Christian VII of Denmark

Christian VII
Portrait by Alexander Roslin, c. 1772
King of Denmark and Norway (more...)
Reign	14 January 1766 – 13 March 1808
Coronation	1 May 1767 Christiansborg Palace Chapel
Predecessor	Frederick V
Successor	Frederick VI
Born	(1749-01-29)29 January 1749 Christiansborg Palace, Copenhagen
Died	Rendsburg
Burial	Roskilde Cathedral
Consort	Caroline Matilda of Great Britain
Issue	Frederick VI of Denmark Louise Auguste, Duchess of Augustenborg (presumed)
House	Oldenburg
Father	Frederick V of Denmark
Mother	Louise of Great Britain
Religion	Lutheran

Christian VII (29 January 1749 – 13 March 1808) was a monarch of the House of Oldenburg who was King of Denmark-Norway and Duke of Schleswig and Holstein from 1766 until his death. He was the son of King Frederick V and his first wife Louise of Great Britain.

Christian VII's reign was marked by mental illness which affected government decisions, and for most of his reign Christian was only nominally king. His royal advisers changed depending on who won power struggles around the throne. In the late 1760s, he came under the influence of his personal physician Johann Friedrich Struensee, who rose steadily in power. From 1770 to 1772 Struensee was "de facto" regent of the country, and introduced progressive reforms signed into law by Christian VII. Struensee was deposed by a coup in 1772 after which the country was ruled by Christian's stepmother, Juliane Marie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, his half-brother Frederick and the Danish politician Ove Høegh-Guldberg.

From 14 April 1784 until Christian VII's death in 1808, Christian's son, later Frederick VI, acted as unofficial regent, a regency marked by liberal and agricultural reforms, but also by the beginning disasters of the Napoleonic Wars.

Early life

Christian as a boy

Christian was born on 29 January 1749 in the Queen's Bedchamber at Christiansborg Palace, the Royal residence in Copenhagen. He was the son of King Frederick V of Denmark by his wife, Princess Louise of Great Britain. He was baptised a few hours later the same day. His godparents were King Frederick V (his father), Queen Dowager Sophie Magdalene (his paternal grandmother), Princess Louise (his aunt) and Princess Charlotte Amalie (his grand-aunt).

A former heir to the throne, also named Christian, had died in infancy in 1747; therefore, hopes were high for the future of the new heir presumptive. Christoph Willibald Gluck, who was conductor for King Frederick V's opera troupe in Copenhagen between the years 1748-49, composed the scene La Contesa dei Numi (the contention of the gods), where the Olympian Gods gather at the banks of the Great Belt and discuss who in particular should protect the new prince.

His mother Queen Louise died, just 27 years old, in 1751, two years after his birth. The following year his father remarried, to Juliane Marie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.

Early historians state that he had a winning personality and considerable talent, but that he was poorly educated and systematically terrorized by a brutal governor, Christian Ditlev Frederik Reventlow, the Count of Reventlow. He seems to have been intelligent and had periods of clarity, but suffered from severe emotional problems, possibly schizophrenia as argued in doctor Viggo Christiansen's book Christian VII's mental illness (1906). Recent historians have, however, refrained from characterizing the nature of his mental state.

Reign

After a long period of infirmity, Frederick V died 14 January 1766, just 42 years old. Later the same day, Christian was proclaimed king from the balcony of Christiansborg Palace, just weeks before his 17th birthday. For his motto he chose: "Gloria ex amore patriae" ("glory through love of the fatherland").

Marriage

Christian VII and Caroline Matilda dance at the wedding held at Christiansborg Palace, the image has inscriptions in French

The young King was betrothed to his fifteen-year-old cousin Princess Caroline Matilda, a sister of Great Britain's King George III, who was anxious about the marriage but not aware that the bridegroom was mentally ill. The dynastic marriage took place at Christiansborg Palace on 8 November 1766, the same year as the groom's coronation.

After his marriage, he abandoned himself to the worst excesses, especially sexual promiscuity. In 1767, he entered into a relationship with the courtesan Støvlet-Cathrine. He publicly declared that he could not love Caroline Matilda, because it was "unfashionable to love one's wife". He ultimately sank into a condition of mental stupor. Symptoms during this time included paranoia, self-mutilation and hallucinations.

Struensee

Oil portrait in the Hermitage painted by Peder Als at the time of Christian's consecration. The King is standing with the scepter and the cape; the globus cruciger and the crown can be seen on the left. These treasures remain on display at Rosenborg Castle, Copenhagen.

