Timeline of extinctions in the Holocene

This timeline of extinctions is an historical account of species that have become extinct during the time that modern humans have occupied the earth.

The following is a selective list made by sampling a very small proportion of some of the well-known extinct species in the recent history. For a more elaborate list see List of extinct animals. Also see Holocene extinction for more information.

10th millennium BCE

c. 9950 BCE - Cuvieronius humboldti survived in Chile until about this time.^[1]
c. 9910 BCE - The long-nosed peccary survived in Ohio until about this time.^[1]
c. 9740 BCE - Hemiauchenia macrocephala survived until about this time.^[2]
c. 9715 BCE - Macrauchenia survived in Chile until about this time.^[1]
c. 9680 BCE - Euceratherium collinum survived in Utah until about this time.^[1]
c. 9650 BCE - Arctotherium tarijense survived in Uruguay until about this time.^[1]
c. 9550 BCE - Stock's pronghorn survived until about this time.^[3]
c. 9530 BCE - The short-faced bear survived in Ohio until about this time.^[1]
c. 9400 BCE - The Corsican and Sardinian canid Cynotherium sardous survived until about this time.^[4]
c. 9390 BCE - Eremotherium laurillardi survived in Brazil until about this time.^[1]
c. 9380 BCE - Equus conversidens survived in Alberta until about this time.^[1]
c. 9220 BCE - Capromeryx minor and Equus scotti survived until about this time.^[2]
c. 9180 BCE - Bison antiquus survived in Alberta until about this time.^[1]
c. 9135 BCE - Panthera onca mesembrina survived until about this time.^[1]
c. 9110 BCE - The flat-headed peccary survived in Ohio until about this time.^[1]
c. 9090 BCE - Glyptodon, Scelidotherium, Stegomastodon, and Toxodon survived in Brazil until about this time.^[3]
c. 9080 BCE - The pygmy mammoth survived on Santa Rosa Island, California until about this time.^[1]
c. 9030 BCE - Bootherium bombifrons survived in Alberta, Canada until about this time.^[1]

9th millennium BCE

c. 8920 BCE - Oreamnos harringtoni survived in Arizona until about this time.^[1]
c. 8760 BCE - The Columbian mammoth survived in South Dakota until about this time.^[1]
c. 8735 BCE - Hippidion saldiasi survived in Chile until about this time.^[1]
c. 8420 BCE - Camelops hesternus, Martes nobilis and Panthera leo atrox survived until about this time.^[2]
c. 8280 BCE - Cervalces scotti survived until about this time.^[2]

8th millennium BCE

c. 7950 BCE - Nothrotheriops shastensis survived until about this time.^[2]
c. 7930 BCE - Glossotherium floridanum, Holmesina septentrionalis, Mammut americanum, Tapirus veroensis and Palaeolama mirifica survived until about this time.^[2]
c. 7630 BCE - The sloth Catonyx cuvieri survived in Brazil until about this time.^[1]^[4]
c. 7600 BCE - Castoroides ohioensis and Mylohyus nasutus survived until about this time.^[2]
c. 7490 BCE - Canis dirus and Megalonyx jeffersonii survived until about this time.^[2]
c. 7470 BCE - The Cyprus dwarf elephant became extinct around this time.^[4]
c. 7460 BCE - Smilodon fatalis survived until about this time.^[2]
c. 7290 BCE - The Cyprus dwarf hippopotamus became extinct at about this time.^[4]
c. 7180 BCE - Smilodon populator survived in Brazil until about this time.^[4]

7th millennium BCE

c. 6960 BCE - Scelidodon chiliensis survived in Peru until about this time.^[4]
c. 6910 BCE - The primitive bison survived in the Taymyr Peninsula until this time.^[4]
c. 6730 BCE - Equus santaelenae survived in Ecuador until about this time.^[4]
c. 6720 BCE - Ochotona whartoni survived in eastern North America until about this time.^[4]
c. 6689 BCE - Mylodon survived in Chile until about this time.^[3]
c. 6050 BCE - Megalotragus priscus survived in South Africa until about this time.^[4]

6th millennium BCE

c. 5620 BCE - Antidorcas bondi survived in South Africa until about this time.^[4]
c. 5370 BCE - Megatherium americanum survived in Argentina until about this time.^[4]
c. 5020 BCE - The Sardinian giant deer Praemegaceros cazioti survived until about this time.^[4]

