Isabella Clara Eugenia

Not to be confused with Isabella Clara, Duchess of Mantua.

Isabella Clara Eugenia
Portrait by Frans Pourbus the Younger
Duchess of Lothier, Brabant, Limburg, Luxemburg and Guelders; Margravine of Namur; Countess Palatine of Burgundy; Countess of Artois, Flanders, Charolais and Hainaut
Reign	6 May 1598 – 13 July 1621
Predecessor	Philip II of Spain
Successor	Philip IV of Spain
Co-monarch	Albert VII of Austria
Born	12 August 1566 Segovia, Spain
Died	Brussels, Brabant
Spouse	Albert VII of Austria
House	House of Habsburg
Father	Philip II of Spain
Mother	Elisabeth of Valois
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Isabella Clara Eugenia (Spanish: Isabel Clara Eugenia; 12 August 1566 – 1 December 1633) was sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands in the Low Countries and the north of modern France, together with her husband Albert. In some sources, she is referred to as Clara Isabella Eugenia. By birth, she was an infanta of Spain and Portugal.

Biography

Youth and family

Isabella and her dwarf, c. 1599

Isabella Clara Eugenia of Austria was born in the city of Segovia on 12 August 1566, daughter of Philip II of Spain and his third wife Elisabeth of Valois. Her paternal grandparents were Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal. Her maternal grandparents were Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici.

Her father, Philip II, was reportedly overjoyed at her birth and declared himself to be happier on the occasion than he would have been at the birth of a son. Philip already had a male heir, Don Carlos of Spain, the child of his first marriage to Infanta Maria of Portugal; however, father and son had never developed a close rapport and frequently lived in conflict with one another.

Isabella's mother, Elisabeth of Valois, had originally been betrothed to Don Carlos, but political complications unexpectedly necessitated her marriage to Philip instead. Despite the significant age difference between them, Philip was very attached to Elisabeth, staying close by her side even when she was ill with smallpox. Elisabeth's first two pregnancies in 1560 and 1564 ended in a stillborn son and a miscarriage of twin daughters. She later gave birth to Isabella Clara Eugenia on 12 August 1566, and then to Isabella's younger sister Catherine Michelle 10 October 1567. Elisabeth miscarried a daughter in 1568 and died the same day.

Isabella grew up with her sister Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain, beloved by her father and her stepmother Anna of Austria, Philip's fourth wife. Philip ultimately fathered five children by Anna, all of whom died in early childhood except his heir, Philip III of Spain. While Philip II is frequently characterized as having been cold and unaffectionate towards his offspring, there exist numerous letters addressed from him to his daughters which contain evidence of a deep attachment between them, each letter lovingly signed "Your good father".

Isabella was also the only person whom Philip permitted to help him with his work, sorting his papers and translating Italian documents into the Spanish language for him. Isabella remained close to her father until his death on 13 September 1598, and served as his primary caretaker during the last three years of his life, when he was plagued by gout and frequent illness.

Marriage

Isabella Clara Eugenia and Archduke Albert

Since 1568, at the age of two, Isabella was promised to marry Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (18 July 1552 – 20 January 1612), son of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, and Maria of Spain. Maria was a daughter of her paternal grandparents Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Isabella of Portugal. Isabella, however, had to wait for more than 20 years before the eccentric Rudolf declared that he had no intention of marrying anybody.

After her uncle, Henry III of France, was assassinated by the fanatical young monk Jacques Clément on 2 August 1589, Philip II claimed the French Crown on behalf of Isabella. However, she had no right to this claim, since France was under the Salic Law, which forbade succession in the female line. At any rate, Philip's third wife and Isabella's mother Elisabeth had already ceded any claim to the French Crown with her marriage to Philip II. However the Parlement de Paris, in power of the Catholic party, gave verdict that Isabella Clara Eugenia is "the legitimate sovereign" of France. The Huguenot leader, Henry of Navarre, the rightful King by traditional French inheritance laws, ultimately made good his claim to the throne, converted to Catholicism and was crowned in 1594.

Her father decided to cede the Spanish Netherlands to her on condition that she marry her cousin, Archduke Albert of Austria. They were to reign over the Netherlands jointly as duke/count and duchess/countess. They were to be succeeded by their descendants according to the male-preference cognatic primogeniture but should a female succeed, she was required to marry the King of Spain or the person chosen by the King of Spain. It was also stipulated that, should they have no children, the Netherlands would revert to the King of Spain upon the death of either spouse.

On 18 April 1599, being 33 years old, she married Albert, the younger brother of her former fiancé Rudolf II. Albert was the joint sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands and the former viceroy of Portugal. As Albert also was the Archbishop of Toledo, he had to be released from his religious commitments by Pope Clement VIII before the wedding could take place. Shortly before Philip II died on 13 September 1598, he renounced his rights to the Netherlands in favor of his daughter Isabella and her fiancé.

Jeton with portraits of Albert VII, Archduke of Austria and Infanta Isabella of Spain, struck in Antwerp 1612.
Obv: Portraits of Albert and Isabella.
Rev: Eagle holding balance, date 1612.

Spanish Netherlands

Engraving of Isabella Clara Eugenia

Beginning in 1601, the couple ruled the Spanish Netherlands together, and after Albert's death Isabella was appointed Governor of the Netherlands on behalf of the King of Spain. A false anecdote links Isabella, the siege of Ostend, and the horse coat colour isabelline. The reign of Albert and Isabella is considered the Golden Age of the Spanish Netherlands.