The progressive and radical thinker Johann Friedrich Struensee, Christian's personal physician, became his advisor and rose steadily in power in the late 1760s to a "de facto" regent of the country, where he introduced widespread progressive reforms. Struensee was a protégé of an Enlightenment circle of aristocrats that had been rejected by the court in Copenhagen. He was a skilled doctor, and having somewhat restored the king's health while visiting the Schleswig-Holstein area, he gained the king's affection. He was retained as travelling physician ("Livmedikus hos Kong Christian VII") on 5 April 1768, and accompanied the entourage on the King’s foreign tour to Paris and London via Hannover from 6 May 1768 to 12 January 1769. He was given the title of State Councilor ("etatsråd") on 12 May 1768, barely a week after leaving Altona. The neglected and lonely Caroline Matilda entered into an affair with Struensee.

Divorce

In 1772, the king's marriage with Caroline Matilda was dissolved by divorce. Struensee, following a deluge of modernising and emancipating reforms, was arrested and executed the same year. Christian signed Struensee's arrest and execution warrant under pressure from his stepmother, Queen Juliane Marie, who had led the movement to have the marriage ended. Caroline Matilda, retaining her title but not her children, eventually left Denmark and passed her remaining days in exile at Celle Castle in her brother's German territory, the Electorate of Hanover. She died there of scarlet fever on 10 May 1775, at the age of 23.

Christian's marriage with Caroline Matilda produced two children: the future King Frederick VI and Princess Louise Auguste. However, it is widely believed that Louise was the daughter of Struensee—portrait comparisons tend to support this hypothesis.

Later life

Christian was only nominally king from 1772 onwards. Between 1772 and 1784, Denmark was ruled by Christian's stepmother Queen Dowager Juliane Marie, his half-brother Frederick and the Danish politician Ove Høegh-Guldberg. From 1784 onwards, his son Frederick VI ruled permanently as a prince regent. This regency was marked by liberal and agricultural reforms, but also by the beginning of the disasters of the Napoleonic Wars.

Death and succession

Christian VII's sarcophagus in Frederick V's Chapel at Roskilde Cathedral.

Christian died at age 59 of a stroke on 13 March 1808 in Rendsburg, Schleswig. Although there were rumors that the stroke was caused by fright at the sight of Spanish auxiliaries, which he took to be hostile, Ulrik Langen, in his biography of the king, did not indicate that there was any external cause.

He was buried in Roskilde Cathedral and was succeeded by his son Frederick VI.

Legacy

Contribution to science

In 1769 Christian VII of Denmark invited the Hungarian astronomer Miksa Hell (Maximilian Hell) to Vardø. He observed the transit of Venus, and his calculations gave the most precise calculation of the Earth–Sun distance to that date (approx. 151 million kilometres).

Hell's companion János Sajnovics explored the affinity among the languages of the Sami, Finnish and Hungarian peoples.

Cultural depictions

A 19th-century oil recreating his frivolous court by Kristian Zahrtmann at the Saatchi Gallery

Christian VII, the story of his marriage, and his wife's affair with Struensee has featured in many examples of artistic depictions:

Literature

• Die Gefangene von Celle - a 1935 novel by Else von Hollander-Lossow.

• The Favourite of the Queen (German: Struensee: Doktor, Diktator, Favorit und armer Sünder, later: Der Favorit der Königin) - a 1935 novel by Robert Neumann.

• The Queen's Physician - a 1948 novel by Edgar Maass

• Converse at Night in Copenhagen - (Danish: Samtale om natten i København) - a 1953 novel by Karen Blixen.

• The Lost Queen - a 1969 novel by Norah Lofts

• The Visit of the Royal Physician (Swedish: Livläkarens besök'') - a 1999 novel by Per Olov Enquist.

• Prinsesse af Blodet - en roman om Caroline Mathilde - a 2000 novel by Bodil Steensen-Leth

Stage

• Struensee - an 1827 drama by Michael Beer with stage music by his brother Giacomo Meyerbeer.

• Caroline Mathilde - a 1991 two-act ballet staged by the Royal Danish Ballet and choreographed by Flemming Flindt to music by Sir Peter Maxwell Davies.

• The Visit of the Royal Physician (Danish: Livlægens besøg) - a 2008 opera staged by the Royal Danish Opera and composed by Bo Holten to a libretto based on Enquist's 1999 novel.

Film

• Die Liebe einer Königin - a 1923 German silent film directed by Ludwig Wolff, in which Christian VII is played by Walter Janssen.

• The Dictator - a 1935 British film, in which Christian VII was played by Emlyn Williams. The film depicts his relationship with Caroline Mathilde, who is played by Madeleine Carroll.

