Wakulla County, Florida

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Wakulla County, Florida
Crawfordville FL new crths02.jpg
Wakulla County Courthouse
Seal of Wakulla County, Florida
Seal
Map of Florida highlighting Wakulla County
Location in the U.S. state of Florida
Map of the United States highlighting Florida
Florida's location in the U.S.
Founded 11 March 1843
Seat Crawfordville
Largest city Sopchoppy
Area
 • Total 736 sq mi (1,906 km2)
 • Land 606 sq mi (1,570 km2)
 • Water 129 sq mi (334 km2), 17.6%
Population
 • (2010) 30,776
 • Density 51/sq mi (20/km²)
Congressional district 2nd
Time zone Eastern: UTC-5/-4
Website www.mywakulla.com

Wakulla County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the population was 30,776.[1] Its county seat is Crawfordville.[2]

Wakulla County is part of the Tallahassee, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Wakulla County has a near-absence of any municipal population, with two small municipalities holding about 3% of the population. The county seat, Crawfordville, is the only unincorporated county seat among Florida's 67 counties.

History

First Spanish period

In 1528, Panfilo de Narvaez found his way to what would be Wakulla County from the future Pinellas County, Florida, camping at the confluence of the Wakulla and St. Marks rivers. Narvaez determined this was a very suitable spot for a fort. In 1539, Hernando de Soto's expedition passed through La Florida with a similar route.

The Fort San Marcos de Apalache began with a wooden fort in the late 1600s. The vicinity around the fort was not settled until 1733. Spanish colonial officials began constructing a stone fort, which was unfinished in the mid-1760s when Great Britain took over.

British period

The British divided Florida into East Florida, which included present-day Wakulla County, and West Florida. The boundary was the Apalachicola River; at that time, West Florida extended all the way to the Mississippi River. Twenty years later when the Spanish returned, they kept the East and West divisions, with the administrative capitals remaining at St. Augustine and Pensacola, respectively.

Second Spanish period

The area to become Wakulla County was an active place in the early 19th century. A former British officer named William Augustus Bowles attempted to unify and lead 400 Creek Indians against the Spanish outpost of San Marcos, capturing it. This provoked Spain, and a Spanish flotilla arrived some five weeks later to restore control.

In 1818, General Andrew Jackson invaded the area, capturing Fort San Marcos. Two captive British citizens, Robert Ambrister and Alexander Arbuthnot, were tried, found guilty of inciting Indian raids, and executed under Jackson's authority – causing a diplomatic nightmare between the U.S. and Britain. The U.S. Army garrison of 200 infantry and artillery men occupied the fort for the better part of a year (1818-1819).

In 1821, Florida was ceded to the United States and Fort St. Marks, as the Americans called it, was again garrisoned by U.S. troops.

Florida's territorial period

In 1824, the fort was abandoned and turned over to the Territory of Florida.

By 1839, the fort was returned to the Federal government and a merchant marine hospital was built. The hospital provided care for seamen and area yellow fever victims.

American forts in Wakulla County

  • 1840 - Camp Lawson, northwest of Wakulla and northeast of Ivan, on the St. Marks River. A log stockade also known as Fort Lawson (2).
  • 1841-1842 - Fort Many located near Wakulla Springs.
  • 1839 - Fort Number Five (M) located near Sopchoppy.
  • 1839-1843 - Fort Stansbury was located on the Wakulla River 9 miles (14 km) from St. Marks.
  • 1841-1843 - Fort Port Leon. Abandoned after a hurricane destroyed it. Site was later used for a CSA Army artillery battery.
  • 1839 - James Island Post located on James Island.

Source: Florida Forts [3]

Antebellum Wakulla

Wakulla County was created from Leon County in 1843. It may (although this is disputed) be named for the Timucuan Indian word for "spring of water" or "mysterious water." This is in reference to Wakulla County's greatest natural attraction, Wakulla Springs, which is one of the world's largest freshwater springs, both in terms of depth and water flow. In 1974, the water flow was measured at 1.23 billion US gallons (4,700,000 m3) per day—the greatest recorded flow ever for a single spring.

