily 132,851 191,106 319 416
California Zephyr Chicago – Emeryville, California (Oakland/San Francisco) CB&Q, D&RGW, WP 5–6 daily 345,558 376,932 2,438 142
Capitol Corridor Auburn, California – Sacramento – San Jose via Oakland SP 518–553, 720–751 16 trips per weekday (8 Oakland-Sacramento, 7 San Jose-Sacramento, 1 Oakland-Auburn), 11 trips per Saturday/Sunday (6 San Jose-Sacramento, 4 Oakland-Sacramento, 1 San Jose-Auburn) 1,599,625 1,701,185 172 9,300
Capitol Limited Chicago – Washington, DC via Cleveland and Pittsburgh B&O 29–30 daily 215,371 229,668 764 282
Cardinal Chicago – New York via Indianapolis, Cincinnati, and Washington, DC PC, C&O 50–51 3 trips per week 108,614 113,103 1,147 95
Carl Sandburg Chicago – Quincy, Illinois CB&Q 381–382 daily 202,558 228,722 including the Illinois Zephyr 258 785
Carolinian New York – Charlotte, North Carolina SOU 79–80 daily 277,740 317,550 704 395
City of New Orleans Chicago – New Orleans IC 58–59 daily 196,659 256,816 926 212
Coast Starlight Seattle – Los Angeles via Sacramento and Oakland SP 11, 14 daily 432,565 479,522 1,377 314
Crescent New York – New Orleans via Atlanta SOU 19–20 daily 286,576 306,733 1,377 208
Downeaster Brunswick, Maine – Boston PAR 680–699 5 trips daily 460,474 559,977 116 3,970
Empire Builder Chicago – Portland, Oregon/Seattle via Minneapolis–St. Paul GN 7–8, 27–28 daily 515,444 536,391 2,257 miles (Chicago–Portland)

2,206 miles (Chicago–Seattle)

 199
Empire Service New York – Niagara Falls, New York via Albany PC 230–288 9 trips per weekday, (7 Albany-New York, 2 Niagara Falls-New York), 4 trips per Saturday (2 Albany-New York, 2 Niagara Falls-New York), 5 trips per Sunday (3 Albany-New York, 2 Niagara Falls-New York) 925,746 1,081,329 460 2,012
Ethan Allen Express New York – Rutland, Vermont via Albany D&H 290–296 daily 46,748 53,271 241 194
Heartland Flyer Oklahoma City, Oklahoma – Fort Worth, Texas ATSF 821–822 daily 73,564 81,226 206 357
Hiawatha Service Chicago – Milwaukee, Wisconsin MILW 329–342 7 trips daily 738,231 820,789 86 8,584
Hoosier State Chicago – Indianapolis PC 850, 851 4 trips per week 31,384 36,768 196 160
Illini Chicago – Carbondale, Illinois IC 392–393 daily 259,630 340,741 including Saluki 310 838
Illinois Zephyr Chicago – Quincy, Illinois CB&Q 380,383 daily 202,558 228,722 combined with Carl Sandburg 258 785
Keystone Service New York – Harrisburg, Pennsylvania via Philadelphia PC 600–672 13 trips per weekday (9 Harrisburg-New York, 4 Harrisburg-Philadelphia), 7 trips per Saturday/Sunday (6 Harrisburg-New York, 1 Harrisburg-Philadelphia) 1,215,785 1,466,504 195 6,235
Lake Shore Limited New York – Chicago via Albany with connection from Boston PC 48, 49, 448, 449 daily 334,456 395,455 1,018 (Chicago – Boston)

959 (Chicago – New York)

 349
Lincoln Service Chicago – St. Louis, Missouri GM&O 300–307 4 trips daily 506,235 655,465 284 1,783
Maple Leaf New York – Toronto, Ontario via Albany PC 63–64 daily 354,492 (2008) 406,973 544 652
Missouri River Runner St. Louis – Kansas City MP 311, 313, 314, 316 2 trips daily 190,628 199,470 283 785
Northeast Regional Boston, Massachusetts/Springfield, Massachusetts – New York – Philadelphia – Baltimore – Washington, DC – Norfolk, Virginia/Newport News, Virginia PC 66, 67, 78, 82–88, 93–95, 99, 110, 111, 121, 125, 127, 129–131, 133–143, 145–148, 150–199 20 per weekday (13 Boston-Washington, 2 Boston-Richmond, 2 Boston-Newport News, 1 Boston-Norfolk, 1 Boston-Lynchburg, 1 Springfield-Washington), 17 per Saturday/Sunday (9 Boston-Washington, 2 Boston-Richmond, 2 Boston-Newport News, 2 Springfield-Washington, 1Boston-Norfolk, 1 Boston-Lynchburg) 6,920,610 8,044,216

186,125 to Lynchburg 578,368 to Newport News 127,937 to Norfolk

 664 10,423
Pacific Surfliner San Luis Obispo, California – San Diego, California via Los Angeles ATSF 562–597, 763–799 12 per weekday, (7 Los Angeles-San Diego, 3 Goleta-San Diego, 1 San Luis Obispo-San Diego, 1 San Luis Obispo-Los Angeles), 13 per weekday, (8 Los Angeles-San Diego, 3 Goleta-San Diego, 1 San Luis Obispo-Los Angeles, 1 San Luis Obispo-San Diego) 2,592,996 2,705,823 350 7,409
Palmetto New York – Savannah, Georgia SCL 89–90 daily 171,316 207,915 829 207
Pennsylvanian New York – Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania via Philadelphia PC 42–44 daily 199,484 218,917 444 449
Pere Marquette Chicago – Grand Rapids, Michigan C&O 370–371 daily 103,246 104,491 176 587
Piedmont Raleigh, North Carolina – Charlotte, North Carolina SOU 73–76 2 trips daily 68,427 170,266 173 396
Saluki Chicago – Carbondale, Illinois IC 390–391 daily 259,630 340,741 including Illini 310 838
San Joaquins Oakland/Sacramento – Bakersfield, California SP 701–718 6 trips daily (4 Oakland-Bakersfield, 2 Sacramento-Bakersfield) 929,172 1,219,818 318 (Bakersfield–Oakland)

280 (Bakersfield–Sacramento)

