Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
The table shows the abundance of elements in Earth's crust. Numbers show percentage or parts per million (ppm) in mass; 10,000 ppm = 1%.
Note that numbers are estimates, and they will vary depending on source and method of estimation. Order of magnitude of data can roughly be relied upon.
Rank | Z | Element | Symbol | Lithosphere abundance[1] | Relative proportion (ppm)[2] | Abundance in crust (ppm)[3] | Abundance in crust (ppm)[4] | Abundance in crust (ppm)[5] | Production (2012, tonnes)[6] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 8 | oxygen | O | 460,000 | 474,000 | 460,000 | 467,100 | 461,000 | |
2 | 14 | silicon [upper-alpha 1] | Si | 277,200 | 277,100 | 270,000 | 276,900 | 282,000 | 7,600,000 |
3 | 13 | aluminium | Al | 81,300 | 82,000 | 82,000 | 80,700 | 82,300 | 44,900,000 |
4 | 26 | iron | Fe | 50,000 | 41,000 | 63,000 | 50,500 | 56,300 | 1,100,000,000 |
5 | 20 | calcium | Ca | 36,300 | 41,000 | 50,000 | 36,500 | 41,500 | |
6 | 11 | sodium | Na | 28,300 | 23,000 | 23,000 | 27,500 | 23,600 | 280,000,000 |
7 | 19 | potassium | K | 25,900 | 21,000 | 15,000 | 25,800 | 20,900 | 34,000 |
8 | 12 | magnesium | Mg | 20,900 | 23,000 | 29,000 | 20,800 | 23,300 | 750,000 |
9 | 22 | titanium | Ti | 4,400 | 5,600 | 6,600 | 6,200 | 5,600 | 6,500,000 |
10 | 1 | hydrogen | H | 1,400 | 1,500 | 1,400 | 1,400 | ||
11 | 15 | phosphorus | P | 1,200 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,300 | 1,050 | |
12 | 25 | manganese | Mn | 1,000 | 950 | 1,100 | 900 | 950 | 16,000,000 |
13 | 9 | fluorine | F | 800 | 950 | 540 | 290 | 585 | |
14 | 56 | barium | Ba | 500 | 340 | 340 | 500 | 425 | |
15 | 6 | carbon | C | 300 | 480 | 1,800 | 940 | 200 | |
16 | 38 | strontium | Sr | 370 | 360 | 370 | 380,000 | ||
17 | 16 | sulfur | S | 500 | 260 | 420 | 520 | 350 | 70,000,000 |
18 | 40 | zirconium | Zr | 190 | 130 | 250 | 165 | 1,420,000 | |
19 | 74 | tungsten | W | 160.6 | 1.1 | 1.25 | 73,000 | ||
20 | 23 | vanadium | V | 100 | 160 | 190 | 120 | 63,000 | |
21 | 17 | chlorine | Cl | 500 | 130 | 170 | 450 | 145 | 280,000,000 |
22 | 24 | chromium | Cr | 100 | 100 | 140 | 350 | 102 | 7,890,000 |
23 | 37 | rubidium | Rb | 300 | 90 | 60 | 90 | ||
24 | 28 | nickel | Ni | 80 | 90 | 190 | 84 | 2,100,000 | |
25 | 30 | zinc | Zn | 75 | 79 | 70 | 13,000,000 | ||
26 | 29 | copper | Cu | 100 | 50 | 68 | 60 | 17,000,000 | |
27 | 58 | cerium | Ce | 68 | 60 | 66.5 | |||
28 | 60 | neodymium | Nd | 38 | 33 | 41.5 | |||
29 | 57 | lanthanum | La | 32 | 34 | 39 | |||
30 | 39 | yttrium | Y | 30 | 29 | 33 | 8,900 | ||
31 | 7 | nitrogen | N | 50 | 25 | 20 | 19 | 137,000,000 | |
32 | 27 | cobalt | Co | 20 | 30 | 25 | 110,000 | ||
33 | 3 | lithium | Li | 20 | 17 | 20 | 37,000 | ||
34 | 41 | niobium | Nb | 20 | 17 | 20 | 69,000 | ||
35 | 31 | gallium | Ga | 18 | 19 | 19 | |||
36 | 21 | scandium | Sc | 16 | 26 | 22 | |||
37 | 82 | lead | Pb | 14 | 10 | 14 | 5,200,000 | ||
38 | 62 | samarium | Sm | 7.9 | 6 | 7.05 | |||
39 | 90 | thorium | Th | 12 | 6 | 9.6 | |||
40 | 59 | praseodymium | Pr | 9.5 | 8.7 | 9.2 | |||
41 | 5 | boron | B | 950 | 8.7 | 10 | 4,600,000 | ||
42 | 64 | gadolinium | Gd | 7.7 | 5.2 | 6.2 | |||
43 | 66 | dysprosium | Dy | 6 | 6.2 | 5.2 | |||
44 | 72 | hafnium | Hf | 5.3 | 3.3 | 3.0 | |||