5th millennium BCE

c. 4950 BCE - Dactylopsila kambuaya and Petauroides ayamaruensis survived in New Guinea until about this time.^[4]
c. 4866 BCE - Irish elk survived in the Urals and western Siberia until this time.^[4]
c. 4605 BCE - The glyptodont Doedicurus clavicaudatus survived in Argentina until about this time.^[4]

4th millennium BCE

c. 3010 BCE - Parocnus browni survived on Hispaniola until about this time.^[4]

3rd millennium BCE

Cape lion

c. 2915 BCE - The canid Dusicyon avus survived in Argentina until about this time.^[4]
c. 2835 BCE - The Balearic cave goat became extinct around this time.^[4]
c. 2765 BCE - The North African buffalo Pelorovis antiquus survived until about this time. Its extinction may have been caused by competition for food and water with domestic cattle.^[4]
c. 2550 BCE - The Bennu heron became extinct around this time, possibly due to degradation of its wetland habitat. It was last recorded in the Arabian Peninsula.^[4]
c. 2240 BCE - The sloth Megalocnus rodens survived in Cuba until about this time.^[4]

2nd millennium BCE

c. 1900 BCE - Antillothrix bernensis survived on Hispaniola until about this time.^[4]
c. 1780 BCE - The last known population of woolly mammoths on Wrangel Island died out, possibly due to a combination of climate change and hunting.^[1]^[4]^[5]
c. 1562 BCE - The rodent Elasmodontomys obliquus survived in Puerto Rico until about this time.^[4]
c. 1380 BCE - Acratocnus odontrigonus, formerly inhabiting Puerto Rico and Antigua, survived until about this time.^[4]
c. 1300 BCE - Thylogale christenseni survived in New Guinea until about this time.^[4]

1st millennium BCE

c. 530 BCE - Microgale macpheei survived in Madagascar until about this time.^[4]
c. 450 BCE - Crocidura balsamifera survived in Egypt until about this time.^[4]
c. 341 BCE - Archaeoindris fontoynonti survived in Madagascar until about this time.^[4]
c. 110 BCE - Archaeolemur edwardsi survived in Madagascar until about this time.^[4]
c. 100 BCE - Syrian elephant becomes extinct due to overhunting for ivory.

1st millennium CE

c. 256 - Mesopropithecus globiceps survived in Madagascar until about this time.^[4]
c. 450 - The turtle genus Meiolania survived until this time on New Caledonia.^[6]
c. 537 - Hadropithecus stenognathus survived in Madagascar until about this time.^[4]
c. 540 - Mesopropithecus pithecoides survived in Madagascar until about this time.^[4]
c. 730 - Pachylemur insignis survived in Madagascar until about this time.^[4]
c. 885 - Daubentonia robusta survived in Madagascar until about this time.^[4]
c. 915 - Plesiorycteropus survived in Madagascar until about this time.^[3]

2nd millennium CE

11th century

c. 1000 - Extinction of four species of moa-nalo on the Hawaiian Islands. The moa-nalo were large ducks and the island's major herbivores.^{[citation needed]}

14th century

c. 1320 - The lemur Megaladapis edwardsi survived in Madagascar until about this time.^[4]
c. 1360 - Nesophontes survived in Cuba until around this time.^[1]

15th century

c. 1440 - The lemur Palaeopropithecus ingens survived in Madagascar until about this time.^[4]
The moas of New Zealand became extinct, probably due to hunting.^[5]

16th century

c. 1500-1550 - The Waitaha penguin of South Island became extinct.^[7]
New Zealand's Haast's eagle, a giant bird of prey, becomes extinct. The eagle's main prey was the moa, which became extinct in the 15th century. Debate looms as to if the Haast's eagle became extinct in the 15th or 16th century.^{[citation needed]}

17th century

1627 - The last known aurochs died in Poland. This large wild cattle formerly inhabited much of Europe, northern Africa, the Middle East, central Asia, and India.^[8]
c. 1660 - The giant vampire bat survived in Argentina until about this time.^[4]
1662 - The last definite sighting of a Mauritius dodo was made.^[5] The extinction was due to hunting, but also by the pigs, rats, dogs and cats brought to the island by settlers. The species has become an iconic symbol of animal extinction.^[9]

The moa was one of the largest birds that ever existed.
The elephant bird Aepyornis maximus was last recorded around the end of the 17th century.^[7]

