Army–Navy Game

"Army Navy" redirects here. For the band, see Army Navy (band). For the annual match in British rugby, see Army Navy Match. For the M*A*S*H episode, see The Army-Navy Game (M*A*S*H).

Army–Navy Game
	125px
Army Black Knights	Navy Midshipmen
Originated	1890 (1890)
Played annually since	1930 (85 years)
Meetings	116
First Meeting	1890
First Meeting Score	Navy 24, Army 0
Last Meeting	December 12, 2015
Last Meeting Score	Navy 21, Army 17
Next Meeting	December 10, 2016
Series	Navy leads, 60–49–7 (.547)
Longest Winning Streak	Navy, 14 (2002–present)
Current Winning Streak	Navy, 14 (2002–present)

The Army–Navy Game is an American college football rivalry game between the teams of the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York and the United States Naval Academy (USNA) at Annapolis, Maryland.

The USMA team, the "Army Black Knights", and the USNA team, the "Navy Midshipmen", each represent their services' oldest officer commissioning sources. As such, the game has come to embody the spirit of the interservice rivalry of the United States Armed Forces. The game marks the end of the college football regular season and the third and final game of the season's Commander-in-Chief's Trophy, which includes the Falcons of the U.S. Air Force Academy.

The Army-Navy game is one of the most traditional and enduring rivalries in college football. The game is nationally televised by CBS, which has aired the game every year since 1984 except for a five-year stint on ABC from 1991–1995. Instant replay made its American debut in the 1963 Army-Navy game. The winner of the game is awarded the Thompson Cup, named after its donor, Robert M. Thompson.

Since 2009, the game has been held the Saturday following FBS conference championship weekend.

The most recent game (the 116th) in the series returned to Philadelphia at Lincoln Financial Field on December 12, 2015. For the 14th consecutive year, #21 ranked Navy beat Army by the close score of 21–17. Navy leads the series 60–49–7.

Series history

Army and Navy first met on the football field on November 29, 1890. The series has been renewed annually since 1899, except for 1909, 1917, 1918 and 1929. It has been held at several locations throughout its history, including Baltimore and New York City, but has most frequently been played in Philadelphia, roughly equidistant from the two academies. Historically played on the Saturday after Thanksgiving (a date on which most other major college football teams end their regular seasons), the game is now played on the second Saturday in December and is traditionally the last game of the season for both teams and the last regular-season game played in Division I-A football. With the permanent expansion of the regular season to 12 games starting in 2006, several conference championship games joined the Army–Navy Game on its then-current date of the first weekend of December. In 2009, the game was moved from the first Saturday in December to the second Saturday; this means that it will no longer conflict with conference championship games and once again is the last non-bowl contest in college football.

1908 Army-Navy college football game at Franklin Field.

This game has inter-service "bragging rights" at stake. For much of the first half of the 20th century, both Army and Navy were often national powers, and the game occasionally had national championship implications. However, as the level of play in college football improved nationally, and became fueled by prospects of playing in the National Football League (NFL), the high academic entrance requirements, height and weight limits, and the five-year military commitment required has reduced the overall competitiveness of both academies. Since 1963, only the 1996 and 2010 games have seen both teams enter with winning records. Nonetheless, the game is considered a college football institution. It has aired nationally on radio since the late 1920s, and has been nationally televised every year since 1945. The tradition associated with the game assures that it remains nationally broadcast to this day.

A game ball from the 1974 Army–Navy Game, with the game’s final score (Navy 19, Army 0) adhered on with a label.

Arguably, one of the reasons this game has maintained its appeal is that the players are playing solely for the love of the game. By the time their post-graduation military commitments end, many players are simply deemed too old to even consider playing competitively again, much less in the professional ranks. Many have other post-service ambitions that would preclude such a career, or they simply do not want to pursue one. Nevertheless, some participants in the Army–Navy Game have gone on to professional football careers. Quarterback Roger Staubach (Navy, 1965) went on to a Hall of Fame career with the Dallas Cowboys that included being named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl VI. Wide receiver and kickoff/punt returner Phil McConkey (Navy, 1979) was a popular player on the New York Giants' squad that won Super Bowl XXI. Running back Napoleon McCallum (Navy, 1985) was able to concurrently serve his commitment to the Navy and play for the then-Los Angeles Raiders in 1986. After satisfying his Navy commitment, he joined the Raiders full-time. Sadly, his career was ended by a gruesome knee injury suffered in a game against the San Francisco 49ers in 1994.

