The High and the Mighty (film)

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The High and the Mighty
File:The High and the Mighty poster.jpg
Theatrical poster
Directed by William A. Wellman
Produced by Robert Fellows
John Wayne
Screenplay by Ernest K. Gann
Based on The High and the Mighty
1953 novel
by Ernest K. Gann
Starring John Wayne
Claire Trevor
Laraine Day
Robert Stack
Jan Sterling
Music by Dimitri Tiomkin
Cinematography Archie Stout
Edited by Ralph Dawson
Production
company
Distributed by Warner Bros. (theatrical)
Paramount (DVD)
Release dates
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  • July 3, 1954 (1954-07-03)
Running time
 147 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Budget $1.47 million[1]
Box office $8.5 million[2]

The High and the Mighty is a 1954 WarnerColor American "disaster" film in CinemaScope directed by William A. Wellman and written by Ernest K. Gann who also wrote the 1953 novel on which his screenplay was based.[3] The film's cast was headlined by John Wayne, who was also the project's co-producer. Composer Dimitri Tiomkin won an Academy Award for his original score while his title song for the film also was nominated for an Oscar (but the title song did not actually appear in release prints, nor, indeed, in the recent restoration, of the film). The film received mostly positive reviews and grossed $8.5 million in its theatrical release.[2][4] The supporting cast includes Claire Trevor, Laraine Day, Robert Stack, Jan Sterling, Phil Harris and Robert Newton.

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Plot

In Honolulu, a DC-4 airliner prepares to take off for San Francisco with 17 passengers and a crew of 5. Former captain Dan Roman (John Wayne), the flight's veteran first officer known for his habit of whistling, is haunted by a crash that killed his wife and son and left him with a permanent limp. The captain, Sullivan (Robert Stack), suffers from a secret fear of responsibility after logging thousands of hours looking after the lives of passengers and crew. Young second officer Hobie Wheeler (William Campbell) and veteran navigator Lenny Wilby (Wally Brown) are contrasts in age and experience. Stewardess Spalding (Doe Avedon) attends her passengers, each with varying personal problems, including jaded former actress May Holst (Claire Trevor), unhappily married heiress Lydia Rice (Laraine Day), aging beauty queen Sally McKee (Jan Sterling) and cheerful vacationer Ed Joseph (Phil Harris). Spalding befriends the terminally ill Frank Briscoe (Paul Fix) after being charmed by his pocket watch. A last-minute arrival, Humphrey Agnew (Sidney Blackmer), causes the crew concern with his strange behavior.

After a routine departure, the airliner experiences sporadic sudden vibrations. Although the crew senses that something may be wrong with the propellers, they cannot locate a problem. When a vibration causes Spalding to burn her hand, Dan inspects the tail compartment but still finds nothing amiss. After nightfall, as the aircraft passes the point of no return, Agnew confronts fellow passenger Ken Childs (David Brian), accusing him of having an affair with Agnew's wife. The men struggle and Agnew pulls out a gun, intending to shoot Childs, but before he can do so, the airliner swerves violently when it loses a propeller and the engine catches fire. The crew quickly extinguishes the fire, but the engine has twisted off its mounting. In mid-ocean, the crew radios for help and sets in motion a rescue operation. Dan discovers that the airliner is losing fuel from damage to a wing tank and that as a result, along with adverse winds and the drag of the damaged engine, the plane will eventually run out of fuel and be forced to ditch.

Unassuming José Locota (John Qualen) disarms Agnew and confiscates the gun, compelling him to sit quietly. Gustave Pardee (Robert Newton), who up until now has made no secret of his fear of flying, inspires calm in his terrified fellow passengers. Dan calmly explains the situation, trying to lessen their anxiety, but warns that their chances of making the coast are "one in a thousand." The passengers rally around each other and find changed perspectives about their existing problems. They toss luggage from the airliner to lighten its load, with May Holst literally kissing her mink coat goodbye.

In San Francisco, Manager Tim Garfield (Regis Toomey) comes to the airline's operations center but is not sanguine about their chances. A favorable change in the winds raises the crew's hopes that they have just enough fuel to reach San Francisco but Wilby discovers that he made an elementary error in navigation and their actual remaining time in the air is less than he originally calculated.