18th century

1768 - Steller's sea cow became extinct due to overhunting for meat and leather.^[4]^[10]
1773 - The Tahiti sandpiper died out after rats were introduced to its habitat in the Society Islands.^[11]
1774 - The Sardinian pika became extinct due to invasive species (foxes, cats, etc.) that were introduced to Sardinia and Corsica.
1777 - The Society parakeet population dies out on the Society Islands after vessels released pests.^{[citation needed]}
1788 - The Lord Howe swamphen, also known as the white gallinule, becomes extinct.^{[citation needed]}

19th century

1800 - The last known bluebuck was shot, making the species the first African antelope to be hunted to extinction by European settlers.^[12]
1825 - The mysterious starling died out.^{[citation needed]}
1826 - The Mauritius blue pigeon becomes extinct due to excessive hunting.^{[citation needed]}
1827 - The Tonga ground skink dies out from its only home in the Tongan Islands.^{[citation needed]}

Quagga

1852 - The last sighting of a great auk was made off the coast of Newfoundland. The bird was driven to extinction by hunting for its fat, feathers, meat, and oil.^[5]^[13]
1860 - The string tree from the island of St Helena becomes extinct because of habitat destruction.^{[citation needed]}
1860 - The sea mink becomes extinct because of hunting for its fur.
1875 - The broad-faced potoroo was last recorded.^[4]
1876 - The Falkland Islands wolf became extinct.^[4]
1878 - Labrador duck declared extinct after last appearances in Long Island three years earlier.^{[citation needed]}
c. 1879 - The last known Atlas bear, Africa's only native bear, is killed by hunters in Morocco. The bear was heavily hunted and used for sport in the Roman Empire.^[14]
1883 - The Quagga, a sub-species of the plains zebra, goes extinct.^{[citation needed]}
1886 - The red alga known as Bennett's seaweed from Australia disappears because of the massive human activities.^{[citation needed]}
1889 - The last Hokkaido wolf dies from poisoning campaign.^[15]
1890 - The eastern hare-wallaby was last recorded.^[4]
1896 - The eastern elk, a subspecies of elk in the US and Canada, dies out in Minnesota.^{[citation needed]} They were over-hunted for food, clothing, sport and decoration for the Jolly Corkers who used their teeth as symbols.^{[citation needed]}

20th century

1900s

1902 - The last known specimens of the Rocky Mountain locust are collected near Brandon, Manitoba.^[16]
1905 - The last known Honshū wolf of Japan dies in Nara Prefecture.^[17]
1909 - The last known tarpan, a Polish wild horse, died in captivity.^[18]

1910s

1910 - The Usambara annone from Tanzania no longer grows in the tropical forests.
1911 - The last Newfoundland wolf was shot.^[15]
1914 - The last passenger pigeon died in captivity at the Cincinnati Zoo. Excessive hunting contributed to its extinction; it was formerly one of the world's most abundant birds.^[19]
1918 - The last Carolina parakeet died in captivity at the Cincinnati Zoo. The bird, formerly inhabiting the southeastern United States, was driven to extinction by exploitation, deforestation, and competition with introduced bees.^[20]

The thylacine was exterminated into extinction.

1920s

1924 - The California grizzly bear is sighted for the last time.^[21]
1925 - The Kenai Peninsula wolf was driven to extinction.^[15]

1930s

1930 - Darwin's rice rat was last recorded in the Galápagos Islands. Its extinction was probably caused by the introduction of black rats.^[22]
1932 - "Booming Ben", the last known heath hen was seen on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts.^{[citation needed]}
1933 - The cry pansy from Europe becomes extinct due to habitat loss and overcollection in the only place where it grew, France.^{[citation needed]}
1934 - The indefatigable Galapagos mouse becomes extinct four years after Darwin's rice rat on the same island.
1935 - The desert rat-kangaroo was last recorded.^[4]
1935 - The Mogollon mountain wolf and the Southern Rocky Mountains wolf were hunted to extinction.^[15]
1936 - The last thylacine died in captivity. Hunting, habitat loss, disease, and competition from domestic dogs all may have contributed to the extinction of the species.^[23]
1937 - The last known Bali tiger was shot.^{[citation needed]}
1938 - Radula visiniaca, a liverwort native to Europe becomes extinct.^{[citation needed]}
1939 - The toolache wallaby was last recorded.^[4]

The great auk was hunted for its down until its extinction around 1844.