2002 Army-Navy Game at Giants Stadium. Navy is in dark and Army is in white.

The game is especially emotional for the seniors, called "first classmen" by both academies, since it is typically the last competitive regular season football game they will ever play (though both Army and Navy went to bowl games afterwards in 1996 and 2010, and Navy played in a bowl game every season since 2003, except for 2011). During wartime the game is even more emotional, as some seniors will not return once they are deployed. For instance, in the 2004 game, at least one senior from the class of 2003 who was killed in Iraq, Navy's J. P. Blecksmith, was remembered. The players placed their comrade's pads and jerseys on chairs on the sidelines. Much of the sentiment of the game goes out to those who share the uniform and who are overseas.

At the end of the game, both teams' alma maters are played and sung. The winning team stands alongside the losing team and faces the losing academy students; then the losing team accompanies the winning team, facing their students. This is done in a show of mutual respect and solidarity.

The rivalry between Annapolis and West Point, while friendly, is intense. Even the mascots (the Navy Goat and Army Mule) have been known to play pranks on each other. The Cadets live and breathe the phrase "Beat Navy", while Midshipmen have the opposite phrase, "Beat Army", drummed into them (even the weight plates in the Navy weight room are stamped with "Beat Army"). They have become a symbol of competitiveness, not just in the Army–Navy Game, but in the service of their country, and are often used at the close of (informal) letters by graduates of both academies. A long-standing tradition at the Army-Navy football game is to conduct a formal "prisoner exchange" as part of the pre-game activities. The prisoners are the cadets and midshipmen currently spending the semester studying at the sister academy. After the exchange, students have a brief reprieve to enjoy the game with their comrades.

In 2011, the 112th Army-Navy Game saw Navy's 10th consecutive win.

Occasionally, the Commander-in-Chief's Trophy, awarded to each season's winner of the triangular series between Army, Navy, and Air Force, will be at stake in this game. For most of the 1970s, Navy had held the trophy. After a period of flux for most of the 1980s, Air Force dominated the competition until the early 2000s. Navy has been the dominant team in the rivalry for most of the 2000s, winning every game in the triangular rivalry starting with the 2002 Army–Navy Game and ending with a 2010 loss to Air Force. If there is a tie in the Commander-In-Chief Trophy competition, the trophy remains with the incumbent team.

The rivalries Army and Navy have with Air Force are much less intense than the Army-Navy rivalry, primarily due to the relative youth of the Air Force Academy, having been established in the 1950s, and the physical distance between Air Force and the other two schools, with the Air Force Academy being located in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The Army-Air Force and Navy-Air Force games are played at the academies' regular home fields, rather than at a neutral site, although Navy has occasionally moved its home games with Air Force to FedEx Field in Landover, Maryland.

The 34–0 Navy victory over Army on December 6, 2008, was the first shutout in the series since 1978 and marked the second time a Navy coach defeated Army in his first year of coaching, following Wayne Hardin in 1959. As of 2015, Navy has won the last 14 games in a row dating back to 2002, the longest winning streak in the history of the series.

Venues

2011 Army-Navy game at FedExField

Though the game has been played 115 times, only six of those games have ever been held on the campus of either academy. Neither team has ever played at an on-campus stadium nearly large enough to accommodate the large crowds that usually attend the game, as well as the media and dignitaries. Army's Michie Stadium only seats 38,000 people, while Navy's Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium only seats 34,000. The game's popularity grew enough early on that when it was revived in 1899, it was played at a neutral site, the Polo Grounds in New York City. Except for the 1942 and 1943 games, which were played on-campus due to World War II travel restrictions, it has been played at a neutral site every year since.

Traditionally, the game is played in Philadelphia, due to the historic nature of the city and the fact that it is approximately halfway between West Point and Annapolis. Additionally, Philadelphia has always had a stadium large enough to accommodate the crowds. Philadelphia's John F. Kennedy Stadium (JFK) hosted the game from 1936 to 1979 (except for three years in World War II)--more than any other venue in the history of the series. It even hosted the game for several years after the 1971 construction of nearby Veterans Stadium, which finally became the game's host in 1980. Franklin Field, on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania, hosted the game in the early twentieth century before it was moved to JFK. New York's Polo Grounds holds the record for most games hosted outside of Philadelphia, even though the last time it hosted one was 1925. The city of Baltimore has hosted a number of games throughout the history of the series as well, even though Baltimore is closer to Annapolis.

