Wind power in Texas

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File:Roscoe Wind Farm at Sunrise.JPG
The 781 MW Roscoe Wind Farm at sunrise.
Brazos Wind Ranch

Wind power in Texas consists of many wind farms with a total installed nameplate capacity of 12,355 MW[1] from over 40 different projects. Texas produces the most wind power of any U.S. state.[1] Wind power accounted for 9% of the electricity generated in Texas during 2014.[2]

The wind resource in many parts of Texas is very large. Farmers may lease their land to wind developers, creating a new revenue stream for the farm. The wind power industry is also creating thousands of jobs for local communities and for the state. Texas is seen as a profit-driven leader of renewable energy commercialization in the United States. The wind boom in Texas was assisted by expansion of the state’s Renewable Portfolio Standard, use of designated Competitive Renewable Energy Zones, expedited transmission construction, and the necessary Public Utility Commission rule-making.[3]

The Roscoe Wind Farm (781 MW) is the state's largest wind farm. Other large wind farms in Texas include: Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center, Sherbino Wind Farm, Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm, Sweetwater Wind Farm, Buffalo Gap Wind Farm, King Mountain Wind Farm, Desert Sky Wind Farm, Wildorado Wind Ranch, and the Brazos Wind Farm.

Overview

File:Desert-Sky-Wind-Farm.jpg
Part of the Desert Sky Wind Farm off I-10
Wind turbines on the windswept high plains of the Llano Estacado, Lubbock County, Texas.
File:Vestasturbine.jpg
Vestas V47-660kW wind turbine at American Wind Power Center in Lubbock, Texas

Wind power has a long history in Texas. West Texas State University began wind energy research in 1970 and led to the formation of the Alternative Energy Institute (AEI) in 1977. AEI has been a major information resource about wind energy for Texas.[4] The first 80-meter tower was erected at Big Spring, Texas in 1999.[5]

The expanding wind power market will help Texas meet its 2015 renewable energy goal of 5,000 new megawatts of power from renewable sources.[6]

Several forces are driving the growth of wind power in Texas: the wind resource in many areas of the state is very large, large projects are relatively easy to site, and the market price for electricity is set by natural gas prices and so is relatively high.[7] The broad scope and geographical extent of wind farms in Texas is considerable:

Wind resource areas lie in the Texas Panhandle, along the Gulf coast south of Galveston, and in the mountain passes and ridge tops of the Trans-Pecos in the western tip of Texas. There are still 80,000 windmills operating in Texas, used to pump water.[8]

Texas farmers may lease their land to wind developers for either a set rental per turbine or for a small percentage of gross annual revenue from the project.[9] This offers farmers a fresh revenue stream without impacting traditional farming and grazing practices. Although leasing arrangements vary widely, the U. S. Government Accountability Office reported in 2004 that a farmer who leases land to a wind project developer can generally obtain royalties of $3,000 to $5,000 per turbine per year in lease payments. These figures are rising as larger wind turbines are being produced and installed.[10]

The wind power industry is also creating thousands of jobs for communities and for the state.[11] Increases in the deployment of wind technology and the various aspects of producing electricity from wind power may help to offset lost jobs in Texas if oil drilling activity on land and in the Gulf of Mexico subsides.[12]

Sabotage and industrial accidents can be potential threats to the large, centrally located, power plants that provide most of Texas’ electricity. Should one of these plants be damaged, repairs could take more than a year, possibly creating power shortages on a scale that Texans have never experienced before. Coal trains and gas pipelines are also vulnerable to disruption. However, wind power plants are quickly installed and repaired. The modular structure of a wind farm also means that if one turbine is damaged, the overall output of the plant is not significantly affected.[13]

Wind is a highly variable resource. With proper understanding it can be incorporated into an electric utility's generation mix. When providing for the generating capacity to meet the peak demand in summer, the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), which manages the Texas power grid, counted wind at 8.7% of nameplate capacity in 2008.[14] Many areas in Texas have wind conditions allowing for development of wind power generation. The number of commercially attractive sites will expand as wind turbine technology improves and development costs continue to drop.[15]

The wind power boom in Texas has outstripped the capacity of the transmission systems in place, and predicted shortages in transmission capability may dampen the growth of the industry in years to come. Until 2008, the growth in wind power "piggybacked" on existing lines, but had almost depleted spare capacity.[16] As a result, in winter the west Texas grid often has such a local surplus of power that the price falls below zero.[17][18] According to Michael Goggin, electric industry analyst at AWEA, "Prices fell below US −$30/MWh (megawatt-hour) on 63% of days during the first half of 2008, compared to 10% for the same period in 2007 and 5% in 2006."[19]