In an 1856 book, adventurer Charles Lanman wrote of the springs:[citation needed] <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

"An adequate idea of this mammoth spring could never be given by pen or pencil; but when once seen, on a bright calm day, it must ever after be a thing to dream about and love. It is the fountain-head of a river... and is of sufficient volume to float a steamboat, if such an affair had yet dared to penetrate this solemn wilderness... It wells up in the very heart of a dense cypress swamp, is nearly round in shape, measures some four hundred feet in diameter, and is in depth about one hundred and fifty feet, having at its bottom an immense horizontal chasm, with a dark portal, from one side of which looms up a limestone cliff, the summit of which is itself nearly fifty feet beneath the spectator, who gazes upon it from the sides of a tiny boat. The water is so astonishlingly clear that even a pin can be seen on the bottom in the deepest places, and of course every animate and inanimate object which it contains is fully exposed to view. The apparent color of the water from the shore is greenish, but as you look prependicularly into it, it is colorless as air, and the sensation of floating upon it is that of being suspended in a balloon; and the water is so refractive, that when the sun shines brilliantly every object you see is enveloped in the most fascinating prismatic hues."

Another possible origin for the name Wakulla, not as widely accepted, is that it means "mist" or "misting", perhaps in reference to the Wakulla Volcano, a 19th-century phenomenon in which a column of smoke could be seen emerging from the swamp for miles.

The town of Port Leon was once a thriving cotton-shipping hub, with a railroad that carried over 50,000 tons of cotton a year to be put on ships, usually for shipment direct to Europe. Port Leon was the sixth-largest town in Florida, with 1,500 residents. However, a hurricane and the accompanying storm surge wiped out the entire town. New Port (today known as Newport) was built two miles (3 km) upstream but never quite achieved the prosperity of Port Leon.[4][5]

Civil War

During the Civil War, Wakulla County was blockaded from 1861 to 1865 by a Union Navy squadron at the mouth of the St. Marks River. Confederates took the old Spanish fort known as San Marcos de Apalache, or Fort St. Marks, and renamed it Fort Ward.

The Battle of Natural Bridge eventually stopped the Union force that intended to take Fort Ward and nearby Tallahassee, the only Confederate state capital which had not been captured. The Union was not able to land all of its forces, but they still outnumbered the Confederates; who chose to make their stand at a place where the St Marks River goes underground—the "Natural Bridge' referred to. However, the Confederate Army had over a day to prepare their defenses, and the Union Army retreated. Most of the dead were African-American Union soldiers.

20th century & beyond

In Gloria Jahoda's book, The Other Florida, she writes movingly of the extreme poverty of Wakulla County from the early 1900s to 1966, when Wakulla still had no doctor and no dentist, few stores, and a county newspaper produced just once a month on a mimeograph machine.[5]

Today, Wakulla has several doctors and dentists, several supermarkets and big-box retailers, a golf resort, and a thriving seafood business.[6]

Etymology

The name Wakulla is corrupted from Guacara. Guacara is a Spanish phonetic spelling of an original Indian name, and Wakulla is a Muskhogean pronunciation of Guacara. The Spanish Gua is the equivalent of the Creek wa, and as the Creek alphabet does not exhibit an "R" sound, the second element cara would have been pronounced kala by the Creeks. The Creek voiceless "L" is always substituted for the Spanish "R". Thus the word Guacara was pronounced Wakala by the Seminoles who are Muskhogean in their origin and language.