The Rose Bowl is the only site west of the Mississippi River to host the Army-Navy game; it did so in 1983. The city of Pasadena, California, paid for the travel expenses of all the students and supporters of both academies — 9,437 in all. A substitute, however, for Bill XXII — the Navy mascot — and four rented Army mules were brought in. The attendance was 81,000. The game was held at the Rose Bowl that year because there are a large number of military installations and servicemen and women, along with many retired military personnel, on the West Coast. The game has been held one other time in a non-East Coast venue, at Chicago's Soldier Field, which played host to the 1926 game.

Currently the game is played primarily at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia, the home of the Philadelphia Eagles. Since 1989, the game has been held roughly once every four or five years at a site other than Philadelphia. These sites have in the past rotated between Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey (replaced in 2010 by MetLife Stadium, which has yet to host the game) and M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore. These are still considered neutral-site games, but provide locations that are closer to one academy or the other.

Future venues

In 2008, a bidding process began for the game site, as well as a search for a corporate sponsor. In 2009, the Army–Navy Game was moved to the second Saturday of December. The move means the game will not be played simultaneously with any conference championships and will make it the final game of the Division I FBS regular season.

The 2009 game was held on December 12 at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia. CBS recently continued television coverage of the Army–Navy Game with a contract extending through 2018.

On June 9, 2009, Navy announced sites for all Army–Navy Games through 2017. Lincoln Financial Field was given six of the nine games take place during that time frame, with M&T Bank Stadium receiving the 2014 and 2016 games. The 2011 game saw the first ever Army-Navy Game to be played in the Washington, D.C. area as FedEx Field played host. In addition, the game also picked up a presenting corporate sponsor, the military-oriented financial firm USAA. In 2014, ESPN announced that, for the first time, it would broadcast its popular live Saturday morning College GameDay pregame show from the 2014 Army-Navy game, and it continued in 2015.

Total games per city

Location	Games	Army victories	Navy victories	Tie games
Philadelphia, PA	86	38	44	4
New York, NY	11	7	3	1
Baltimore, MD	6	3	3	0
East Rutherford, NJ	4	1	3	0
Annapolis, MD	3	1	2	0
West Point, NY	3	0	3	0
Chicago, IL	1	0	0	1
Landover, MD	1	0	1	0
Pasadena, CA	1	0	1	0
Princeton, NJ	1	0	0	1