File:Wind power curtailment in USA, 2007-2014.svg
Curtailment in Texas

In July 2008, utility officials gave preliminary approval to a $4.9 billion plan to build new transmission lines to carry wind-generated electricity from West Texas to urban areas such as Dallas. The new plan would be the biggest investment in renewable energy in U.S. history, and would add transmission lines capable of moving about 18,000 megawatts.[20] ERCOT curtailed 17% (3.8 TWh) in 2009, but only 0.5% in 2014, as transmission improved, particularly the Competitive Renewable Energy Zone.[21][22]

In areas where Smart Metering is commonly installed,[23] some utilities offer free electricity at night.[24]

List of large wind farms in Texas

The table below lists the larger wind farms in Texas, currently operating or under construction. Wind farms which are smaller than 140 MW in capacity are not shown.

Summary table: Large wind farms in Texas[25][26]
Wind farm Installed
capacity (MW)		 Turbine
Manufacturer		 County
Brazos Wind Ranch (Green Mt. Energy Wind Farm) 160 Mitsubishi Scurry/ Borden
Buffalo Gap Wind Farm 523 Vestas Taylor/ Nolan
Bull Creek Wind Farm 180 Mitsubishi Borden
Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm 662 GE Energy/ Siemens Sterling/ Coke
Desert Sky Wind Farm 160 GE Energy Pecos
Goat Mountain Wind Ranch 150 Mitsubishi (80 MWT-62/1.0 and 29 MWT-95/2.4 Coke/ Sterling
Gulf Wind Farm 283[27] Mitsubishi Kenedy
Hackberry Wind Project 165 Siemens Shackelford
Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center 735 GE Energy/ Siemens Taylor/ Nolan
Inadale Wind Farm 197 Mitsubishi Scurry/ Nolan
King Mountain Wind Farm 278.5 Bonus/ GE Energy Upton
Langford Wind Farm 150 GE Energy Tom Green/ Schleicher/ Irion
Lone Star Wind Farm 400 Gamesa Shackelford/ Callahan
McAdoo Wind Farm 150 GE Energy Dickens
Notrees Windpower 150 Ector/ Winkler
Panther Creek Wind Farm 458 GE Energy Howard/ ...
Papalote Creek Wind Farm 380[28] Siemens San Patricio
Peñascal Wind Farm 404 Mitsubishi Kenedy
Pyron Wind Farm 249 GE Energy Scurry/ Fisher/ Nolan
Roscoe Wind Farm 781[29] Mitsubishi Nolan
Sherbino Wind Farm 300[30] Vestas Pecos
Sweetwater Wind Farm 585 GE Energy/ Siemens/ Mitsubishi Nolan
Trent Wind Farm 150 GE Energy Taylor
Turkey Track Energy Center 169.5 Nolan/ Coke/ Runnels
Wildorado Wind Ranch 161 Siemens Oldham/ Potter/ Randall
Woodward Mountain Wind Ranch 159 Vestas Pecos
File:Wind turbine blade transport I-35.jpg
A wind turbine blade on I-35 near Elm Mott, an increasingly common sight in Texas

Location map

Large Wind power projects in Texas
  Green pog.svg Operating
  Orange pog.svg Under construction
  Blue pog.svg Proposed

Renewable Portfolio Standard

The Texas Renewable Portfolio Standard was originally created by Senate Bill 7 and signed by Governor Bush in 1999,[31][32][33] which helped Texas eventually become the leading producer of wind powered electricity in the U.S.[34][35][36] The RPS was part of new laws that restructured the electricity industry. The Texas RPS mandated that utility companies jointly create 2000 new MWs of renewable energy by 2009 based on their market share. In 2005, Senate Bill 20, increased the state’s RPS requirement to 5,880 MW by 2015, of which, 500 MW must come from non-wind resources. The bill set a goal of 10,000 MW of renewable energy capacity for 2025, which was achieved 15 years early, in 2010.[37]

According to DSIRE.org, "In 1999 the Public Utility Commission of Texas (PUCT) adopted rules for the state's Renewable Energy Mandate, establishing a renewable portfolio standard (RPS), a renewable-energy credit (REC) trading program, and renewable-energy purchase requirements for competitive retailers in Texas. The 1999 standard called for 2,000 megawatts (MW) of new renewables to be installed in Texas by 2009, in addition to the 880 MW of existing renewables generation at the time. In August 2005, S.B. 20 increased the renewable-energy mandate to 5,880 MW by 2015 (about 5% of the state's electricity demand), including a target of 500 MW of renewable-energy capacity from resources other than wind. Wind accounts for nearly all of the current renewable-energy generation in Texas. The 2005 legislation also set a target of reaching 10,000 MW of renewable energy capacity by 2025.[37]

The schedule of renewable energy capacity required and the corresponding compliance dates are as follows:

2,280 MW by 1/1/2007
3,272 MW by 1/1/2009
4,264 MW by 1/1/2011
5,256 MW by 1/1/2013
5,880 MW by 1/1/2015

Qualifying renewable energy sources include solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, wave or tidal energy, biomass, or biomass-based waste products, including landfill gas. Qualifying systems are those installed after September 1999. The RPS applies to all investor-owned utilities. Municipal and cooperative utilities may voluntarily elect to offer customer choice.