• King in Shadow (German: Herrscher ohne Krone) - a 1953 West German film based on Neumann's 1935 novel, in which Christian VII was played by Horst Buchholz.

• Caroline - Den Sidste Rejse - a 2010 Danish film

• A Royal Affair (Danish: En Kongelig Affære) - a 2012 Academy Award-nominated film in which King Christian is played by Mikkel Følsgaard.

Titles and styles

• 29 January 1749 – 14 January 1766: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince
• 14 January 1766 – 13 March 1808: His Majesty The King

The full title of Christian VII was: By the Grace of God, King of Denmark and Norway, the Wends and the Goths, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn and Dithmarschen, Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst. Oldenburg was elevated to a duchy during his reign, and the style was changed accordingly: By the Grace of God, King of Denmark and Norway, the Wends and the Goths, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen and Oldenburg. This style was used until his son, Frederick VI, who lost control over Norway by the 1814 Treaty of Kiel.

Ancestry

Family of Christian VII of Denmark

16. Christian V of Denmark               8. Frederick IV of Denmark                       17. Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel               4. Christian VI of Denmark                             18. Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow               9. Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow                       19. Princess Magdalene Sibylle of Holstein-Gottorp               2. Frederick V of Denmark                                   20. Margrave Georg Albrecht of Brandenburg-Bayreuth               10. Margrave Christian Heinrich of Brandenburg-Kulmbach                       21. Princess Marie Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg               5. Sophia Magdalen of Brandenburg-Kulmbach                             22. Albert Frederick, Count of Wolfstein               11. Countess Sophie Christiane of Wolfstein                       23. Countess Sophie Louise of Castell-Remlingen               1. Christian VII of Denmark                                         24. Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover               12. George I of Great Britain                       25. Countess Palatine Sophia of Simmern               6. George II of Great Britain                             26. George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg               13. Sophia Dorothea of Celle                       27. Eleonore Desmier d'Olbreuse               3. Louise of Great Britain                                   28. Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach               14. John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach                       29. Countess Sophia Margaret of Oettingen-Oettingen               7. Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach                             30. John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach               15. Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach                       31. Countess Johanetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein

Notes and references

Bibliography

• Reddaway, W. F. "King Christian VII," English Historical Review (1916) 31#121 pp. 59–84 IN jstor

In Danish

• Alenius, Marianne (ed.): Mit ubetydelige Levnets Løb. Efter Charlotte Dorothea Biehls breve. Museum Tusculanums Forlag, Copenhagen 1986
• Barz, Paul: Doktor Struensee. Bogans Forlag, Lynge, 1986
• Bech, Svend Cedergreen: Brev fra Dorothea, Politikens Forlag, Copenhagen 1975
• Christiansen, Viggo: Christian den VII's sindssygdom. Odense Universitetsforlag, 1978
• Dehn-Nielsen, Henning: Christian 7. Den gale konge. Sesam, Copenhagen, 2000
• Den Store Danske encyclopedia, Danmarks Nationalleksikon/Gyldendal, Copenhagen, 1996
• Enquist, Per Olov: Livläkarens besök. Norstedts Förlag, Stockholm, 1999
• Fjelstrup, August: Skilsmisseprocessen imellem Kong Kristian den syvende og Dronning Karoline Matilde. Strubes Forlag, 1968.
• Hansen, Norman Hall: Caroline Mathilde. Ejnar Munksgaards Forlag, Copenhagen 1947
• Holm, Sven: Struensee var her, Danmarks Radio, Copenhagen, 1981
• Laing R. D. og Esterson A.: Familieliv. Rhodos, Copenhagen 1974
• Lauring, Palle: Historiske Portrætter. Aschehoug Dansk Forlag, Copenhagen 1960
• Reverdil, Elie Salomon François: Struensee og det danske hof 1760-1772. A. F. Høst & Søn Forlag, Copenhagen 1917
• Salmonsens Konversations Leksikon, Schultz, Copenhagen, 1926
• Steenstrup, Joh. et al. (Red): Danmarks Riges historie. Det Nordiske Forlag, Copenhagen

External links

• The Royal Lineage at the website of the Danish Monarchy
• Christian VII at the website of the Royal Danish Collection at Rosenborg Castle
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Christian VII House of Oldenburg Born: 29 January 1749 Died: 13 March 1808
Regnal titles
Preceded by Frederick V	Count of Oldenburg 1766–1773	Succeeded by Paul
	King of Denmark and Norway Duke of Schleswig 1766–1808	Succeeded by Frederick VI
Preceded by Frederick V and Paul	Duke of Holstein 1766–1808 with Paul (1766–1773)