Game results

Army victories

Navy victories

Ties

Year	Winner	Score	Location	City	Series
1890	Navy	24–0	"The Plain" USMA	West Point, NY	Navy 1–0
1891	Army	32–16	Worden Field USNA	Annapolis, MD	Tied 1–1
1892	Navy	12–4	"The Plain"	West Point, NY	Navy 2–1
1893	Navy	6–4	Worden Field	Annapolis, MD	Navy 3–1
1899	Army	17–5	Franklin Field	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 3–2
1900	Navy	11–7	Franklin Field	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 4–2
1901	Army	11–5	Franklin Field	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 4–3
1902	Army	22–8	Franklin Field	Philadelphia, PA	Tied 4–4
1903	Army	40–5	Franklin Field	Philadelphia, PA	Army 5–4
1904	Army	11–0	Franklin Field	Philadelphia, PA	Army 6–4
1905	Tie	6–6	Osborne Field	Princeton, NJ	Army 6–4–1
1906	Navy	10–0	Franklin Field	Philadelphia, PA	Army 6–5–1
1907	Navy	6–0	Franklin Field	Philadelphia, PA	Tied 6–6–1
1908	Army	6–4	Franklin Field	Philadelphia, PA	Army 7–6–1
1910	Navy	3–0	Franklin Field	Philadelphia, PA	Tied 7–7–1
1911	Navy	3–0	Franklin Field	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 8–7–1
1912	Navy	6–0	Franklin Field	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 9–7–1
1913	Army	22–9	Polo Grounds	New York, NY	Navy 9–8–1
1914	Army	20–0	Franklin Field	Philadelphia, PA	Tied 9–9–1
1915	Army	14–0	Polo Grounds	New York, NY	Army 10–9–1
1916	Army	15–7	Polo Grounds	New York, NY	Army 11–9–1
1919	Navy	6–0	Polo Grounds	New York, NY	Army 11–10–1
1920	Navy	7–0	Polo Grounds	New York, NY	Tied 11–11–1
1921	Navy	7–0	Polo Grounds	New York, NY	Navy 12–11–1
1922	Army	17–14	Franklin Field	Philadelphia, PA	Tied 12–12–1
1923	Tie	0–0	Polo Grounds	New York, NY	Tied 12–12–2
1924	Army	12–0	Municipal Stadium	Baltimore, MD	Army 13–12–2
1925	Army	10–3	Polo Grounds	New York, NY	Army 14–12–2
1926	Tie	21–21	Soldier Field	Chicago, IL	Army 14–12–3
1927	Army	14–9	Polo Grounds	New York, NY	Army 15–12–3
1930	Army	6–0	Yankee Stadium	Bronx, NY	Army 16–12–3
1931	Army	17–7	Yankee Stadium	Bronx, NY	Army 17–12–3
1932	Army	20–0	Franklin Field	Philadelphia, PA	Army 18–12–3
1933	Army	12–7	Franklin Field	Philadelphia, PA	Army 19–12–3
1934	Navy	3–0	Franklin Field	Philadelphia, PA	Army 19–13–3
1935	Army	28–6	Franklin Field	Philadelphia, PA	Army 20–13–3
1936	Navy	7–0	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 20–14–3
1937	Army	6–0	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 21–14–3
1938	Army	14–7	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 22–14–3
1939	Navy	10–0	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 22–15–3
1940	Navy	14–0	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 22–16–3
1941	Navy	14–6	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 22–17–3
1942	Navy	14–0	Thompson Stadium	Annapolis, MD	Army 22–18–3
1943	Navy	13–0	Michie Stadium	West Point, NY	Army 22–19–3
1944	Army	23–7	Municipal Stadium	Baltimore, MD	Army 23–19–3
1945	Army	32–13	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 24–19–3
1946	Army	21–18	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 25–19–3
1947	Army	21–0	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 26–19–3
1948	Tie	21–21	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 26–19–4
1949	Army	38–0	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 27–19–4
1950	Navy	14–2	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 27–20–4
1951	Navy	42–7	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 27–21–4
1952	Navy	7–0	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 27–22–4
1953	Army	20–7	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 28–22–4
1954	Navy	27–20	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 28–23–4
1955	Army	14–6	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 29–23–4
1956	Tie	7–7	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 29–23–5
1957	Navy	14–0	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 29–24–5
1958	Army	22–6	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 30–24–5
1959	Navy	43–12	Municipal Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 30–25–5
1960	Navy	17–12	Philadelphia Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 30–26–5
1961	Navy	13–7	Philadelphia Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 30–27–5
1962	Navy	34–14	Philadelphia Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 30–28–5
1963	Navy	21–15	Philadelphia Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 30–29–5
1964	Army	11–8	John F. Kennedy Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 31–29–5
1965	Tie	7–7	John F. Kennedy Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 31–29–6
1966	Army	20–7	John F. Kennedy Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 32–29–6
1967	Navy	19–14	John F. Kennedy Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 32–30–6
1968	Army	21–14	John F. Kennedy Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 33–30–6
1969	Army	27–0	John F. Kennedy Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 34–30–6
1970	Navy	11–7	John F. Kennedy Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 34–31–6
1971	Army	24–23	John F. Kennedy Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 35–31–6
1972	Army	23–15	John F. Kennedy Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 36–31–6
1973	Navy	51–0	John F. Kennedy Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 36–32–6
1974	Navy	19–0	John F. Kennedy Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 36–33–6
1975	Navy	30–6	John F. Kennedy Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 36–34–6
1976	Navy	38–10	John F. Kennedy Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 36–35–6
1977	Army	17–14	John F. Kennedy Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 37–35–6
1978	Navy	28–0	John F. Kennedy Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 37–36–6
1979	Navy	31–7	John F. Kennedy Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Tied 37–37–6
1980	Navy	33–6	Veterans Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 38–37–6
1981	Tie	3–3	Veterans Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 38–37–7
1982	Navy	24–7	Veterans Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 39–37–7
1983	Navy	42–13	Rose Bowl	Pasadena, CA	Navy 40–37–7
1984	Army	28–11	Veterans Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 40–38–7
1985	Navy	17–7	Veterans Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 41–38–7
1986	Army	27–7	Veterans Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 41–39–7
1987	Army	17–3	Veterans Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 41–40–7
1988	Army	20–15	Veterans Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Tied 41–41–7
1989	Navy	19–17	Giants Stadium	East Rutherford, NJ	Navy 42–41–7
1990	Army	30–20	Veterans Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Tied 42–42–7
1991	Navy	24–3	Veterans Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 43–42–7
1992	Army	25–24	Veterans Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Tied 43–43–7
1993	Army	16–14	Giants Stadium	East Rutherford, NJ	Army 44–43–7
1994	Army	22–20	Veterans Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 45–43–7
1995	Army	14–13	Veterans Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 46–43–7
1996	Army	28–24	Veterans Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 47–43–7
1997	Navy	39–7	Giants Stadium	East Rutherford, NJ	Army 47–44–7
1998	Army	34–30	Veterans Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 48–44–7
1999	Navy	19–9	Veterans Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 48–45–7
2000	Navy	30–28	PSINet Stadium	Baltimore, MD	Army 48–46–7
2001	Army	26–17	Veterans Stadium	Philadelphia, PA	Army 49–46–7
2002	Navy	58–12	Giants Stadium	East Rutherford, NJ	Army 49–47–7
2003	Navy	34–6	Lincoln Financial Field	Philadelphia, PA	Army 49–48–7
2004	Navy	42–13	Lincoln Financial Field	Philadelphia, PA	Tied 49–49–7
2005	Navy	42–23	Lincoln Financial Field	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 50–49–7
2006	Navy	26–14	Lincoln Financial Field	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 51–49–7
2007	Navy	38–3	M&T Bank Stadium	Baltimore, MD	Navy 52–49–7
2008	Navy	34–0	Lincoln Financial Field	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 53–49–7
2009	Navy	17–3	Lincoln Financial Field	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 54–49–7
2010	Navy	31–17	Lincoln Financial Field	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 55–49–7
2011	Navy	27–21	FedEx Field	Landover, MD	Navy 56–49–7
2012	Navy	17–13	Lincoln Financial Field	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 57–49–7
2013	Navy	34–7	Lincoln Financial Field	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 58–49–7
2014	Navy	17–10	M&T Bank Stadium	Baltimore, MD	Navy 59–49–7
2015	Navy	21–17	Lincoln Financial Field	Philadelphia, PA	Navy 60–49–7
2016			M&T Bank Stadium	Baltimore, MD
2017			Lincoln Financial Field	Philadelphia, PA