The reign of the Archduke Albert of Austria and Archduchess Isabella Clara Eugenia is a key period in the history of the Spanish Netherlands. After four decades of war, it brought a period of much-needed peace and stability to the economy of the Southern Netherlands. In addition to economic prosperity, the actions of the two rulers stimulated the growth of a separate South Netherlandish identity. The two rulers consolidated the authority of the House of Habsburg over the territory of the Southern Netherlands and largely succeeded in reconciling previous anti-Spanish sentiments.

When it became clear that independence would not be possible, Albert and Isabella's goal became the reincorporation of the Southern Provinces into the Spanish monarchy. In pursuit of that goal and to get their political agenda to all Flemish social classes, Albert and Isabella used the most diverse media. The visual arts, with the baroque popularized in the wake of the Catholic Reformation, was the perfect tool. Thus Isabella and her husband stimulated the growth of this artistic movement, which resulted in the creation of the Flemish Baroque painting.

Portrait of Isabella Clara Eugenia as a nun, 1625

Their patronage of such artists as Peter Paul Rubens, Pieter Brueghel the Younger, Coebergher, the nl family, the Van Veens and many others were the beginning of a Golden Age in the Southern Netherlands. This, coupled with the political configuration of the period, made the Archdukes' Court at Brussels one of the foremost political and artistic centers in Europe of that time. It became the testing ground for the Spanish Monarchy's European plans, a boiling pot full of people of all sorts: from artists and diplomats to defectors, spies and penitent traitors, from Spanish confessors, Italian counselors, Burgundian functionaries, English musicians, German bodyguards to the Belgian Nobles. The Treaty of London and the Twelve Years' Truce were brought about thanks to the active involvement of the Archdukes in the negotiations. Brussels became a vital link in the chain of Habsburg Courts and the diplomatic conduits between Madrid, Vienna, Paris, London, Lisbon, Graz, Innsbruck, Prague and The Hague could be said to run through Brussels.

When Albert died in 1621, Isabella joined the Third Order of St Francis and was appointed the Governor of the Netherlands on behalf of the King of Spain. She was succeeded as Governor by Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand, the third son of her half-brother Philip III of Spain in 1633.

Ancestry

Family of Isabella Clara Eugenia

16. Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor               8. Philip I, King of Castile                       17. Mary, Duchess of Burgundy               4. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor                             18. Ferdinand II, King of Aragon (=#22)               9. Joanna, Queen of Castile                       19. Isabella I, Queen of Castile (=#23)               2. Philip II, King of Spain                                   20. Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu               10. Manuel I, King of Portugal                       21. Beatrice of Portugal               5. Isabella of Portugal                             22. Ferdinand II, King of Aragon (=#18)               11. Maria of Aragon                       23. Isabella I, Queen of Castile (=#19)               1. Isabella Clara Eugenia                                         24. Charles, Count of Angoulême               12. Francis I, King of France                       25. Louise of Savoy               6. Henry II, King of France                             26. Louis XII, King of France               13. Claude, Duchess of Brittany                       27. Anne, Duchess of Brittany               3. Elisabeth of Valois                                   28. Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici               14. Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino                       29. Alfonsina Orsini               7. Catherine de' Medici                             30. John III, Count of Auvergne               15. Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne                       31. Joanna of Bourbon-Vendôme

Isabella in popular culture

• In the 2007 film Elizabeth: The Golden Age, Isabella appeared in a minor role at the side of her father, Philip II of Spain, at the time of the attempted invasion of England by the Spanish Armada in 1588. The movie portrays Isabella as Philip's choice to replace Elizabeth on the throne of England. She was portrayed by actress Aimee King as a young girl rather than as the correct age of nineteen years.
• Infanta Isabella is a minor character in the alternate history 1632 series, notably in the novel, 1634: The Bavarian Crisis. (She lives several years longer than in actual history.)
• In the 2002 alternate history novel Ruled Britannia by Harry Turtledove, where the Armada has been successful, Isabella has been made Queen of England while the deposed Elizabeth I is imprisoned in the Tower of London.

References

• Cordula Van Wyhe (ed.), Isabel Clara Eugenia: Female Sovereignty in the Courts of Madrid and Brussels (Madrid and London, 2011).
• Werner Thomas and Luc Duerloo (eds.), Albert & Isabella, 1598-1621: Essays (Turnhout, 1998).
• Marie de Villermont, L'Infante Isabelle, Gouvernante des Pays-Bas (Paris, 1912).

External links

• Find-A-Grave

Isabella Clara Eugenia House of Habsburg Born: 12 August 1566 Died: 1 December 1633
Regnal titles
Preceded by Philip II of Spain	Duchess of Brabant, Limburg, Lothier and Luxembourg; Margravine of Namur; Countess Palatine of Burgundy; Countess of Artois, Flanders, Charolais and Hainaut 6 May 1598 – 13 July 1621 with Albert (6 May 1598 – 13 July 1621)	Succeeded by Philip IV of Spain
Government offices
Vacant Title last held by Archduke Albert of Austria	Governor of the Spanish Netherlands 1621–1633	Succeeded by Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand