Trypanothione

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Trypanothione (reduced and oxidized)
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Trypanthione (oxidized)
Trypanthione (oxidized)
Names
Other names
N1,N8-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine
Identifiers
96304-42-6 N
ChEBI CHEBI:35490 YesY
ChemSpider 102998 YesY
396023 YesY
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
PubChem 449517
  • InChI=1S/C27H47N9O10S2/c28-16(26(43)44)4-6-20(37)35-18-14-47-48-15-19(36-21(38)7-5-17(29)27(45)46)25(42)34-13-23(40)32-11-3-9-30-8-1-2-10-31-22(39)12-33-24(18)41/h16-19,30H,1-15,28-29H2,(H,31,39)(H,32,40)(H,33,41)(H,34,42)(H,35,37)(H,36,38)(H,43,44)(H,45,46)/t16-,17-,18-,19-/m0/s1 YesY
    Key: LZMSXDHGHZKXJD-VJANTYMQSA-N YesY
  • InChI=1/C27H47N9O10S2/c28-16(26(43)44)4-6-20(37)35-18-14-47-48-15-19(36-21(38)7-5-17(29)27(45)46)25(42)34-13-23(40)32-11-3-9-30-8-1-2-10-31-22(39)12-33-24(18)41/h16-19,30H,1-15,28-29H2,(H,31,39)(H,32,40)(H,33,41)(H,34,42)(H,35,37)(H,36,38)(H,43,44)(H,45,46)/t16-,17-,18-,19-/m0/s1
    Key: LZMSXDHGHZKXJD-VJANTYMQBI
  • O=C(O)[C@@H](N)CCC(=O)N[C@@H]1C(=O)NCC(=O)NCCCNCCCCNC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N)CSSC1
Properties
C27H49N9O10S2
Molar mass 723.86226
Vapor pressure {{{value}}}
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references

Trypanothione (Mr = 721.86 g/mol) is an unusual form of glutathione containing two molecules of glutathione joined by a spermidine (polyamine) linker. It is found in parasitic protozoa such as leishmania and trypanosomes.[1] These protozoal parasites are the cause of leishmaniasis, sleeping sickness and Chagas' disease. Trypanothione was discovered by Alan Fairlamb. Its structure was proven by chemical synthesis.[2] It is unique to the Kinetoplastida and not found in other parasitic protozoa such as Entamoeba histolytica.[3] Since this thiol is absent from humans and is essential for the survival of the parasites, the enzymes that make and use this molecule are targets for the development of new drugs to treat these diseases.[4]

Trypanothione-dependent enzymes include reductases, peroxidases, glyoxalases and transferases. Trypanothione-disulfide reductase (TryR) was the first trypanothione-dependent enzyme to be discovered (EC 1.8.1.12). It is an NADPH-dependent flavoenzyme that reduces trypanothione disulfide. TryR is essential for survival of these parasites both in vitro and in the human host.[5][6]

A major function of trypanothione is in the defence against oxidative stress.[7] Here, trypanothione-dependent enzymes such as tryparedoxin peroxidase (TryP) reduce peroxides using electrons donated either directly from trypanothione, or via the redox intermediate tryparedoxin (TryX). Trypanothione-dependent hydrogen peroxide metabolism is particularly important in these organisms because they lack catalase. Since the trypanosomatids also lack an equivalent of thioredoxin reductase, trypanothione reductase is the sole path that electrons can take from NADPH to these antioxidant enzymes.

File:TryP cycle.jpg

External links

References

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