Notable games

Navy Midshipman (and later Admiral) Joseph Mason Reeves wore what is widely regarded as the first football helmet in the 1893 Army–Navy Game. He had been advised by a Navy doctor that another kick to his head would result in "instant insanity" or even death, so he commissioned an Annapolis shoemaker to make him a helmet out of leather.

On November 27, 1926, the Army–Navy Game was held in Chicago for the National Dedication of Soldier Field as a monument to American servicemen who had fought in World War I. Navy came to the game undefeated, while West Point had only lost to Notre Dame, so the game would decide the National Championship. Played before a crowd of over 100,000, the teams fought to a 21–21 tie, but Navy was awarded the national championship.

In both the 1944 and 1945 contests, Army and Navy entered the game ranked #1 and #2 respectively. The 1945 game was labeled the "game of the century" before it was played. Army defeated a 7–0–1 Navy team 32–13. Navy's lone tie was against Notre Dame.

In 1963, shortly after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy urged the academies to play after there had been talk of cancellation. Originally scheduled for November 30, 1963, the game was played on December 7, 1963 also coinciding with the 22nd anniversary of Pearl Harbor Day. In front of a crowd of 102,000 people in Philadelphia's Municipal Stadium, later named John F. Kennedy Stadium, junior (second class Midshipman) quarterback Roger Staubach led number two ranked Navy to victory which clinched a Cotton Bowl national championship matchup with Texas played on January 1, 1964. Army was led by junior (second class Cadet) quarterback Rollie Stichweh. Stichweh led off the game with a touchdown drive that featured the first use of instant replay on television. Army nearly won the game after another touchdown and two point conversion, Stichweh recovered the onside kick and drove the ball to the Navy 2 yard line. On 4th down and no timeouts, crowd noise prevented Stichweh from calling a play and time expired with the 21–15 final score. Staubach won the Heisman Trophy that year and was bumped off the scheduled cover of Life magazine due to the coverage of the assassination. Stichweh and Staubach would meet again in 1964 as First Class where Stichweh's Army would defeat Staubach's Navy. Staubach went on to serve in the Navy and afterward became an Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback with the Dallas Cowboys. Stichweh served five years in Vietnam with the 173rd Airborne Brigade. Stichweh was inducted into the Army Sports Hall of Fame in 2012.

See also

• Army Mules
• Bill the Goat
• Commander-in-Chief's Trophy
• List of Army-Navy Game broadcasters
• Most-played rivalries in NCAA Division I FBS
• Other neutral site rivalries:
  • World's Largest Outdoor Cocktail Party, Florida/Georgia
  • Red River Showdown, Texas/Oklahoma

References

Bibliography

• Feinstein, John (1996). A Civil War: Army Vs. Navy — A Year Inside College Football's Purest Rivalry. Diane Books Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7881-5777-6

Notes

External links

• Official website
• All Games 1890–