 2,364
Shuttle Springfield, Massachusetts – New Haven, Connecticut PC 401, 405, 450, 460, 463, 464, 466, 467, 470, 475, 476, 479, 488, 490, 493–495, 497 4 per weekday, 5 per Saturday/Sunday 325,518 390,027 63 5,167
Silver Meteor New York – Miami, Florida SCL 97–98 daily 330,734 373,162 1,389 238
Silver Star New York – Miami, Florida SCL 91–92 daily 371,235 414,077 1,522 244
Southwest Chief Chicago – Los Angeles via Kansas City, Missouri and Albuquerque, New Mexico ATSF 3–4 daily 318,025 355,815 2,256 141
Sunset Limited Orlando, Florida – Los Angeles via New Orleans and Houston SP 1–2 3 trips per week. New Orleans-Orlando segment suspended since Hurricane Katrina. 78,775 102,924 1,995 39
Texas Eagle Chicago – San Antonio, Texas via St. Louis, Little Rock, and Dallas MP 21–22 daily 260,467 340,081 1,306 (Chicago – San Antonio)

2,728 (Chicago – Los Angeles)

 95
Vermonter St. Albans, Vermont – Washington, DC CV NECR 54–57 daily 74,016 84,109 611 121
Wolverine Chicago – Pontiac via Detroit PC 350–355 3 trips daily 444,127 509,100 304 1,461

Full listing

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See also: List of railroads eligible to participate in the formation of Amtrak

This list included current and discontinued routes.

Note that intercity trains were operated after 1971 by the Alaska Railroad, Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad, Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, Georgia Railroad, Reading Company, and Southern Railway. The Southern Railway and D&RGW routes were taken over by Amtrak in 1979 and 1983 respectively. In addition, the Canadian Pacific Railway's Atlantic, taken over by Via Rail in 1978, crossed northern Maine.

Northeast Corridor

Most Northeast Corridor trains were renamed NortheastDirect in the late 1990s, then Acela Regional and later just Regional. Currently most of the below named trains are called Northeast Regional. Some of these train names were changed prior to the late 1990s.