Dan's experience tells him that their luck would be better trying to make land than ditching in the rough seas at night. Sullivan panics and prepares to ditch immediately, but Dan slaps him back to his senses. Thinking clearly again, Sullivan decides not to ditch. As the airliner approaches rain-swept San Francisco in the middle of the night and at a perilously low altitude, the airport prepares for an emergency instrument landing. The plane narrowly surmounts the city's hills and breaks out of the clouds with the runway lights dead ahead, guiding them to a safe landing. As the passengers disembark, Garfield watches their reactions as they are harried by inquisitive reporters. After the tumult dies down, he joins the crew inspecting the damaged airliner and informs Dan that only 30 gallons of gas remained in their tanks. Dan acknowledges the gamble they took and walks away, limping and whistling. "So long...you ancient pelican," Garfield mutters to himself.

Cast

Credited cast members (in order of on-screen credits) and roles:[5]

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Production

Script

File:CinemaScopeHighandMightyTrailerScreenshot1954.jpg
John Wayne pushed for the use of CinemaScope, although Wellman later considered it "bulky and unwieldy" during filming

After Wayne and Robert Fellows had formed Wayne-Fellows Productions in 1952, the duo worked on several films including Big Jim McLain, Plunder of the Sun, and Island in the Sky.[6] In 1953, director William Wellman was releasing Island in the Sky when he learned that his screenwriter Ernest Gann was writing another aviation story. Gann shared the story with Wellman, and the director offered to make a sales pitch. Wellman relayed the story of The High and the Mighty to Wayne-Fellows Productions. Wayne purchased the story on the spot, agreeing to give Gann $55,000 for the story and the screenplay plus 10 percent of the film's earnings. Wayne also agreed to give Wellman 30 percent of the earnings to be the film's director, based on the condition that The High and the Mighty would be filmed in CinemaScope.[7] It was a widescreen projection process that involved using an anamorphic lens to widen the image produced by regular 35 mm film. Wellman's experience was that the CinemaScope camera was "bulky and unwieldy", and the director preferred to station the camera in one place.[8][9] Since The High and Mighty was set on an airliner with cramped quarters, Wellman did not need to worry about flexibility in composing shots.[8] He hired William H. Clothier,[10] with whom he had worked on many films, as cinematographer (assigned to the second unit sequences, only; Archie Stout, with whom Wayne had a long association, had already been assigned as primary cinematographer). Ernest K. Gann wrote the original novels on which both films were based along with both screenplays, as a result of which both films, including dialogue, were closely adapted.

The High and the Mighty depicts a dramatic situation in a civil transport aviation context. Jack L. Warner initially was opposed to the film, believing that audiences would not stay interested in a plot stretching over 100 minutes involving passengers in an aircraft.[11] William Wellman had reservations about the "intimate" storyline which dominate the production, preferring to focus more on aircraft and pilots, yet, after script deliberations set out the final screenplay, he endorsed the novel approach that harkened back to films such as Grand Hotel.[12][13]

The airliner

The Douglas DC-4 (N4665V) used to film the daylight flying sequences and the Honolulu "gate" sequence was a former C-54A-10-DC built as a military transport in 1942 at Long Beach, California by Douglas Aircraft Company.[14] When the exterior and flying sequences were filmed in November, 1953, the airliner was being operated by Oakland, California-based non-scheduled carrier Transocean Airlines[15](1946–1962), the largest civil aviation operator of recycled C-54s in the 1950s, and named "The African Queen".[Note 2] Ernest K. Gann wrote the original story while he was flying DC-4s for Transocean over the Hawaii-California routes. The film's fictional airline's name "TOPAC" was painted over the Transocean's red, white and yellow color scheme for filming.

Transocean Airlines director of flight operations Bill Keating did the stunt flying for the movie. Keating and Gann had flown together and the author recommended his friend for the work.[16] During preproduction filming, Keating was involved in a near-incident when simulating the climactic night emergency landing. After several approaches, Wellman asked for "one more take" touching down even closer to the runway's threshold. Keating complied, taking out runway lights with his nose landing gear before "peeling off" and executing a go-around. Wellman quipped that the crash would look good in another film.[17]

A second former C-54 equipped with a large double cargo door[18] used to accommodate the loading of freight on pallets, was employed for all shots of the damaged airliner on the ground at San Francisco in the film's closing sequences. A propellerless, fire-scorched engine on a distorted mount with a 30° "droop" was installed on the left wing of this aircraft to represent the damage which had imperiled the flight. Exterior airport scenes were filmed at the Glendale Grand Central Air Terminal,[19] east of Burbank, California, where an outdoor movie set was constructed to replicate the terminal gates at SFO in the early 1950s. Additional exteriors shots were taken at Oakland International Airport, including all boarding, engine run-up, taxiing and takeoff scenes used in the opening sequences.[20] The external night and damaged in-flight sequences were filmed in a studio where a large-scale miniature was photographed against backdrops. Passenger-cabin and flight-deck interior scenes were all filmed on sets built on a Warner Bros. sound stage.

Filming

Filming took place from November 16, 1953, to January 11, 1954, on a Goldwyn Pictures lot and Warners soundstages in Hollywood.[1] Most of the cast sat in the passenger cabin for weeks during filming. Cast members recalled disliking the experience; Claire Trevor called it "a dreary picture to make".[21] Some cast members passed the time by staying in character in between shots and doing cryptograms.[21] During cold weather, the soundstage was not properly heated, and cast members suffered from the cold. Wayne and Stack did not face similar problems since they were filmed separately and comfortably in the cockpit set.[22] Additional filming took place in San Francisco as well as at the Royal Hawaiian Hotel and Waikiki Beach in Hawaii.[1]

At one point during filming, Wayne attempted to assert himself as director. Wellman argued publicly with him in defense of his directorial control, telling Wayne: "Look, you come back here behind the camera and do my job, and you're going to be just as ridiculous doing it as I would be going out there with that screwy voice of yours and that fairy walk and being Duke Wayne."[23][24][25] Despite the initial issues on set, the two otherwise had a positive relationship and worked together on later films including Track of the Cat and Blood Alley.[24]

Aircraft feature prominently in The High and the Mighty, including two unusual aviation events: the U.S. Coast Guard's short-lived use of the B-17/PB-1G "Dumbo" rescue aircraft along with a brief launch clip of experiments with the U.S. Navy JB-2 version of the V-1 (an early kind of cruise missile) at an atomic missile test site. The postwar use of piston-engine aircraft in oceanic flights was a key element of the film which required the use of a then-modern airliner.[26]

Wellman, an accomplished pilot in real life, purposely maintained the point of view of the path of the seemingly doomed airliner traveling as the support staff in San Francisco would observe it: flying from the west to the east, from Honolulu to San Francisco, film frame right to film frame left, except during takeoff and landing.

The film was initially budgeted at $1.32 million, but cost overruns led to a total cost of $1.47 million.[2][27] For directing, Wellman received $100,000 as well as a portion of the profits. Wayne earned $175,000 in addition to a percentage of the film's box office receipts.[2]

Casting

File:RobertStackHighandMightyTrailerScreenshot1954.jpg
Although Wayne and Wellman had considered Robert Cummings for the role of captain, Robert Stack got the role after an interview with Wellman

Casting for The High and the Mighty was problematic because there were no real "leading" roles which resulted in many of Hollywood's major stars turning down parts that did not appear to be "big" enough for them. With stars such as Barbara Stanwyck, Dorothy McGuire, Ginger Rogers, Ida Lupino, and Joan Crawford rejecting parts in the film,[28] Wellman ended up casting good but lesser-known actors in some of the roles. Spencer Tracy was offered the role of Dan Roman but turned it down because, Wellman said, that Tracy found the script "lousy" while assistant director Andrew McLaglen claimed that Tracy's friends told the actor he was "in for an ego-bruising ride" which led Tracy to excuse himself from the film.[21] Without Tracy, Jack Warner threatened to remove the Warner Bros. funding unless another prominent lead could be found.[21][29] Wellman convinced producer John Wayne to replace Tracy in his role.[30] Wayne later said during and after production that he did not like his performance. McLaglen recalled: "He said, 'Well, it never had any love story.' I said 'It had the greatest love story that had ever been written.'"[31] McLaglen and Wayne argued about Wayne's performance, but Wayne never conceded about his performance.[32]

File:JohnWayneTarmacHighandMightyTrailerScreenshot1954.jpg
Initially a producer, John Wayne was cast in the film after Spencer Tracy dropped out.

