Yunjing

Yunjing
File:Yunjing title page.jpg Title page of the Yonglu edition
Traditional Chinese	韻鏡
Simplified Chinese	韵镜
Literal meaning	"Mirror of rhymes"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yùnjìng Wade–Giles Yün4-ching4 IPA [ŷntɕîŋ] Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Wan6-geng3 Southern Min Tâi-lô Ūn-kiànn Middle Chinese Middle Chinese JwənC kjɐngC

The Yunjing (traditional Chinese: 韻鏡; simplified Chinese: 韵镜; literally: "Mirror of Rhymes") is the oldest existing Chinese rhyme table – a series of charts which arrange Chinese characters in large tables according to their tone and syllable structures to indicate their proper pronunciations. Current versions of the Yunjing date to AD 1161 and 1203 editions published by Zhang Linzhi (張麟之). The Yunjing's original author(s) and date of composition are unknown. Some of its elements, such as certain choices in its ordering, reflect features particular to the Tang dynasty, but no conclusive proof of an actual date of composition has yet been found.

The Yunjing contains 43 tables (Chinese: 轉; pinyin: zhuǎn; literally: "turnings"), each of which tabulates combinations of a particular final rhyme (listed in rows) with various initials (listed in columns), in up to four tones, to show in a grid pattern all possible syllables. Empty circles on the grid denote that the author(s) were unaware of any word with that particular pronunciation. By locating a character in Yunjing, a reader could identify its initial consonant (by looking at its column) and its "rhyme", or main vowel and ending consonant (by looking at its row), and combine the two to obtain the word's pronunciation. Zhang Linzhi's prefaces list a total of 36 possible initial consonants (Chinese: 聲母; pinyin: shēngmǔ) – by comparison, modern Standard Mandarin only has 23.

Historical Chinese phonology uses the Yunjing as an accurate representation of Late Middle Chinese (10th – 12th century) phonology. The Yunjing's use of this system represents a significant advancement in the Chinese' analysis of their own language, and is believed to have been inspired by their studies of Sanskrit phonological treatises and Buddhist mantras written in the Siddham script during in the Sui and Tang dynasties.

Layout

File:Yunjing first table.jpg

The first table of the Yunjing

Rows (Finals/rhymes)

Each of the 43 tables in the Yunjing is first divided into four large rows that correspond to the four tones of Middle Chinese: the level tone (Chinese: 平聲; pinyin: píngshēng), the rising tone (Chinese: 上聲; pinyin: shǎngshēng), the departing tone (Chinese: 去聲; pinyin: qùshēng), and the entering tone (Chinese: 入聲; pinyin: rùshēng). They are not explicitly marked as such, but the four characters are taken from each of the tone categories of the Guangyun rhyme dictionary. In the image at right, the first row – the level tone – is occupied by the level tone rhyme dōng 東, the second row – the rising tone – by the dǒng 董 rhyme, the third row – the departing tone – by sòng 送, and the fourth row – the entering tone – by wū 屋 (Cantonese: uk¹).

Each large row is further subdivided into four grades or divisions (Chinese: 等; pinyin: děng), forming four rows within each larger row. Characters' placement in the first through fourth grade seems to be related to their medial (glide) and main vowel, though their exact distinction is unclear.

Columns (Initials)

Each table is divided into six large columns representing syllables' place of articulation:

• "Lip sounds" (Chinese: 唇音; pinyin: chúnyīn)
• "Tongue sounds" (Chinese: 舌音; pinyin: shèyīn)
• "Molar sounds" (Chinese: 牙音; pinyin: yáyīn)
• "Tooth sounds" (Chinese: 齒音; pinyin: chǐyīn)
• "Throat sounds" (Chinese: 喉音; pinyin: hóuyīn)
• "Tongue-tooth sounds" (Chinese: 舌齒音; pinyin: shèchǐyīn)

Large columns are further subdivided into two to six smaller columns, which can represent one of four possible sub-categories:

• • "Clear" sounds (Chinese: 清) – voiceless unaspirated
  • "Secondarily-clear" sounds (Chinese: 次清) – voiceless aspirated
  • "Muddy" sounds (Chinese: 濁) – voiced
  • "Clear-muddy" sounds (Chinese: 清濁) – nasal stops

The Yunjing tables have only 23 columns – some columns represent more than one of the 36 possible initial consonants. Other rhyme tables, such as the Qieyun zhizhangtu (Chinese: 切韻指掌圖), do not combine the initials and have 36 full columns.

See also

• Rhyme dictionary
• Qiyin lüe

Further reading

• Baxter, William. A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992.
• Coblin, W. South. "Northwest reflections on the Yunjing." T’oung Pao 82 (1996): 349-363.
• Pulleyblank, Edwin G.. "Qieyun and Yunjing: The Essential Foundation for Chinese Historical Linguistics." Journal of the American Oriental Society 118.2 (1998): 200-216.

External links

• Yunjing (page scans) at the Internet Archive
• Yunjing (page scans) at the Chinese Text Project