Name Route Dates operated Notes
Afternoon Congressional Washington – New York May 1, 1971 (PC) November 13, 1971
Bankers Springfield – Washington October 26, 1975 October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
Bay State New York – Boston May 1, 1971 (PC) November 14, 1971
Washington – Boston November 14, 1971 October 29, 1972
Philadelphia – Boston October 29, 1972 April 29, 1973
New Haven – Boston April 29, 1973 March 1, 1975
Beacon Hill Boston – New Haven April 30, 1978 October 24, 1981 Replaced Clamdigger
Benjamin Franklin Philadelphia – Boston February 15, 1977 Replaced Bicentennial
Bicentennial Philadelphia – Boston February 15, 1976 February 14, 1977 Replaced Bunker Hill; replaced by Benjamin Franklin
Betsy Ross Washington – New York February 15, 1976
Big Apple Philadelphia – New York October 28, 1979 October 24, 1981 Renamed Clocker; also the name of a Keystone Service train
Bostonian New York – Boston May 1, 1971 (PC) November 13, 1971
May 19, 1974 April 29, 1978
Bowery Washington – New York
Bunker Hill Philadelphia – Boston November 14, 1971 February 15, 1976 Replaced by Bicentennial
Capitol Washington – New York April 26, 1981
Capitol Hill Washington – New York
Capitol Hill Express
Capitol Sunrise Philadelphia – Washington
Central Park Philadelphia – New York October 28, 1979 April 26, 1980
Charter Oak New York – Springfield November 14, 1971 October 28, 1972
October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
Chesapeake Washington – New York April 29, 1973 June 11, 1977
Philadelphia – Washington April 30, 1978 October 29, 1983 Maryland/Pennsylvania-funded commuter service
New York – Richmond October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
Clamdigger New Haven – Providence October 31, 1976 October 28, 1977
January 8, 1978 April 30, 1978 Replaced by Beacon Hill
Clockers Philadelphia – New York October 25, 1981 October 28, 2005 Unnamed 1971–1979; carried individual names 1979–1981
Colonial Washington – Boston May 1, 1971 (PC) April 28, 1973
February 15, 1976 June 15, 1976
Newport News – Boston June 15, 1976 October 26, 1992 Replaced by Old Dominion
Concord Washington – Boston:
Congressional Washington – New York November 14, 1971 December 16, 1971
April 30, 1978
Boston – Washington October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
Connecticut Connector Springfield – New Haven October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
Connecticut Valley Service Springfield – New Haven October 25, 1981 Previously unnamed
Connecticut Yankee Washington – Springfield November 14, 1971 October 29, 1972
Washington – New Haven October 29, 1972 April 29, 1973
Philadelphia – Springfield April 29, 1973 June 11, 1977
Washington – Springfield October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
East Wind New York – Boston November 14, 1971 October 28, 1973
Washington – Boston October 28, 1973 February 14, 1976
Edison Philadelphia – New York October 28, 1979 October 24, 1981 Renamed Clocker
Embassy Washington – New York May 1, 1971 (PC) November 13, 1971
October 31, 1976 April 25, 1981
Evening Executive Washington, D.C. – New Haven November 14, 1971 June 10, 1972
Evening Liberty Express Philadelphia – Boston April 30, 1978 October 27, 1979
Evening Metropolitan Washington – New York
Philadelphia – New York
Executive Sleeper Washington – New York April 27, 1986 August 19, 1994 Washington-New York section of the Night Owl; renamed from Washington Executive
Fairfield
Fast Mail Washington – Boston/Springfield October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
Federal Washington – Boston
First State
Flying Yankee New York – Boston May 19, 1974 April 29, 1978 Replaced Shoreliner
Foggy Bottom Washington – New York
Free State Washington – New York November 14, 1971 October 28, 1973
Garden State Philadelphia – New York October 28, 1979 October 24, 1981 Renamed Clocker
Garden State Special
Georgetown Washington – New York
Gotham Philadelphia – New York October 28, 1979 October 24, 1981 Renamed Clocker
Gotham Express Boston/Springfield – New York October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
Gotham Limited Newport News – New York
Herald Square Philadelphia – New York October 28, 1979 October 24, 1981 Renamed Clocker
Washington – New York October 25, 1981 Replaced Times Square
Independence New York – Washington October 25, 1981
Washington – Springfield October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
James River Newport News – Washington October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
Jeffersonian New York – Washington, D.C. October 25, 1981
John Adams Philadelphia – Boston June 12, 1977 April 29, 1978
Keystone Philadelphia – New York October 24, 1981 Renamed Clocker; also the name of a Keystone Service train
Knickerbocker New York – Boston May 19, 1974 June 11, 1977
Legislator Washington – New York May 1, 1971 (PC) November 13, 1971
Liberty Bell Philadelphia – New York
Liberty Express Philadelphia – Boston October 28, 1979
Mail Express
Manhattan New York – Boston, Massachusetts May 1, 1971 (PC) November 13, 1971
August 15, 1973 October 28, 1973 Replaced Manhattan Turbo
Manhattan Express Richmond – New York October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
Manhattan Limited Philadelphia – New York October 28, 1979 October 24, 1981 Renamed Clocker
Washington – New York October 25, 1981
Manhattan Turbo New York – Boston, Massachusetts October 29, 1972 August 15, 1973 Replaced by Manhattan
Mayflower Washington – Boston May 19, 1974 September 12, 1975
October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
Merchants Washington – Boston November 20, 1977 April 30, 1978 Renamed from and to Merchants Limited
Merchants Limited New York – Boston May 1, 1971 (PC) November 14, 1971
Washington – Boston November 14, 1971 October 28, 1995 Named Merchants (November 20, 1977 – April 30, 1978); replaced by NortheastDirect
Metroliner Washington – New York May 1, 1971 (PC) October 27, 2006
Morning Executive Washington, D.C. – New Haven November 14, 1971 June 10, 1972
Metropolitan Washington, D.C. – New York April 26, 1981
Midday Congressional Washington – New York May 1, 1971 (PC) November 13, 1971
Minute Man Philadelphia – Boston June 12, 1972 April 29, 1973
Washington – Boston April 29, 1973 October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
Morning Liberty Express Philadelphia – Boston April 30, 1978 October 27, 1979
Mount Vernon Washington – New York May 1, 1971 (PC) November 13, 1971
February 15, 1976 June 14, 1976
April 27, 1980
Murray Hill New York – Boston May 1, 1971 (PC) November 13, 1971
Washington – New York October 28, 1973 October 28, 1978
Philadelphia – New York October 28, 1979 October 24, 1981 Renamed Clocker
Narragansett New York – Boston November 14, 1971 October 27, 1973
Philadelphia – Boston February 15, 1976 June 11, 1976
New England Express Richmond – Boston October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
New England Zip
New Englander Philadelphia – Boston May 19, 1974 October 25, 1975
New Jerseyan
New York Executive
New Yorker New York – Boston May 1, 1971 (PC) November 13, 1971
Washington – New York April 29, 1973 October 31, 1976
Philadelphia – New York October 28, 1979 October 24, 1981 Renamed Clocker
Washington – New York October 25, 1981
Nightcap Washington – New York November 14, 1971 June 10, 1972
October 28, 1973 February 14, 1976
Night Owl Washington – Boston June 12, 1972 July 10, 1997 Replaced by Twilight Shoreliner
Nutmeg State Washington – Springfield October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
Old Dominion Newport News – Boston Replaced Colonial
Springfield – Richmond October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
Patriot Washington – Boston May 1, 1971 (PC) October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
Philadelphian Philadelphia – New York October 28, 1979 October 24, 1981 Previously unnamed; renamed Clocker
Pilgrim Philadelphia – Boston October 28, 1973 February 15, 1976
New York – Boston February 15, 1976 April 29, 1978
Potomac Washington – Boston October 25, 1981
Newport News – New York
President Washington – New York May 1, 1971 (PC) November 13, 1971
Quaker Philadelphia – Boston October 28, 1973 May 18, 1974
Quaker City Philadelphia – New York October 28, 1979 October 24, 1981 Renamed Clocker
October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
Representative Washington – New York May 1, 1971 (PC) November 13, 1971
Rittenhouse Philadelphia – New York October 28, 1979 October 24, 1981 Renamed Clocker
Schuylkill Philadelphia – New York October 28, 1979 April 26, 1980
Senator Washington – Boston May 1, 1971 (PC) October 24, 1981
October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
Shoreliner New York – Boston January 6, 1974 May 19, 1974 Replaced by Flying Yankee
October 28, 1979
Statesman Washington – Boston October 28, 1973 February 14, 1977
Sundown Washington – Boston October 28, 1973 February 14, 1976
New York – Boston February 15, 1976 April 26, 1978
Tidewater Newport News – New York July 30, 1978 October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
Tidewater Express Boston – Newport News October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
Times Square Washington – New York April 26, 1981 October 24, 1981 Replaced by Herald Square
Turbo Providence – Boston October 29, 1972 April 28, 1973
Turboservice New York – Boston May 1, 1971 (PC) November 13, 1971
Turbo Yankee Clipper New York – Boston November 14, 1971 October 29, 1972 Renamed Yankee Clipper Turbo
Turbo York Clipper New York – Boston November 14, 1971 January 16, 1972 Renamed Turbo Yankee Clipper
Twilight Shoreliner Newport News – Boston
Valley Forge Philadelphia – Boston November 14, 1971 June 12, 1972
Washington – Boston June 12, 1972 April 29, 1973
Philadelphia – New Haven April 29, 1973 October 29, 1973
Harrisburg – New York October 29, 1973
Verrazano Washington – New York October 25, 1981
Virginian Newport News/Richmond – New York
Wall Street Washington – New York
Washington Executive Washington – New York October 28, 1984 April 26, 1986 Washington-New York section of the Night Owl; renamed Executive Sleeper
Washington Express Washington-New York October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
Weekend Metroliner Washington – New York
William Penn Philadelphia – New York October 28, 1979 October 24, 1981 Renamed Clocker
Yankee Clipper New York – Boston May 1, 1971 (PC) November 13, 1971
August 15, 1973 February 15, 1976
New York – Providence February 15, 1976 September 9, 1976
Washington – Boston October 28, 1979 October 28, 1995 Replaced by NortheastDirect
Yankee Clipper Turbo New York – Boston October 29, 1972 August 14, 1973 Renamed from Turbo Yankee Clipper

Empire Corridor

Trains operating over the Empire Corridor (the former New York Central Railroad Water Level Route) are now collectively known as the Empire Service. Individual names first appeared on the May 19, 1974, timetable.