45 | 68 | erbium | Er | 3.8 | 3.0 | 3.5 | |||
46 | 70 | ytterbium | Yb | 3.3 | 2.8 | 3.2 | |||
47 | 55 | caesium | Cs | 3 | 1.9 | 3 | |||
48 | 4 | beryllium | Be | 2.6 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 230 | ||
49 | 50 | tin | Sn | 0 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 230,000 | |
50 | 63 | europium | Eu | 2.1 | 1.8 | 2.0 | |||
51 | 92 | uranium | U | 0 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 66,512 | ||
52 | 73 | tantalum | Ta | 2 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 765 | ||
53 | 32 | germanium | Ge | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 128 | ||
54 | 42 | molybdenum | Mo | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 250,000 | ||
55 | 33 | arsenic | As | 1.5 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 44,000 | ||
56 | 67 | holmium | Ho | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.3 | |||
57 | 65 | terbium | Tb | 1.1 | 0.94 | 1.2 | |||
58 | 69 | thulium | Tm | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.52 | |||
59 | 35 | bromine | Br | 0.37 | 3 | 2.4 | 580,000 | ||
60 | 81 | thallium | Tl | 0.6 | 0.530 | 0.850 | 10 | ||
61 | 71 | lutetium[7] | Lu | 0.5 | |||||
62 | 51 | antimony | Sb | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 180,000 | ||
63 | 53 | iodine | I | 0.14 | 0.490 | 0.450 | 28,000 | ||
64 | 48 | cadmium | Cd | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 23,000 | ||
65 | 47 | silver | Ag | 0.070 | 0.080 | 0.075 | 24,000 | ||
66 | 80 | mercury | Hg | 0.05 | 0.067 | 0.085 | 1,600 | ||
67 | 34 | selenium | Se | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 2,000 | ||
68 | 49 | indium | In | 0.049 | 0.160 | 0.250 | 670 | ||
69 | 83 | bismuth | Bi | 0.048 | 0.025 | 0.0085 | 7,400 | ||
70 | 52 | tellurium | Te | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||
71 | 78 | platinum | Pt | 0.003 | 0.0037 | 0.005 | 179 | ||
72 | 79 | gold | Au | 0.0011 | 0.0031 | 0.004 | 2,700 | ||
73 | 44 | ruthenium | Ru | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||
74 | 46 | palladium | Pd | 0.0006 | 0.0063 | 0.015 | 200 | ||
75 | 75 | rhenium | Re | 0.0004 | 0.0026 | 0.0007 | 52 | ||
76 | 77 | iridium | Ir | 0.0003 | 0.0004 | 0.001 | |||
77 | 45 | rhodium | Rh | 0.0002 | 0.0007 | 0.001 | |||
78 | 76 | osmium | Os | 0.0001 | 0.0018 | 0.0015 |
- ↑ 5,000 tonnes of annual production is electronic grade
See also
References
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Commodity Statistics and Information. USGS. All production numbers are for mines, except for Al, Cd, Fe, Ge, In, N, Se (plants, refineries), S (all forms) and As, Br, Mg, Si (unspecified). Data for B, K, Ti, Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide, data for Na and Cl are for NaCl. For many elements like Si, Al, data are ambiguos (many forms produced) and are taken for the pure element. U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet [1]. WNA.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- BookRags, Periodic Table.
- World Book Encyclopedia, Exploring Earth.
- HyperPhysics, Georgia State University, Abundance of Elements in Earth's Crust.
- Data Series 140, Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States, Version 2011, USGS [2].
- Eric Scerri, The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, 2007