For the other major male lead, Wayne had promised the role to his friend Bob Cummings, who was a pilot and had Wellman's recommendation as well.[28] The interview with Robert Stack eventually convinced Wellman that a nonpilot could effectively portray the drama of a cockpit conflict.[5] Stanwyck's refusal was especially galling as the director had always treated her as a "pet."[12]

The High and the Mighty and Island in the Sky shared many of the same cast and production crew. Along with Wayne, six other actors appear in both films: Regis Toomey, Paul Fix, Carl Switzer, Ann Doran, George Chandler and Michael Wellman.

Music

Composer Dimitri Tiomkin scored the film and composed the theme song "The High and the Mighty". The theme song was also called "The Whistling Song" because John Wayne whistled the tune during production.[33] Tiomkin's music for the film topped hit parade charts and remained there for weeks, increasing the profile of the film itself.[34] A 1955 national survey of disc jockeys labeled the song as the "most whistleable tune".[34] Hollywood producers learned that a publicized title song could have value in attracting audiences to theaters.[35] The song's "haunting strains" were played on the radio and on recordings in the years after the film's release.[33] It was nominated for Academy Award consideration for "Best Song".[34]

Impact

File:EngineFireHighandMightyTrailerScreenshot1954.jpg
The plot's use of passengers and crew responding to an engine fire helped influence the disaster film genre

The High and the Mighty was produced nearly two decades before Airport and sequels (along with the Airplane! parodies, the first of which featured Stack lampooning himself). The High and the Mighty served as a template for later disaster-themed films such as the Airport series (1970–79), The Poseidon Adventure (1972), The Towering Inferno (1974), The Hindenburg (1975) and Titanic (1997).[6][8][36] The film was one of Wayne's co-productions in which he also starred, a practice which would not become widespread until the 1980s and 1990s.

Release

Box office performance

The High and the Mighty had its premiere in Hollywood at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre on May 27, 1954.[31] It was commercially released on July 3, 1954. Although the choice of the new Cinemascope format limited theater use,[3] it was also one of the most commercially successful films that year. Within two months of its release, it was ranked first in box-office receipts and set the record for the "fastest return of negative cost" (screen jargon for making back production costs).[12] Over the film's run in theaters, it grossed $8.5 million in box office receipts and was the sixth most popular film of the year in North America.[2]

Critical reception

At the time of the release of The High and the Mighty, it received mostly positive reviews. Variety wrote that the film "is a class drama, blended with mass appeal into a well-rounded show that can catch on with most any audience."[37] Edwin Schallert of the Los Angeles Times called the film "an enormously vital picture, amazingly associated with life's panorama today, and thus filled with a rare kind of tingling excitement, especially for a modern air-minded public."[37] Joseph Henry Jackson, writing for the San Francisco Chronicle, said that the film has "a story that gives you no time to catch your breath".[38]

The High and the Mighty also received some negative reviews, with Richard Griffin of the Los Angeles Times writing that another reviewer had criticized the cast: "All are fabricated characters—and that is the way they are played."[38] The film's running time was also commented on by several reviewers who called it "an unbelievably long trip" and "the extreme length of its proceedings, which seems almost full flight time Honolulu-San Francisco."[38]

Modern reviews of The High and the Mighty are mixed. Wayne biographer Ronald L. Davis described the film, "While its plot is somewhat synthetic, the special effects and performances make for an engaging film."[35] David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews, called the film "bloated and overlong" and that it relies on "artificial, needlessly drawn-out speeches for its characters".[39]

Accolades

John Wayne provided a critically praised role "against type", while supporting actresses Claire Trevor and Jan Sterling earned 1954 Academy Awards nominations for Best Supporting Actress. The film earned additional Oscar nominations for director William Wellman and film editor Ralph Dawson, along with composer Dimitri Tiomkin and lyricist Ned Washington for the film's title song. Tiomkin received the film's only Academy Award, for the film's original score. The popular title song by Tiomkin and Washington was included on only one print of the film so as to qualify it for an Oscar nomination. It is not heard on the prints issued for general theatrical release, nor in the recent restoration.[40]

Award Category Name Outcome
Academy Awards Original Music Score Dimitri Tiomkin Won
Best Actress in a Supporting Role Jan Sterling Nominated
Best Actress in a Supporting Role Claire Trevor Nominated
Best Director William A. Wellman Nominated
Best Film Editing Ralph Dawson Nominated
Best Music, Original Song Dimitri Tiomkin and Ned Washington (title song) Nominated
Golden Globes Best Supporting Actress Jan Sterling Won