Name Route Dates operated Notes
Unnamed #483/#484 Albany – Schenectady February 1, 1981
Bear Mountain New York – Albany February 15, 1977 April 29, 1978
August 3, 1980 October 25, 1980
April 26, 1981 Renamed from Henry Hudson
Capital City Express
Catskill New York – Albany
Cayuga New York – Buffalo
Central Park Albany – New York
DeWitt Clinton New York – Albany May 19, 1974 April 25, 1981 Renamed from Empire Service; replaced by Rip Van Winkle
Electric City Express New York – Schenectady April 26, 1981 Replaced Salt City Express
Empire State Express New York – Buffalo May 19, 1974 October 30, 1974 Renamed from Empire Service
New York – Buffalo – Detroit October 31, 1974 April 24, 1976 Renamed Niagara Rainbow
New York – Buffalo January 8, 1978 October 28, 1978 Renamed from Water Level Express
New York – Niagara Falls October 29, 1978
Half Moon New York – Albany
Hendrick Hudson Albany – New York
Henry Hudson New York – Albany May 19, 1974 April 25, 1981 Renamed from Empire Service; renamed Bear Mountain
Hudson Highlander New York – Albany April 26, 1981 Replaced Washington Irving
Hudson River Express[3] New York – Albany
Hudson Valley Express New York – Schenectady
Hudson Valley Service New York – Albany
Knickerbocker Albany – New York
Mohawk New York – New York April 26, 1981
New York – Syracuse
Niagara Rainbow New York – Buffalo – Detroit April 25, 1976 January 30, 1979 Renamed from Empire State Express
New York – Niagara Falls January 31, 1979
Nieuw Amsterdam Albany – New York
Oneida New York – Syracuse
Palisades New York – Albany
Patroon New York – Albany
Rip Van Winkle[3] New York – Albany April 26, 1981 Replaced Rip Van Winkle
Salt City Express New York – Syracuse May 19, 1974 April 25, 1981 Renamed from Empire Service; replaced by Electric City Express
Saratogian[4] New York – Saratoga Springs
Sleepy Hollow New York – Albany
Spa Express New York – Saratoga Springs
Spuyten Duyvil New York – Albany
Storm King Albany – New York April 26, 1981
Schenectady – New York
Washington Irving New York – Albany November 15, 1974 January 31, 1981
New York – Schenectady February 1, 1981 April 25, 1981 Replaced by Hudson Highlander
Water Level Express New York – Buffalo May 19, 1974 January 7, 1978 Renamed from Empire Service; renamed Empire State Express
Niagara Falls – New York

Keystone Corridor

Trains operating over the Keystone Corridor (the former Pennsylvania Railroad main line) to Harrisburg are now collectively known as the Keystone Service.

Name Route Dates operated Notes
Big Apple New York – Harrisburg April 27, 1980 April 30, 1994 Renamed Keystone Service
Harrisburg Express New York – Harrisburg October 28, 1995 Replaced by Keystone Service
Keystone New York – Harrisburg April 27, 1980 October 24, 1981 Replaced by Susquehanna
Keystone Executive
Keystone State Express New York – Harrisburg April 1, 1990 Mid-1990s Replaced Valley Forge; replaced by Keystone Service
New York Express New York – Harrisburg October 28, 1995 Replaced by Keystone Service
Silverliner Service Philadelphia – Harrisburg April 29, 1973 November 29, 1975
New York – Harrisburg November 30, 1975 October 24, 1981 Re-branded Keystone Service
Susquehanna New York – Harrisburg October 25, 1981 October 29, 1994 Replaced Keystone; replaced by Keystone Service
Valley Forge New York – Harrisburg October 28, 1973 March 30, 1990 Replaced by Keystone State Express

Northeast

Name Route Dates operated Notes
Adirondack Montreal–New York August 6, 1974 (1974-08-06) present Joint operation with Empire State Express/DeWitt Clinton until April 1975[5]
Atlantic City Express Washington, D.C.–Atlantic City May 21, 1989 (1989-05-21) April 1, 1995 (1995-04-01) Replaced by the New Jersey Transit Atlantic City Line[6]
New York–Atlantic City
Cape Codder New York–Hyannis May 3, 1986 (1986-05-03) September 29, 1996 (1996-09-29) Seasonal service.[7][8]
Downeaster Boston–Portland December 15, 2001 (2001-12-15) November 1, 2012 (2012-11-01) Extended to Brunswick[9]
Boston–Brunswick November 1, 2012 (2012-11-01) present [10]
Ethan Allen Express New York–Rutland December 2, 1996 (1996-12-02) present [11]
Fort Pitt Pittsburgh – Altoona April 26, 1981 January 30, 1983
Keystone New York – Pittsburgh May 1, 1971
PC Duquesne		 April 30, 1972 named the Duquesne until November 14, 1971[12]
Maple Leaf New York – Albany – Buffalo – Toronto April 26, 1981 present
Montrealer Washington, D.C. – New York – Hartford – Springfield – Montreal September 29, 1972 April 6, 1987 renamed the Vermonter when service to Montreal was cut
July 18, 1989 April 1, 1995
Pennsylvanian New York – Pittsburgh April 27, 1980 November 6, 1998
Philadelphia – Chicago November 7, 1998 January 26, 2003
New York – Pittsburgh January 27, 2003 November 1, 2004 Merged with Three Rivers
March 8, 2005 present renamed from the Three Rivers
Vermonter Washington, D.C. – New York – Hartford – Springfield – St. Albans April 2, 1995 present renamed from the Montrealer
Washingtonian Washington, DC – New York – Hartford – Springfield – Montreal September 29, 1972 May 19, 1974 name given to southbound Montrealer[13]

