Wanuku Pampa

Wanuku Pampa

File:Ruinas de Huánuco Marca.jpg The ruins of Wanuku Pampa
Shown within Peru
Location	La Unión District, Dos de Mayo Province, Huánuco Region, Peru
Region	Andes
Coordinates

Wanuku Pampa or Wanuku Marka (hispanicized spellings and names Huánuco Pampa, Huánuco Viejo, Huánuco Marca) is an archaeological site in Peru in the Huánuco Region, Dos de Mayo Province, La Unión District. The site lies on a plain above the Urqumayu valley in the North Central Highlands of Peru. Wanuku Pampa is one of the many administrative centers which is built along the highland Inca highway between Cusco and Quito. The land administrated at least, and perhaps many more, ethnic groups. The city is located very close to the Motagua River, which is an important commercial trade route and sits on top of a plateau with ravines on all sides in order to allow easy defense of the city. Wanuku Pampa fell in the 1520s when Pedro de Alvarado sieged the city and burnt it to the ground.

Site Layout and Architecture

This Inca center was designed after what is called the Architecture of Power. The Architecture of Power is the concept where buildings and spaces are intended to reinforce the image of the empire's might. At Wanuku Pampa the plaza measured 550m by 350m, that is about 19ha or almost 30 city blocks. The Pyramidal platform that was invariably erected in the center of the plaza or to one side of it was a stage from which officials could preside over state ceremonies. The imperial highway typically took a southeast-to-northwest passage through the plaza, just as it did in Cusco.

The City covered about 2 km², within which more than 4,000 buildings were erected. Pathways radiate out through architectural sectors from an immense rectangular plaza, so that the city can easily be divided up to 12 parts. Dr. Eduard Craig Morris believes that this design may have been a reflection of the relationships among the ethnic groups of the area. Much of the occupants of the land were not there to live permanently but rather many of them went in and out of the area to fulfill their duties or participate in ceremonial functions.

Wanuku Pampa is one of at least six sites that were called New Cuscos, built in the conceptual, if not actual, image of the capital.

Roads

Throughout Wanuku Pampa there is a road that goes through this city. The road is man made and extends throughout different countries, and does not just go through the country of Peru. The roads that go through Wanuku Pampa featured extended paved surfaces, paved staircases, stone drainage channels, retention walls, bridges and causeways. In some areas, the paved highway was 15m wide and one paved staircase was 16m wide, while two roads ran parallel along some stretches.

Ceremonial Sections

The ceremonial sections of Wanuku Pampa display rare, finely cut and fitted, Imperial Inca style masonry and appear as unusual building types. Most of the eastern part of the city is occupied by the Casa del Inca and the ushnu or castillo is the main central plaza. In order to get to the Casa del Inca, one must pass through gates made of high quality Imperial Inca style masonry with figures and carved pumas on either side and the connecting walls are constructed from pirqa, fieldstone set in mud. The connecting walls on the eastern side of the central plaza is called the kallanka, which are large building made from high quality pirqa masonry rather than cut and fitted stones. These large buildings may have functioned as barracks, counting houses or a variety of other purposes.

The interior of the Casa del Inca is made up of fifteen structures which open to the central courtyard and serve multiple purposes. There are houses, baths made of Inca style masonry, terraces, sunken gardens, pools and possibly a temple, which may have never been completely finished before the city was abandoned.

The ushnu is the main central plaza which is a solid platform constructed out of Imperial Inca style masonry. There are two smaller buildings on the east side of the lower terrace which may have been used for ceremonies performed on the ushnu. The gates of the ushnu are made of stone sculptures which may symbolize pairs of pumas. The ushnu is found at several other Inca sites and may have been used by important leaders for public events of political, administrative or ceremonial natures.

When it came to for ceremonies or other large event where people would come into the land for a set amount of time, it was not rare to find Inca art work. One of the more commonly used items at ceremonies were the pottery items. Textiles and metals were important to the Inca civilization, but pottery is what made the Inca's art work stand out. The Cusco-style polychrome pottery work is the archaeological hallmark of Inca presence. Pottery was especially important in ceremonies and would not be used during every day tasks or by ethnic groups on a regular bases.

Residential Districts

The north and south barrios, or quarters, of Wanuku Pampa were used mostly as residential districts. In some cases, the areas are very formally arranged, such as the cuartel in the northern barrio, which to a European, appears just as an army barrack. Many Inca people lived in rectangular houses with trapezoidally-shaped niches in the interior walls. All of these houses are built from pirqa masonry, typically bifacial walls with rubble and mud fill. Many of these houses are arranged around a central courtyard.

Ethnic groups moved in and out of the land constantly, because of ceremonies and duties, there is no real large group that have called the land home. However, archeological evidence suggests that one important group of permanent residents were the Aqllakuna.

It was at Wanuku Pampa where the first conquerors founded a city in 1539 which due to the coldness of the climate was then transferred to the pleasant and temperate Pillco valley that lies on the Huallaga River.

The Storage Area

The storage area at Wanuku Pampa includes 497 storehouses and 30 processing and administration buildings. The city may have been an extremely important redistributive center supplying the provincial villages of the area it administered with the products of other regions. Qollqas (storehouses) are constructed in rows and made of pirqa masonry, just as the residential districts. The groups of storehouses included: 1) a small zone of storehouses which may have held the stores, of the Sun, the state religion; 2) minor groups of single storehouses apparently devoted to special shrines or ceremonial activities; 3) an ill-defined section of buildings which may have held a wide variety of goods in temporary storage for more immediate uses; and 4), the largest group, which was devoted to long-term storage of various food stuffs and other goods in technologically specialized facilities. Storage was very diverse among crops, for example, root crops were placed in the middle of layers of straw, bound into bales with rope and stored in rectangular structures, while maize was stored shelled, in large jars which were put in circular storehouses with stone floors. Highland root crops made up for 50-80% of the space, while maize made up for 5-7%.

The influx of supplies at Wanuku Pampa was quite uneven. Famine or breakdown in the socio-political mechnisms that assured delivery may have complicated normal seasonal variations. The demand for goods was also in constant fluctuation. Large scale storage was crucial for keeping up a marginal city such as Wanuku Pampa under conditions where the technology of transportation and the organization of the economy were still relatively primitive.

References

• D'Altroy, Terence N. The Incas. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2002. Print.
• Lane, K.J. "Plazas, Palaces and Peripheries in Ancient Peru the Huanuco Pampa Archaeological Project, Volume 1: the Plaza and Palace Complex Craig Morris, R. Alan Covey & Pat Stein (ed.); Frontier Life in Ancient Peru: the Archaeology of Cerro La Cruz Melissa A. Vogel." Antiquity Oxford. 87.337 (2013): 918-920. Print.