1940s

1940 - The Cascade mountain wolf was hunted to extinction.^[15]
1942 - The Texas wolf was purposefully driven to extinction.^[15]
1942 - The last confirmed sighting of the Barbary lion, although unconfirmed reports surfaced until 1970.^[24]

1950s

1952 - Last reliable report of the Caribbean monk seal.^{[citation needed]}
1952 - The Bernard's wolf was hunted to extinction.^[15]
1956 - The crescent nail-tail wallaby was last recorded.^[4]

1960s

1962 - The red-bellied gracile opossum was last recorded in Argentina.^[4]
1964 - The Hawaii chaff flower of the Hawaiian islands becomes extinct because of habitat loss.^{[citation needed]}
1965 - Last sighting of the turgid-blossom pearly mussel, an American mussel.^[25]
1966 - The last Arabian ostrich died.^{[citation needed]}
c. 1969 - The last Mexican grizzly bear is shot.^{[citation needed]}

1970s

c. 1970 - The Caspian tiger becomes extinct. Nearly exterminated in the early 20th century the last of its population succumbed to deforestation and hunting.^{[citation needed]}
1972 - The endemic to Jamaica Mason River myrtle becomes extinct.^{[citation needed]}
1974 - The last known Japanese sea lion is captured off the coast of Rebun Island, Hokkaido.^[26]
c. 1979 - Last sightings of the Javan tiger.^{[citation needed]}

1980s

1981 - The Puhielelu hibiscadelphus becomes extinct.
1981 - Last sighting of the green-blossom pearlymussel, an American mussel.^{[citation needed]}
1983-84 - The 24-rayed sunstar (Heliaster solaris), the Galapagos black-spotted damselfish and the Galapagos stringweed likely become extinct due to climate change.^[27]
1985 - The gastric-brooding frog or platypus frog (Rheobatrachus silus) became extinct probably due to habitat destruction and disease.^{[citation needed]}
1989 - The golden toad of Costa Rica becomes extinct, perhaps because of climate change.^{[citation needed]}

1990s

1990 - The dusky seaside sparrow was officially declared extinct in December 1990. The last definite known individual died on 17 June 1987.^{[citation needed]}
1994 - Saint Croix racer, a snake native to the Virgin Islands, declared extinct.^{[citation needed]}
1994 - Levuana moth from Hawaii goes extinct.^{[citation needed]}
1997 - The Hainan ormosia (a species of legume) which was native to China is no longer seen.^{[citation needed]}

3rd millennium CE

21st century

2000s

2000 - "Celia", the last Pyrenean ibex, was found dead on January 6, 2000. However, in 2009, a female was cloned back into existence, but died shortly after birth due to defects in the lungs.
2003 - The last individual from the St. Helena olive, which was grown in cultivation, dies off. The last plant in the wild had disappeared in 1994.^{[citation needed]}
2006 - A technologically sophisticated survey of the Yangtze River failed to find specimens of the baiji dolphin, prompting scientists to declare it functionally extinct.^[28]
2008 - The Liverpool pigeon (Caloenas maculata) is thought to have become extinct.^{[citation needed]}

2010s

2011 - The eastern cougar was declared extinct.^[29]
2011 - The western black rhinoceros was declared extinct.^[30]
2012 - The Japanese river otter (Lutra lutra whiteneyi) declared extinct by the country's Ministry of the Environment, after not being seen for more than 30 years.^{[citation needed]}
2012 - "Lonesome George", the last known specimen of the Pinta Island tortoise, died on June 24, 2012.^{[citation needed]}
2013 - The Cape Verde giant skink is declared extinct.^{[citation needed]}
2013 - The Formosan clouded leopard, previously endemic to the island of Taiwan, is officially declared extinct.^[31]
2013 - The Scioto madtom, a species of fish, is declared extinct.^{[citation needed]}
2014 - Acalypha wilderi has been declared extinct.^{[citation needed]}
2014 - The Bermuda saw-whet owl has been declared extinct.
2015 - The Eastern cougar was confirmed extinct.^[32]