South

Name Route Dates operated Notes
Auto Train Lorton–Sanford 30 October 1983 (1983-10-30) present
Carolina Coast New York–Savannah 11 June 1972 (1972-06-11) 10 September 1972 (1972-09-10) [14]
Carolina Special New York–Jacksonville 15 June 1973 (1973-06-15) 3 September 1973 (1973-09-03) [15]
Carolinian New York–Charlotte 28 October 1984 (1984-10-28) 1 September 1985 (1985-09-01)
12 May 1990 (1990-05-12) present
Champion New York–St. Petersburg 1 May 1971 (1971-05-01) 1 October 1979 (1979-10-01) Inherited from the PC/RF&P/SCL Champion. Consolidated with the Silver Meteor.[16]
Crescent New York–New Orleans 1 February 1979 (1979-02-01) present Conveyed from the Southern Railway's Southern Crescent.
Florida Special New York–Miami 17 December 1971 (1971-12-17) 14 April 1972 (1972-04-14) Replaced by the Vacationer for the 1972-1973 season.[17]
Floridian Chicago–St. Petersburg 1 May 1971 (1971-05-01) 7 October 1979 (1979-10-07) Inherited from the PC/L&N/SCL South Wind; named the South Wind until November 14, 1971.[18]
Gulf Breeze New York–Mobile 27 October 1989 (1989-10-27) 1 April 1995 (1995-04-01) Through operation with the Crescent.[19][20]
Gulf Coast Limited New Orleans–Mobile 29 April 1984 (1984-04-29) 6 January 1985 (1985-01-06) [21][22]
28 June 1996 (1996-06-28) 31 March 1997 (1997-03-31) [23][24]
Meteor Boston–Miami/St. Petersburg 11 June 1972 (1972-06-11) 10 September 1972 (1972-09-10) Joint operation of Silver Meteor and Champion.[25]
Miamian New York–Miami 15 December 1974 (1974-12-15) 10 January 1975 (1975-01-10) Replaced the Vacationer.[26]
Palmetto New York–Savannah 15 June 1976 (1976-06-15) December 1988 (1988-12) [27][28]
New York–Jacksonville December 1988 (1988-12) October 1994 (1994-10)
New York–Tampa October 1994 (1994-10) 1 February 1995 (1995-02-01) Replaced the Silver Meteor's Tampa section.[29][30]
New York–Miami 1 May 2002 (2002-05-01) 1 November 2004 (2004-11-01) Renamed from the Silver Palm.
New York–Savannah 1 November 2004 (2004-11-01) present
Piedmont Raleigh–Charlotte 25 May 1995 (1995-05-25) present [31]
Silver Meteor New York–Miami 1 May 1971 (1971-05-01) 11 June 1972 (1972-06-11) Inherited from the PC/RF&P/SCL Silver Meteor. Renamed Meteor.[32]
10 September 1972 (1972-09-10) present Renamed from the Meteor.[32]
Silver Palm Miami–Tampa 21 November 1982 (1982-11-21) 30 April 1985 (1985-04-30) [33][34]
New York–Miami 10 November 1996 (1996-11-10) 1 May 2002 (2002-05-01) Renamed the Palmetto.
Silver Star New York–Miami 1 May 1971 (1971-05-01) present Inherited from the PC/RF&P/SCL Silver Star.
Vacationer New York–Miami 15 December 1972 (1972-12-15) 27 April 1974 (1974-04-27) Seasonal operation; replaced the Florida Special. Replaced by the Miamian for the 1974-1975 season.[35]

Northeast–Midwest

Name Route Dates operated Notes
Blue Ridge Washington, D.C.–Martinsburg 7 May 1973 (1973-05-07) 1986 (1986) Renamed from the Potomac Special; transferred to MARC[36][37]
Broadway Limited New York–Chicago 1 May 1971 (1971-05-01) 10 September 1995 (1995-09-10) Inherited from the PC Broadway Limited; renamed the Three Rivers[38]
Capitol Limited Washington, D.C.–Chicago 1 October 1981 (1981-10-01) present [39]
Cardinal Washington, D.C.–Chicago 30 October 1977 (1977-10-30) 25 April 1981 (1981-04-25) Renamed from the James Whitcomb Riley.[40]
New York–Chicago 26 April 1981 (1981-04-26) 30 September 1981 (1981-09-30) [40]
8 January 1982 (1982-01-08) present [41]
Empire State Express New York–Detroit 31 October 1974 (1974-10-31) 25 April 1976 (1976-04-25) Previously an Empire Corridor service; renamed the Niagara Rainbow.[42]
George Washington Washington, D.C./Newport News-Chicago 1 May 1971 (1971-05-01) 19 May 1974 (1974-05-19) Inherited from C&O George Washington; name given to eastbound James Whitcomb Riley.[43]
Hilltopper Washington, D.C.–Catlettsburg 31 May 1977 (1977-05-31) 8 January 1978 (1978-01-08) Replaced the Mountaineer.[40]
Boston–Catlettsburg 8 January 1978 (1978-01-08) 1 October 1979 (1979-10-01) [40]
James Whitcomb Riley Washington, D.C./Newport News–Chicago 1 May 1971 (1971-05-01) 30 October 1977 (1977-10-30) Inherited from the PC James Whitcomb Riley; renamed the Cardinal.[44]
Lake Shore New York–Chicago 10 May 1971 (1971-05-10) 6 January 1972 (1972-01-06) Unnamed until November 14, 1971.[45]
Lake Shore Limited New York/Boston–Chicago 31 October 1975 (1975-10-31) present [46]
Mountaineer Norfolk–Chicago 25 March 1975 (1975-03-25) 31 May 1977 (1977-05-31) Replaced by the Hilltopper.[47]
National Limited New York/Washington, D.C.–Kansas City 1 May 1971 (1971-05-01) 1 October 1979 (1979-10-01) Inherited from the PC/MP Spirit of St. Louis.[48]
Niagara Rainbow New York–Detroit 25 April 1976 (1976-04-25) 30 January 1979 (1979-01-30) Renamed from the Empire State Express; Empire Corridor train post-1979.[49]
Potomac Special Washington–Parkersburg 14 May 1972 (1972-05-14) 6 May 1973 (1973-05-06) Renamed from the Potomac Turbo; renamed the Blue Ridge.[50]
Potomac Turbo Washington–Parkersburg 7 February 1972 (1972-02-07) 14 May 1972 (1972-05-14) Renamed from the West Virginian; renamed the Potomac Special.[51]
Shenandoah Washington, D.C.–Cincinnati 31 October 1976 (1976-10-31) 30 September 1981 (1981-09-30) [52]
Skyline Connection Philadelphia–Chicago Never implemented but was listed in the Spring 2000 national timetable.[53]
Three Rivers New York–Pittsburgh 11 September 1995 (1995-09-11) 9 November 1996 (1996-11-09) Renamed from the Broadway Limited.[54]
New York-Chicago 10 November 1996 (1996-11-10) 7 March 2005 (2005-03-07) [55]
West Virginian Washington, D.C.–Parkersburg 8 September 1971 (1971-09-08) 7 February 1972 (1972-02-07) Renamed the Potomac Turbo.[56]

