Cobalt(II) chloride

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"CoCl2" redirects here. For the compound COCl2, see Phosgene.
Cobalt(II) chloride
Cobaltous chloride anhydrous.jpg
Anhydrous
Cobaltous chloride.jpg
Hexahydrate
Cobalt(II)-chloride-3D-balls.png
Names
IUPAC name
Cobalt(II) chloride
Other names
Cobaltous chloride
Cobalt dichloride
Muriate of Cobalt[1]
Identifiers
7646-79-9 YesY
16544-92-6 (dihydrate) N
7791-13-1 (hexahydrate) N
ChEBI CHEBI:35696 YesY
ChemSpider 22708 YesY
EC Number 231-589-4
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
PubChem 3032536
RTECS number GF9800000
UNII EVS87XF13W YesY
UN number 3288
  • InChI=1S/2ClH.Co/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2 YesY
    Key: GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L YesY
  • InChI=1/2ClH.Co/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2
    Key: GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-NUQVWONBAU
  • Cl[Co]Cl
Properties
CoCl2
Molar mass 129.839 g/mol (anhydrous)
165.87 g/mol (dihydrate)
237.93 g/mol (hexahydrate)
Appearance blue crystals (anhydrous)
violet-blue (dihydrate)
rose red crystals (hexahydrate)
Density 3.356 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
2.477 g/cm3 (dihydrate)
1.924 g/cm3 (hexahydrate)
Melting point 735 °C (1,355 °F; 1,008 K) (anhydrous)
140 °C (monohydrate)
100 °C (dihydrate)
86 °C (hexahydrate)
Boiling point 1,049 °C (1,920 °F; 1,322 K)
43.6 g/100 mL (0 °C)
45 g/100 mL (7 °C)
52.9 g/100 mL (20 °C)
105 g/100 mL (96 °C)
Solubility 38.5 g/100 mL (methanol)
8.6 g/100 mL (acetone)
soluble in ethanol, ether, pyridine, glycerol
Structure
CdCl2 structure
hexagonal (anhydrous)
monoclinic (dihydrate)
Octahedral (hexahydrate)
Vapor pressure {{{value}}}
Related compounds
Other anions
 Cobalt(II) fluoride
Cobalt(II) bromide
Cobalt(II) iodide
Other cations
 Rhodium(III) chloride
Iridium(III) chloride
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references

Cobalt(II) chloride is an inorganic compound of cobalt and chlorine, with the formula CoCl2. It is usually supplied as the hexahydrate CoCl2•6H2O, which is one of the most commonly used cobalt compounds in the lab.[2]

The hexahydrate is deep purple in color, whereas the anhydrous form is sky blue. A blend would be mauve. Because of the ease of the hydration/dehydration reaction, and the resulting color change, cobalt chloride is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.

Niche uses of cobalt chloride include its role in organic synthesis and electroplating objects with cobalt metal.

Cobalt chloride has been classified as a Substance of very high concern by the European Chemicals Agency as it is a suspected carcinogen.

Properties

Aqueous solutions of both CoCl2 and the hydrate contain the species [Co(H2O)6]2+. They also contain chloride ions. In the solid state CoCl2•6H2O consists of the molecule trans-[CoCl2(H2O)4] and two molecules of water of crystallization.[3] This species dissolves readily in water and alcohol. Concentrated aqueous solutions are red at room temperature but become blue when heated.[4] CoCl2•6H2O is deliquescent and the anhydrous salt CoCl2 is hygroscopic, readily converting to the hydrate.

Preparation

Hydrated cobalt chloride is prepared from cobalt(II) hydroxide or cobalt(II) carbonate and hydrochloric acid:

Co(OH)2 + 2 HCl → Co(H2O)6Cl2

Upon heating, the hexahydrate dehydrates in a stepwise manner.[5] An aqueous solution of CoCl2 on addition of excess of concentrated HCl gives [CoCl4]2- which is detected by blue coloration.