Since Wakulla was probably a Timucuan word, it is unlikely that its meaning will ever be known. It may contain the word kala which signified a "spring of water" in some Indian dialects.[7]

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 736 square miles (1,910 km2), of which 606 square miles (1,570 km2) is land and 129 square miles (330 km2) (17.6%) is water.[8]

Adjacent counties

National protected areas

State and local protected areas

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1850 1,955 —
1860 2,839 45.2%
1870 2,506 −11.7%
1880 2,723 8.7%
1890 3,117 14.5%
1900 5,149 65.2%
1910 4,802 −6.7%
1920 5,129 6.8%
1930 5,468 6.6%
1940 5,463 −0.1%
1950 5,258 −3.8%
1960 5,257 0.0%
1970 6,308 20.0%
1980 10,887 72.6%
1990 14,202 30.4%
2000 22,863 61.0%
2010 30,776 34.6%
Est. 2014 31,432 [9] 2.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[10]
1790-1960[11] 1900-1990[12]
1990-2000[13] 2010-2013[1]

As of the census[14] of 2000, there were 22,863 people, 8,450 households, and 6,236 families residing in the county. The population density was 38 people per square mile (15/km²). There were 9,820 housing units at an average density of 16 per square mile (6/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 86.10% White, 11.51% Black or African American, 0.59% Native American, 0.25% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.29% from other races, and 1.23% from two or more races. 1.94% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 8,450 households out of which 35.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.10% were married couples living together, 12.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.20% were non-families. 22.00% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.99. In the county the population was spread out with 25.60% under the age of 18, 7.60% from 18 to 24, 31.70% from 25 to 44, 24.70% from 45 to 64, and 10.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 107.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.80 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $37,149, and the median income for a family was $42,222. Males had a median income of $29,845 versus $24,330 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,678. About 9.30% of families and 11.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.40% of those under age 18 and 15.10% of those age 65 or over.

Politics

County representation

Wakulla County Government
Position Name Party
Commissioner Ralph Thomas Republican
Commissioner Randy Merritt Democrat
Commissioner Howard Kessler NPA
Commissioner Jerry Moore Republican
Commissioner Richard Harden Republican
Sheriff Charlie Creel NPA
County Judge Jill Walker Democrat
Clerk of the Court Brent Thurmond Democrat
Property Appraiser Donnie Sparkman Democrat
School Superintendent Bobby Pearce Democrat
Elections Supervisor Buddy Wells Democrat
Tax Collector Cheryll Olah Democrat

[15]

Transportation

Roads

Although there are no Interstate highways in Wakulla County, several major routes to pass through the area, including U.S. Route 98 and U.S. Route 319. Other important roads in the county include State Road 267, State Road 363 and County Road 375.[16]

Railroads

No railroads currently operate within Wakulla County.

In the past the Georgia, Florida and Alabama Railroad passed through Sopchoppy on its route between Tallahassee and Carrabelle until its abandonment in 1948;[17] while the Tallahassee Railroad, the first railroad in Florida, was abandoned by its successor, the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad, in 1983.

Airports

The Wakulla County Airport (2J0), located south of Panacea, is a small public-use airport with a single 2,600-foot (790 m), north-south turf runway.[18]

Seaports

St. Marks is a small commercial seaport, which in the past was of some minor importance in the oil industry; however, it is currently used primarily by commercial fishermen and recreational boaters.[citation needed] Panacea and Ochlockonee Bay also support small fishing fleets.

Education

Wakulla County is served by the Wakulla school district with the following schools:[19]

  • Crawfordville Elementary School
  • C.O.A.S.T. Charter School
  • Medart Elementary School
  • Shadeville Elementary School
  • Riversink Elementary School
  • Riversprings Middle School
  • Wakulla Middle School
  • Wakulla High School

The former Sopchoppy Elementary School now serves as the Sopchoppy Education Center, a Pre-K, adult,and second chance school. Wakulla County is one of the lowest performing counties in the state of Florida.

Library

The Wakulla County Public Library is the main library of Wakulla County and is a part of the Wilderness Coast Public Libraries.

Communities

Cities

Unincorporated communities

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See also

References

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  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Jahoda, Gloria (1967). The Other Florida, Florida Classics. ISBN 978-0-912451-04-6.
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  19. ↑ [1] Archived May 16, 2010 at the Wayback Machine

External links

Government links/constitutional offices

Special districts

Judicial branch

Other links

Sources

 Leon County
Liberty County Jefferson County
  Wakulla County, Florida  
Franklin County

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