Midwest

Name Route Dates operated Notes
Abraham Lincoln Chicago–St. Louis 1 May 1971 (1971-05-01) 14 November 1971 (1971-11-14) Inherited from GM&O Abraham Lincoln.[57]
Milwaukee–St. Louis 14 November 1971 (1971-11-14) 30 September 1973 (1973-09-30) Replaced by Turboliner.[58]
Chicago–St. Louis 26 October 1975 (1975-10-26) 8 January 1978 (1978-01-08) Replaced by the Ann Rutledge.[58]
Ann Rutledge Chicago–St. Louis 15 February 1976 (1976-02-15) 30 October 1976 (1976-10-30) Replaced Turboliner.[58]
Chicago–Kansas City 8 January 1978 (1978-01-08) 28 January 2009 (2009-01-28) Replaced Abraham Lincoln; renamed the Missouri River Runner.[58][59]
Arrowhead Minneapolis–Superior 16 April 1975 (1975-04-16) 15 February 1977 (1977-02-15) [60]
Minneapolis–Duluth 15 February 1977 (1977-02-15) 30 April 1978 (1978-04-30) Replaced by the North Star.15 February 1977 (1977-02-15)
Badger Chicago–Milwaukee 28 October 1984 (1984-10-28) 29 October 1989 (1989-10-29) Renamed Hiawatha Service.[61]
Black Hawk Chicago–Dubuque 14 February 1974 (1974-02-14) 30 September 1981 (1981-09-30) [62]
Blue Water Chicago–Port Huron 15 September 1974 (1974-09-15) 26 October 1975 (1975-10-26) Renamed the Blue Water Limited.[63]
25 April 2004 (2004-04-25) present Replaced the International Limited.[64]
Blue Water Limited Chicago–Port Huron 26 October 1975 (1975-10-26) 15 June 1976 (1976-06-15) Replaced the Blue Water; replaced by Turboliner.[65]
31 October 1976 (1976-10-31) 31 October 1982 (1982-10-31) Replaced Turboliner; replaced by the International Limited.[65][63]
Calumet Chicago–Valparaiso 29 October 1979 (1979-10-29) 3 May 1991 (1991-05-03) Inherited from Conrail commuter service; unnamed until August 3, 1980.[66]
Campus Chicago–Champaign 14 November 1971 (1971-11-14) 5 March 1972 (1972-03-05) [67]
Carl Sandburg Chicago–Quincy 30 October 2006 (2006-10-30) present [68]
City of New Orleans Chicago–New Orleans 1 May 1971 (1971-05-01) 14 November 1971 (1971-11-14) Inherited from the IC City of New Orleans; replaced by the Panama Limited.[69]
1 February 1981 (1981-02-01) present Renamed from the Panama Limited.[70]
Eagle Chicago–San Antonio 2 October 1981 (1981-10-02) 14 November 1988 (1988-11-14) Replaced the Inter-American; renamed the Texas Eagle.[71]
Chicago–St. Louis 15 November 1988 (1988-11-15) 20 January 1990 (1990-01-20) [71]
Encore Chicago–Milwaukee 28 October 1984 (1984-10-28) 28 April 1985 (1985-04-28) [61]
Heartland Flyer Oklahoma City–Fort Worth 15 June 1999 (1999-06-15) present [72]
Hiawatha Chicago–Minneapolis 14 November 1971 (1971-11-14) 16 January 1972 (1972-01-16) Renamed the Twin Cities Hiawatha.[73]
29 October 1972 (1972-10-29) 19 May 1974 (1974-05-19) Replaced by the North Coast Hiawatha.[73]
Hiawatha Service Chicago–Milwaukee 1 May 1971 (1971-05-01) 15 June 1976 (1976-06-15) Inherited from MILW Milwaukee Express; unnamed until October 29, 1972. Replaced by Turboliner.[74][61]
29 October 1989 (1989-10-29) present Renamed from the Badger, LaSalle, Nicollet and Radisson.[61]
Hoosier State Chicago–Indianapolis 1 October 1980 (1980-10-01) 8 September 1995 (1995-09-08) [75][76]
19 July 1998 (1998-07-19) 17 December 1999 (1999-12-17) Replaced by the Kentucky Cardinal.[76]
6 July 2003 (2003-07-06) present Replaced the Kentucky Cardinal.[77]
Illini Chicago–Champaign 14 November 1971 (1971-11-14) 3 March 1972 (1972-03-03) [67]
19 December 1973 (1973-12-19) 11 January 1986 (1986-01-11) [78]
Chicago–Carbondale 12 January 1986 (1986-01-12) present Replaced the Shawnee.[79]
Illinois Zephyr Chicago–Quincy 14 November 1971 (1971-11-14) present [80]
Indiana Connection Chicago–Valparaiso 29 October 1979 (1979-10-29) 10 January 1986 (1986-01-10) Inherited from Conrail commuter service; unnamed until August 3, 1980.[66]
Inter-American Chicago – St. Louis – Little Rock – Dallas – San Antonio – Laredo January 28, 1973 October 2, 1981 renamed the Eagle[81][82]
International Chicago – Port Huron – Toronto June 13, 1983 April 25, 2004 renamed from the International Limited
renamed the Blue Water
International Limited Chicago – Port Huron – Toronto October 31, 1982 June 13, 1983 renamed from the Blue Water Limited
renamed the International
Kansas City Mule St. Louis – Kansas City October 26, 1980 April 1, 1995
July 1, 1995 January 27, 2009 Replaced by Missouri River Runner
Kentucky Cardinal Chicago–Louisville 17 December 1999 (1999-12-17) 5 July 2003 (2003-07-05) Replaced Hoosier State; replaced by Hoosier State.[77]
Lake Cities Chicago – Detroit – Toledo August 3, 1980 April 1, 1995 renamed from St. Clair[83]
Chicago – Pontiac April 2, 1995 April 25, 2004 renamed the Wolverine
Lake Country Limited Chicago – Janesville June 15, 2000 September 2001 [84]
LaSalle Chicago – Milwaukee October 26, 1980 October 29, 1989 Replaced Turboliner; replaced by Hiawatha Service
Lincoln Service Chicago – St. Louis, Missouri October 30, 2006 present renamed from the State House
Lone Star Chicago – Kansas City – Oklahoma City – Dallas – Houston May 19, 1974 October 8, 1979 renamed from the Texas Chief[85]
Loop Chicago – Springfield April 27, 1986 June 30, 1996 [86]
Marquette Chicago – Milwaukee October 26, 1980 October 28, 1984 Replaced Turboliner
Michigan Executive Detroit – Jackson January 20, 1975
PC commuter service		 January 13, 1984 [87]
Missouri River Runner St. Louis – Kansas City January 28, 2009 present Renamed from the Ann Rutledge, Kansas City Mule and St. Louis Mule
Nicollet Chicago – Milwaukee October 26, 1980 October 29, 1989 Replaced Turboliner; replaced by Hiawatha Service
North Star Chicago – Minneapolis – Duluth April 30, 1978 April 7, 1985 renamed from the Arrowhead[88]
Panama Limited Chicago – Memphis – New Orleans May 1, 1971
IC City of New Orleans		 February 1, 1981 named the City of New Orleans until November 14, 1971; renamed the City of New Orleans
Pere Marquette Chicago – Grand Rapids August 4, 1984 present
Prairie Marksman Chicago – Peoria August 10, 1980 October 4, 1981 [89][90]
Prairie State Milwaukee – Chicago – Springfield, Illinois – St. Louis May 1, 1971
GM&O Limited		 October 1, 1973 named the Limited until November 14, 1971;[91] replaced by Turboliner
Radisson Chicago – Milwaukee October 26, 1980 October 29, 1989 Replaced Turboliner; replaced by Hiawatha Service
River Cities Kansas City – St. Louis – Carbondale – Memphis – New Orleans April 29, 1984 November 4, 1993 [92]
Saluki Chicago – Champaign – Carbondale October 30, 2006 present New train running on same route as Illini train.
St. Clair Chicago – Detroit May 1, 1971
PC Twilight Limited/Michigan		 May 10, 1975 Replaced by Turboliner
June 15, 1976 August 2, 1980 Renamed the Lake Cities
St. Louis Mule St. Louis – Kansas City October 26, 1980 April 1, 1995
July 1, 1995 January 27, 2009 Renamed the Missouri River Runner
Shawnee Chicago – Carbondale May 1, 1971
IC Shawnee		 January 11, 1986 Replaced by Illini
State House Chicago – St. Louis October 1, 1973 October 30, 2006 Renamed Lincoln Service
Texas Chief Chicago – Kansas City – Oklahoma City – Dallas – Houston May 1, 1971
ATSF Texas Chief		 May 18, 1974 renamed the Lone Star[93]
Texas Eagle Chicago – St. Louis – Little Rock – Dallas – San Antonio – Los Angeles November 15, 1988 present renamed from the Eagle
Turboliner Chicago – St. Louis October 1, 1973 February 15, 1976 Replaced Abraham Lincoln and Prairie State; replaced by Ann Rutledge
Chicago – Detroit May 10, 1975 October 31, 1976 Replaced Wolverine and St. Clair
Chicago – Milwaukee October 26, 1975 October 26, 1980 Replaced Hiawatha Service; replaced by LaSalle, Marquette, Nicollet and Radisson
Milwaukee – Chicago – Detroit October 26, 1975 June 15, 1976
Chicago – Port Huron June 15, 1976 October 31, 1976 Replaced and replaced by Blue Water Limited
Twilight Limited Chicago – Detroit October 31, 1976 April 26, 2004 renamed the Wolverine
Twin Cities Hiawatha Chicago – Milwaukee – Minneapolis January 16, 1972 June 12, 1972 Replaced Hiawatha; replaced by North Coast Hiawatha
September 8, 1977 April 30, 1978 Replaced by North Star
Wolverine Chicago – Detroit – Pontiac May 1, 1971
PC Wolverine		 May 10, 1975 unnamed until November 14, 1971; replaced by Turboliner
June 15, 1976 present
Weekender Chicago – St. Louis October 1, 1973 May 19, 1974 Replaced by Turboliner