Reactions

Generally, aqueous solutions of cobalt(II) chlorides behave like other cobalt(II) salts since these solutions consist of the [Co(H2O)6]2+ ion regardless of the anion. Such solutions give a precipitate of CoS upon treatment with H2S. CoCl2·6H2O and CoCl2 are weak Lewis acids that react to give adducts that are usually either octahedral or tetrahedral. With pyridine (C
5H
5N), one obtains the octahedral complex:

CoCl2•6H2O + 4 C5H5N → CoCl2(C5H5N)4 + 6 H2O

With the bulky ligand triphenylphosphine (P(C
6H
5)
3), tetrahedral complexes result:

CoCl2•6H2O + 2 P(C6H5)3 → CoCl2{P(C6H5)3}2 + 6 H2O

The anionic complex CoCl42−:[6]

CoCl2 + 2 [(C2H5)4N]Cl → [(C2H5)4N)]2[CoCl4]

The [CoCl4]2− ion is the blue ion that forms upon addition of hydrochloric acid to aqueous solutions of hydrated cobalt chloride, which are pink.

The structure of a cobalt(IV) coordination complex with the norbornyl anion.

In the laboratory, cobalt(II) chloride serves as a common precursor to other cobalt compounds. Reaction of the anhydrous compound with sodium cyclopentadienide gives cobaltocene. This 19-electron species is a good reducing agent, being readily oxidised to the yellow 18-electron cobaltacenium cation. Reaction of 1-norbonyllithium with the CoCl2•THF in pentane produces the brown, thermally stable cobalt(IV) tetralkyl[7][8] — a rare example of a stable transition metal/saturated alkane compound,[2] different products are obtained in other solvents.[9]

Co(III) derivatives

In the presence of ammonia or amines, cobalt(II) is readily oxidised by atmospheric oxygen to give a variety of cobalt(III) complexes. For example, the presence of ammonia triggers the oxidation of cobalt(II) chloride to hexamminecobalt(III) chloride:

4 CoCl2•6H2O + 4 NH4Cl + 20 NH3 + O2 → 4 [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 + 26 H2O

The reaction is often performed in the presence of charcoal as a catalyst, or hydrogen peroxide is employed in place of air. Other highly basic ligands including carbonate, acetylacetonate, and oxalate induce the formation of Co(III) derivatives. Simple carboxylates and halides do not.

Unlike Co(II) complexes, Co(III) complexes are very slow to exchange ligands, so they are said to be kinetically inert. The German chemist Alfred Werner was awarded the Nobel prize in 1913 for his studies on a series of these cobalt(III) compounds, work that led to an understanding of the structures of such coordination compounds.

Instability of CoCl3

Anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride

The existence of cobalt(III) chloride, CoCl3, is disputed, although this compound is listed in some compendia.[10] According to Greenwood and Earnshaw, the only stable binary compounds of cobalt and the halogens, excluding CoF3, are the dihalides.[2] Stated differently, CoCl2 is unreactive toward Cl2[citation needed]. The stability of Co(III) in solution is considerably increased in the presence of ligands of greater Lewis basicity than chloride, such as amines.

Safety

Patch test

In 2005–06, cobalt chloride was the eighth-most-prevalent allergen in patch tests (8.4%).[11]

In popular culture

The NZ National Film Unit PICTORIAL PARADE No. 23 features Cobalt Chloride as the missing component in the pumicelands near Rotarua. Without this compound, no cattle would be able to survive on this land -- only wild horses. [1]

Other uses

  • Invisible ink
  • Cobalt chloride is an established chemical inducer of hypoxia-like responses such as erythropoiesis.[12] Cobalt supplementation is not banned and therefore would not be detected by current anti-doping testing.[13] Cobalt chloride is a banned substance under the Australian Thoroughbred Racing

References

  1. ↑ http://www.chemindustry.com/chemicals/0519906.html
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ The Merck Index, 7th edition, Merck & Co, Rahway, New Jersey, USA, 1960.
  5. ↑ John Dallas Donaldson, Detmar Beyersmann, "Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. doi:10.1002/14356007.a07_281.pub2
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st edition, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1990.
  11. ↑ Zug KA, Warshaw EM, Fowler JF Jr, Maibach HI, Belsito DL, Pratt MD, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS, Mathias CG, Deleo VA, Rietschel RL, Marks J. Patch-test results of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group 2005–2006. Dermatitis. 2009 May–Jun;20(3):149-60.
  12. ↑ W. Jelkmann: The disparate roles of cobalt in erythropoiesis, and doping relevance. Open Journal of Hematology, 2012, 3–6. http://rossscience.org/ojhmt/2075-907X-3-6.php
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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