Triple parentheses

This article is about the antisemitic symbol. For non-antisemitic punctuation marks, see bracket.

The use of triple parentheses or triple brackets, also known as an (((echo))), is an anti-Semitic symbol that has been used to highlight the names of individuals of a Jewish background. The practice originated from the alt-right blog The Right Stuff; the blog's editors have explained that the symbol is meant to symbolize that the historic actions of members of the Jewish ethnicity had caused their surnames to "echo throughout history". The triple parentheses have been adopted as an online stigma by anti-Semites (both racial and religious), neo-Nazis, Islamists, black nationalists, and white nationalists to identify individuals of Jewish background as targets for online harassment, such as Jewish journalists critical of then-Republican Party presidential candidate Donald Trump.

Use of the notation was brought to mainstream attention by an article posted by Mic in June 2016. The reports also led Google to pull a browser extension called "The Coincidence Detector" meant to automatically place the "echo" notation around Jewish names on web pages, and the notation being classified as a form of hate speech by the Anti-Defamation League. In the wake of these actions, some users, including Jews and non-Jews, have intentionally placed their own names within triple parentheses as a sign of solidarity.

Use

The use of the "echo" originated from a 2014 episode of The Daily Shoah, a podcast produced by the alt-right blog The Right Stuff. The podcast includes a segment known as the "Merchant Minute", where Jewish names are spoken with a cartoonish echo effect to single them out. The editors of The Right Stuff explained that the use of an echo, represented in text using triple parentheses, was an internal meme meant to symbolize an opinion that the actions of Jews in the past cause their names to "echo throughout history", stating in its lexicon that "echoes repeat the sad tale as they communicate the emotional lessons of our great white sins, imploring us to Never Forget the 6 GoRillion." From the inside out, each parenthesis represents, in their opinion, Jewish involvement in harmful media, involvement in mass immigration, and global Zionism.

The triple parentheses have since been used on social networking services such as Twitter by antisemites, neo-Nazis, black nationalists, and white nationalists as a signal to target Jews for harassment. A number of Jewish journalists told the website Mic that after their names were mentioned in echoes, they began to receive messages from trolls containing anti-Semitic messages, Holocaust photos, and death threats. The Jerusalem Post reported that the triple parentheses had "emerged as a weapon in the arsenal of the so-called 'alt-right,' an amorphous, primarily online conservative movement that has been becoming more visible and vocal in the midst of Donald Trump’s presidential campaign", and that these tactics were increasingly being used to target Jewish journalists posting content that is critical of the Republican Party candidate. A user who engages in these "dog-piling" actions described the echo notation as being like a "dog whistle". Search engines typically ignore punctuation contained in a query, meaning that it can be difficult to intentionally locate posts containing this notation.

In a June 2016 article detailing the phenomenon, Mic also reported that an extension had been developed for the Google Chrome web browser known as "Coincidence Detector", which automatically places the triple parentheses around the names of individuals who "[have] been involved in certain political movements and media empires". The extension contains a list of 8,771 names, including common Jewish names and surnames, those of media personalities who have been critical of Trump, Trump's son-in-law Jared Kushner, as well as organizations such as Ben & Jerry's and Kars4Kids.

Response

On June 3, 2016, following the publishing of the Mic article, Google pulled the Coincidence Detector extension from Chrome Web Store, citing a violation of its policies prohibiting "promotions of hate or incitement of violence". It had been downloaded around 2,500 times before its removal. In the wake of Google's removal of the extension, some Twitter users, including Jews and non-Jews, intentionally put triple parentheses around their usernames in an act of solidarity. White nationalists, in turn, put inverted echo parentheses around their usernames to indicate their non-Jewish heritage. Author Jeffrey Goldberg from the Atlantic said that he hoped that Jews could reclaim the symbolism in the same way as LGBT people had reclaimed the word "queer".

Twitter's policies forbid users from engaging in targeted abuse or harassment of other users; European head of public policy Karen White stated that "hateful conduct has no place on Twitter and we will continue to tackle this issue head on alongside our partners in industry and civil society". On May 31, 2016, Twitter, along with Facebook, Google, and Microsoft, jointly agreed to a European Union code of conduct obligating them to review valid notifications of illegal hate speech posted on their services within 24 hours.

On June 6, 2016, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) announced that it had added the triple parentheses to its list of hate symbols. Its CEO, Jonathan Greenblatt, who had taken over from Abraham Foxman the year before, explained that the symbol was "the online equivalent of tagging a building with anti-Semitic graffiti or taunting someone verbally", and that the ADL was "working with our partners in the tech industry to investigate this phenomenon more deeply."

Jewish writer Daniel Sieradski made a "Nazi Detector" which bookends swastikas around figures he believes to be far-right, and even received requests by individuals who wanted to be included. Jewish anti-Islamization activist Pamela Geller took issue with swastikas being put around her name.

See also

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