Midwest–West

Name Route Dates operated Notes
California Zephyr Chicago – Omaha – Denver – Salt Lake City – Sacramento – Oakland July 16, 1983 present renamed from the San Francisco Zephyr
Chief Chicago – Los Angeles June 11, 1972 September 10, 1972
City of San Francisco Chicago – Denver – Cheyenne – Ogden – Oakland November 14, 1971 June 10, 1972 renamed from a section of the Denver Zephyr
renamed the San Francisco Zephyr[94]
Denver Zephyr Chicago – Denver May 1, 1971
BN Denver Zephyr		 extended to Oakland until November 14, 1971, when that section was renamed the City of San Francisco[95]
Desert Wind Los Angeles – Las Vegas – Salt Lake City – Denver – Omaha – Chicago October 28, 1979 May 10, 1997 [96][97]
Empire Builder Chicago – Minneapolis – Spokane – Portland/Seattle May 1, 1971
BN Empire Builder		 present
National Chief Washington, D.C. – Pittsburgh – Cleveland – Chicago – Kansas City – Albuquerque – Los Angeles never implemented; announced in the 1996 timetable as a through train without the need to transfer, combining the Southwest Chief and the Capitol Limited[98]
North Coast Hiawatha Chicago – Minneapolis – Bismarck – Butte – Spokane – Seattle June 5, 1971
BN North Coast Limited		 October 7, 1979 unnamed until November 14, 1971[99]
San Francisco Zephyr Chicago – Omaha – Denver – Cheyenne – Ogden – Sacramento – Oakland June 11, 1972 July 15, 1983 renamed from the City of San Francisco
renamed the California Zephyr[100]
Southwest Chief Chicago – Kansas City – Albuquerque – Los Angeles October 28, 1984 present renamed from the Southwest Limited
Southwest Limited Chicago – Kansas City – Albuquerque – Los Angeles May 19, 1974 October 28, 1984 renamed from the Super Chief
renamed the Southwest Chief[101]
Sunset Limited Orlando – Jacksonville – New Orleans – Houston – San Antonio – Los Angeles May 1, 1971
SP Sunset Limited		 present
Super Chief Chicago – Kansas City – Albuquerque – Los Angeles May 1, 1971
ATSF Super Chief/El Capitan		 May 19, 1974 Named the Super Chief/El Capitan until May 1973
renamed the Southwest Limited[102][103]