References

↑ ^1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 ^1.15 ^1.16 ^1.17 ^1.18 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 ^2.8 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 ^4.10 ^4.11 ^4.12 ^4.13 ^4.14 ^4.15 ^4.16 ^4.17 ^4.18 ^4.19 ^4.20 ^4.21 ^4.22 ^4.23 ^4.24 ^4.25 ^4.26 ^4.27 ^4.28 ^4.29 ^4.30 ^4.31 ^4.32 ^4.33 ^4.34 ^4.35 ^4.36 ^4.37 ^4.38 ^4.39 ^4.40 ^4.41 ^4.42 ^4.43 ^4.44 ^4.45 ^4.46 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Tikhonov, A. 2008. "Bos primigenius", iucnredlist.org; downloaded October 9, 2011.
↑ Raphus cucullatus at the Recently Extinct Animals website
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ BirdLife International (2008). "Prosobonia leucoptera (Tahitian Sandpiper)", iucnredlist.org; retrieved February 29, 2012.
↑ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Hippotragus leucophaeus (Bluebuck, Blue Buck)", iucnredlist.org; retrieved February 29, 2012.
↑ BirdLife International (2008). "Pinguinus impennis (Great Auk)", iucnredlist.org; retrieved February 29, 2012.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 ^15.4 ^15.5 ^15.6 Wolves, wolfhowl.org; accessed April 27, 2016.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Bunzel-Drüke, Finck, Kämmer, Luick, Reisinger, Riecken, Riedl, Scharf & Zimball: "Wilde Weiden: Praxisleitfaden für Ganzjahresbeweidung in Naturschutz und Landschaftsentwicklung
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Tirira, D., Dowler, R., Boada, C. & Weksler, M. (2008). "Nesoryzomys darwini", iucnredlist.org; retrieved October 10, 2011.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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[Haynes-1] 1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 ^1.15 ^1.16 ^1.17 ^1.18 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Kurten-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 ^2.8 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Martin-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Turvey-4] 4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 ^4.10 ^4.11 ^4.12 ^4.13 ^4.14 ^4.15 ^4.16 ^4.17 ^4.18 ^4.19 ^4.20 ^4.21 ^4.22 ^4.23 ^4.24 ^4.25 ^4.26 ^4.27 ^4.28 ^4.29 ^4.30 ^4.31 ^4.32 ^4.33 ^4.34 ^4.35 ^4.36 ^4.37 ^4.38 ^4.39 ^4.40 ^4.41 ^4.42 ^4.43 ^4.44 ^4.45 ^4.46 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Adams-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[MacPhee-6] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Hume-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[aurochs-8] Tikhonov, A. 2008. "Bos primigenius", iucnredlist.org; downloaded October 9, 2011.

[9] Raphus cucullatus at the Recently Extinct Animals website

[steller-10] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[11] BirdLife International (2008). "Prosobonia leucoptera (Tahitian Sandpiper)", iucnredlist.org; retrieved February 29, 2012.

[12] IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Hippotragus leucophaeus (Bluebuck, Blue Buck)", iucnredlist.org; retrieved February 29, 2012.

[13] BirdLife International (2008). "Pinguinus impennis (Great Auk)", iucnredlist.org; retrieved February 29, 2012.

[14] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[wolfhowl.org-15] 15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 ^15.4 ^15.5 ^15.6 Wolves, wolfhowl.org; accessed April 27, 2016.

[16] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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[18] Bunzel-Drüke, Finck, Kämmer, Luick, Reisinger, Riecken, Riedl, Scharf & Zimball: "Wilde Weiden: Praxisleitfaden für Ganzjahresbeweidung in Naturschutz und Landschaftsentwicklung

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[20] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[21] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[nesoryzomys-22] Tirira, D., Dowler, R., Boada, C. & Weksler, M. (2008). "Nesoryzomys darwini", iucnredlist.org; retrieved October 10, 2011.

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v t e Extinction
List of recently extinct species
Phenomena	Background extinction rate Coextinction De-extinction Ecological extinction Extinct in the wild Functional extinction Genetic pollution Lazarus taxon Local extinction Pseudoextinction
Models	Extinction vortex
Causes	Genetic erosion Habitat destruction Human overpopulation Muller's ratchet Mutational meltdown Overexploitation
Theories and concepts	Extinction debt Extinction risk from global warming Extinction threshold Field of Bullets Hypothetical species Latent extinction risk
Extinction events	Timeline of extinctions Ordovician–Silurian Late Devonian Permian–Triassic Triassic–Jurassic Cretaceous–Paleogene Quaternary Holocene
Extinct species	Lists of extinct species List of extinct animals List of extinct plants IUCN Red List extinct species
Organizations	International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN Species Survival Commission Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
See also	Decline in amphibian populations Human extinction
Category Portal WikiProject Commons