Grepafloxacin

Grepafloxacin

File:Grepafloxacin.svg
Systematic (IUPAC) name
(RS)-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-5-methyl-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)- 4-oxo-quinoline- 3-carboxylic acid
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	Multum Consumer Information
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding	50%
Identifiers
CAS Number	119914-60-2 Y
ATC code	J01MA11 (WHO)
PubChem	CID: 72474
DrugBank	DB00365 Y
ChemSpider	65391 Y
UNII	L1M1U2HC31 Y
KEGG	C11368 Y
ChEMBL	CHEMBL583 Y
Chemical data
Formula	C19H22FN3O3
Molecular mass	359.395 g/mol
SMILES O=C(O)\C2=C\N(c1cc(c(F)c(c1C2=O)C)N3CC(NCC3)C)C4CC4
InChI InChI=1S/C19H22FN3O3/c1-10-8-22(6-5-21-10)15-7-14-16(11(2)17(15)20)18(24)13(19(25)26)9-23(14)12-3-4-12/h7,9-10,12,21H,3-6,8H2,1-2H3,(H,25,26) Y Key:AIJTTZAVMXIJGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
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Grepafloxacin hydrochloride (trade name Raxar, Glaxo Wellcome) was an oral broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent used to treat bacterial infections. Grepafloxacin was withdrawn worldwide from markets in 1999, owing to its side effect of lengthening the QT interval on the electrocardiogram, leading to cardiac events and sudden death.

Clinical uses

Grepafloxacin was used for treating exacerbations of chronic bronchitis caused by susceptible bacteria (e.g. Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis), community-acquired pneumonia (including those, in addition to the above germs, caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae) gonorrhea and non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis (for example caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or Ureaplasma urealyticum).

Synthesis

The preparation of quinolones bearing a substituent at position 5 is complicated by the greater electrophilic character of the 8 position. One scheme for resolving the problem consists in blocking access to position 8 by first adding a readily removable group to that center.

File:Grepafloxacin synthesis.svg

Grepafloxacin synthesis:

The scheme starts with the conversion of the carboxylic acid in (1) to its dimethyloxazoline derivative (3) by reaction with the dimethyl ethanolamine (2). Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) then removes a proton from the 8 position; treatment of that anion with trimethylsilyl iodide leads to the silylated intermediate (4). A second round of LDA then generates a carbanion at the only open position; reaction with methyl iodide leads to the corresponding 5 methyl derivative (5). Treatment of that product with cesium fluoride breaks the carbon–silicon bond, removing the silyl group; aqueous acid then hydrolyzes the oxazoline to afford the free acid (6). This last intermediate is then taken on to the quinolone (9) by essentially the same scheme as that used to prepare difloxacin, with the difference that the chain elongation is by means of Grignard reagent of Ethyl bromoacetate. Treatment of (9) with 2-methylpiperazine proceeds by reaction at the less hindered of the two amino groups; saponification then affords grepafloxacin (10).

See also

• Quinolones