West

Name Route Dates operated Notes
Amtrak Cascades Vancouver – Seattle – Portland – Eugene May 17, 1998 present
Capitol Corridor Auburn – Sacramento – Oakland – San Jose December 11, 1991 present
Cascadia Seattle – Portland – Eugene 1995 May 16, 1998 renamed from the Mount Rainier
renamed Amtrak Cascades[104]
Coast Daylight Los Angeles – Oakland May 1, 1971
SP Coast Daylight		 May 19, 1974 unnamed until November 14, 1971
joint operation with the Coast Starlight as Coast Starlight/Daylight[105]
Coast Starlight Seattle – Portland – Oakland – Los Angeles May 1, 1971
SP/BN Cascade; SP Coast Daylight; ATSF San Diegan		 present unnamed until November 14, 1971; terminated at San Diego 1971-1972[106]
Expo '74 Seattle – Spokane May 19, 1974 September 14, 1974
Las Vegas Limited Los Angeles – Las Vegas May 21, 1976 August 8, 1976
Mount Adams Seattle – Portland October 30, 1994 May 16, 1998 replaced the Northwest Talgo; renamed the Amtrak Cascades[107]
Mount Baker International Seattle – Vancouver May 26, 1995 1998 renamed the Amtrak Cascades[108]
Mount Rainier Seattle – Portland May 1, 1971
BN unnamed		 1995 unnamed until November 14, 1971
renamed Cascadia[109]
Northwest Talgo Seattle – Portland April 1, 1994 October 30, 1994 replaced by the Mount Adams
Orange County Commuter Los Angeles – San Juan Capistrano 1990 1994 replaced by Metrolink Orange County Line[110]
Pacific International Seattle – Vancouver July 17, 1972[111]
BN International		 September 30, 1981[112] [113]
Pacific Surfliner San Diego – Los Angeles – Santa Barbara – San Luis Obispo June 1, 2000 present renamed from the San Diegan
Pioneer Denver – Cheyenne – Ogden – Boise – Portland – Seattle June 7, 1977 May 10, 1997 [114][115]
Puget Sound Seattle – Portland, Oregon May 1, 1971
BN unnamed		 June 7, 1977 unnamed until November 14, 1971;[116] replaced by Pioneer
San Diegan Los Angeles – San Diego May 1, 1971
ATSF San Diegan		 June 25, 1988 unnamed until November 14, 1971
Los Angeles or Santa Barbara – San Diego June 26, 1988 April 1996 only one train daily went as far as Santa Barbara, the rest stopped in Los Angeles
Los Angeles or San Louis Obispo – San Diego April 1996 May 31, 2000 only one train daily went as far as San Louis Obispo, the rest stopped in Los Angeles;
renamed the Pacific Surfliner[117]
San Joaquin Oakland/Sacramento – Bakersfield March 5, 1974 present [118]
Spirit of California Los Angeles – Santa Barbara – Oakland – Sacramento October 25, 1981 September 30, 1983 [119][120]
Willamette Valley Portland – Eugene August 3, 1980 December 31, 1981 [121][122]

See also

Notes

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References

Trains prior to Amtrak

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Goldberg 1981, p. 169
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. open access publication - free to read
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Goldberg 1981, p. 116
  13. ↑ Goldberg 1981, p. 168
  14. ↑ Goldberg 1981, p. 155
  15. ↑ Goldberg 1981, p. 155
  16. ↑ Goldberg 1981, pp. 140-141
  17. ↑ Goldberg 1981, p. 154
  18. ↑ Goldberg 1981, p. 94
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. open access publication - free to read
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Goldberg 1981, p. 140
  26. ↑ Goldberg 1981, p. 154
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Goldberg 1981, p. 140
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Goldberg 1981, p. 154
  36. ↑ Goldberg 1981, p. 134
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Sanders 2006, p. 27
  39. ↑ Sanders 2006, p. 42
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 Goldberg 1981, p. 125
  41. ↑ Sanders 2006, p. 43
  42. ↑ Sanders 2006, p. 65
  43. ↑ Goldberg 1981, pp. 123-124
  44. ↑ Goldberg 1981, pp. 123-125
  45. ↑ Sanders 2006, p. 19
  46. ↑ Sanders 2006, pp. 19-21
  47. ↑ Goldberg 1981, pp. 124-125
  48. ↑ Goldberg 1981, pp. 101-103
  49. ↑ Sanders 2006, pp. 65-67
  50. ↑ Goldberg 1981, p. 134
  51. ↑ Goldberg 1981, p. 134
  52. ↑ Sanders 2006, pp. 68-70
  53. ↑ Sanders 2006, p. 77
  54. ↑ Sanders 2006, pp. 27-30
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ Goldberg 1981, p. 134
  57. ↑ Goldberg 1981, pp. 75-76
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 Goldberg 1981, p. 224
  59. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ Goldberg 1981, p. 224
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ Sanders 2006, pp. 248-251
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Sanders 2006, p. 204
  64. ↑ Sanders 2006, p. 207
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Goldberg 1981, p. 225
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Sanders 2006, pp. 214-217
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Sanders 2006, p. 100
  68. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ Sanders 2006, p. 94
  70. ↑ Sanders 2006, p. 96
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Sanders 2006, p. 114
  72. ↑ Sanders 2006, p. 118
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Goldberg 1981, p. 231
  74. ↑ Sanders 2006, p. 114
  75. ↑ Sanders 2006, p. 212
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Sanders 2006, p. 220
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Sanders 2006, p. 221
  78. ↑ Sanders 2006, pp. 100-101
  79. ↑ Sanders 2006, p. 101
  80. ↑ Sanders 2006, p. 243
  81. ↑ trainweather.com
  82. ↑ everything2.com
  83. ↑ Sanders 2006, pp. 197–201
  84. ↑ everything2.com
  85. ↑ Sanders 2006, pp. 109-113
  86. ↑ www.lib.niu.edu
  87. ↑ michiganrailroads.com
  88. ↑ everything2.com
  89. ↑ ChicagoRailfan.com
  90. ↑ rrpicturearchives.net
  91. ↑ everything2.com
  92. ↑ www.everything2.com
  93. ↑ Sanders 2006, p. 109
  94. ↑ everything2.com
  95. ↑ everything2.com
  96. ↑ everything2.com
  97. ↑ trainweb.com
  98. ↑ everything2.com
  99. ↑ everything2.com
  100. ↑ everything2.com
  101. ↑ everything2.com
  102. ↑ everything2.com
  103. ↑ azrail.org
  104. ↑ everything2.com
  105. ↑ Goldberg 1981, pp. 16-17
  106. ↑ Goldberg 1981, p. 16
  107. ↑ everything2.com
  108. ↑ everything2.com
  109. ↑ everything2.com
  110. ↑ everything2.com
  111. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  112. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  113. ↑ everything2.com
  114. ↑ everything2.com
  115. ↑ trainweb.com
  116. ↑ everything2.com
  117. ↑ everything2.com
  118. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  119. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  120. ↑ "Amtrak on the Property" (May 1986). Passenger Train Journal, p. 27. PTJ Publishing.
  121. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  122. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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