The PUCT established a renewable-energy credit (REC) trading program that began in July 2001 and will continue through 2019. Under PUCT rules, one REC represents one megawatt-hour (MWh) of qualified renewable energy that is generated and metered in Texas. A capacity conversion factor (CCF) is used to convert MW goals into MWh requirements for each retailer in the competitive market. The CCF was originally administratively set at 35% for the first two compliance years, but is now based on the actual performance of the resources in the REC-trading program for the previous two years. For the 2010 and 2011 the CCF will be 30.5%." Each retailer in Texas is allocated a share of the mandate based on that retailer’s pro rata share of statewide retail energy sales. The program administrator maintains a REC account for program participants to track the production, sale, transfer, purchase, and retirement of RECs. Credits can be banked for three years, and all renewable additions have a minimum of 10 years of credits to recover over-market costs. An administrative penalty of $50 per MWh has been established for providers that do not meet the RPS requirements.

Future developments

An energy storage system is being developed for West Texas. The system allows excess wind energy to be stored, making wind energy more predictable and less variable.[38] This 36 MW battery facility became operational in December 2012.[39]

The development of the Tres Amigas HVDC link to the Western grid and the Eastern grid will allow more flexibility in importing and exporting power to and from Texas.[40]

A 300 MW offshore wind farm is planned for Galveston, and 2,100 MW for the Gulf Coast of Texas.[41] Making turbines that are able to yaw quickly will make them more likely to be able to survive a hurricane.[42]

Statistics

Texas Wind Generation (GWh, Million kWh)
Year Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
2010 26,251 1,948 1,650 2,643 2,721 2,335 2,553 1,878 1,682 1,589 1,830 2,765 2,595
2011 30,051 2,067 2,506 2,650 3,035 3,047 3,311 2,053 1,961 1,694 2,671 2,832 2,406
2012 31,556 3,068 2,603 3,131 2,940 2,837 2,613 2,105 1,821 2,154 2,717 2,647 3,157
2013 35,874 2,601 2,977 3,802 3,760 3,966 3,386 2,406 2,133 2,023 3,093 3,057 2,670

Source:[44][45]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 AWEA Third Quarter 2012 Market Report
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ "Turbine timeline: The History of AWEA and the U.S. Wind Industry: 1990s." American Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 24 November 2015. AWEA website
  6. ↑ Airtricity Finalizes 209-MW Wind Project in Texas Renewable Energy Access, 16 May 2007.
  7. ↑ Wind Riding Favorable Policy Breeze Toward Record Year Renewable Energy Access, 5 June 2007.
  8. ↑ Roping the Breezes
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ State Energy Conservation Office. The New Cash Crop
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Texas wind energy
  13. ↑ SEED Coalition and Public Citizen’s Texas office (2002). Renewable Resources: The New Texas Energy Powerhouse p. 11.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ USA Today. Lines lacking to transmit wind energy.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Texas Will Spend Billions on Transmission of Wind Power
  21. ↑ Wiser, Ryan H., and Mark Bolinger. "2014 Wind Technologies Market Report" page 38. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, August 2015.
  22. ↑ Wiser, Ryan H., Eric Lantz, Mark Bolinger, and Maureen M. Hand. "Recent Developments in the Levelized Cost of Energy from U.S. Wind Power Projects" page 12. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2012. Header page
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ AWEA 3rd Quarter 2008 Market Report
  26. ↑ Texas Renewable Energy Industries Association. Texas operational wind plants
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ 196 Wind Turbines Cranking Out Power
  29. ↑ E.ON Delivers 335-MW of Wind in Texas
  30. ↑ Sherbino II Online
  31. ↑ SB7 Law textTexas Legislature Online, May 1999. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Koronowski, Ryan. It's Not Just Oil: Wind Power Approaches 8% of Texas Electricity in 2010 Repower America', January 19, 2011. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ West Texas Project Could Change Future of Wind Power
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Tres Amigas
  41. ↑ Texas Offshore Wind Project Eyes Test Turbine by End of 2011
  42. ↑ Wind Turbines Can Be Strengthened Against Hurricanes
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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