Restoration and re-release

By the 1960s and 1970s, The High and the Mighty became a television staple but, due to tighter broadcast schedules and several royalty disputes, its last appearances on broadcast television were in 1982 on the TBS cable channel, and on Cinemax in March/April 1985. One crucial element in the film's resurrection was the extensive restoration required after decades of languishing in the Wayne film vault, where the film suffered major water damage and one reel was lost for a period of time, making the possibility of such a pristine restoration seemingly unlikely. Significant portions of the film stock showed color fading which necessitated a restoration process.[41] The restoration took more than a year,[42] and three months were spent on fixing the audio.[43]

Demand arose to get the film released in home video formats. The estate of John Wayne, through Gretchen Wayne, the widow of the actor's late son, Michael, made a deal in the early 2000s with Cinetech (film) and Chace Productions (sound) to update and restore both The High and the Mighty and Island in the Sky.[44] This led to a distribution agreement with Wayne's production and distribution company Batjac Productions and both American Movie Classics (for TV rights) and Paramount Pictures (home video rights).[3] Following the recovery of the lost reel, The High and the Mighty, after its meticulous restoration, was rebroadcast on television in July 2005, the first broadcasts in 20 years. Together with Island in the Sky, the film was released as a "special collector's edition" DVD with new cover art in August of the same year by Paramount Home Entertainment. It was also broadcast on Turner Classic Movies on October 27, 2007.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer (Ens. Keim) derived his nickname from the character "Alfalfa" for which he became famous portraying as a child actor in the Our Gang comedies from 1935 to 1940.
  2. ↑ Ironically, a Transocean sister ship to this aircraft, The Argentine Queen (N4726V), was lost with no survivors while ditching on March 28, 1964, on a flight for another carrier from Honolulu to Los Angeles under circumstances similar to those in The High and the Mighty. This coincidence and the similarity of nicknames has resulted in some sources erroneously reporting this as the aircraft used during filming, but Keating's log book verifies N4665V's role.[14]

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 McGivern 2006, p. 80.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 McGivern 2006, p. 81.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Maltin ["The Batjac Story: Part 1 (1951–1963)".] The High and the Mighty (Collector's Edition) DVD, 2005.
  4. ↑ Miller, John M. "The High and the Mighty." Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved: September 8, 2012.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 The High and the Mighty (Collector's Edition) DVD, background notes. Burbank, California: Paramount Home Entertainment, 2005.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Levy 1988, p. 112.
  7. ↑ Roberts & Olson 1997, p. 406.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Roberts & Olson 1997, p. 407.
  9. ↑ McGivern 2006, p. 87.
  10. ↑ Munn 2005, p. 160.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Maltin ("On Director: William A. Wellman") The High and the Mighty (Collector's Edition) DVD, 2005.
  13. ↑ Wellman 2006, p. xvi.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "W.L. "Bill" Keating - Letter to the Editor" Taloa Newsletter, February 2008, TALOA Alumni Association.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Shane 2006, pp. 22–23.
  17. ↑ Shane 2006, p. 24.
  18. ↑ "Douglas images, Photo ID: 1011538 (Photograph of a double door on a DC-4)". flyinghigher.net. Retrieved: February 20, 2008.
  19. ↑ Dickson, J. Ron. "Grand Central Air Terminal, Glendale, CA." godickson.com. Retrieved: December 27, 2012.
  20. ↑ Shane 2006, p. 25.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 McGivern 2006, p. 84.
  22. ↑ Davis 2001, p. 180.
  23. ↑ Munn 2005, pp. 161–162.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Levy 1988, p. 206.
  25. ↑ McGivern 2006, p. 85.
  26. ↑ Hardwick and Schnepf 1989, p. 66.
  27. ↑ Roberts & Olson 1997, p. 409.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 McGivern 2006, p. 82.
  29. ↑ Roberts & Olson 1997, p. 408.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 McGivern 2006, p. 92.
  32. ↑ Munn 2005, p. 159.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Studwell 2004, p. 196.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 McGivern 2006, p. 90.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Davis 2001, p. 181.
  36. ↑ Anderson, Jeffrey M."'The High and the Mighty' (1954): Who'll Stop the Plane?" combustiblecelluloid.com, July 24, 2005. Retrieved: February 22, 2008.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 McGivern 2006, p. 94.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 McGivern 2006, p. 95.
  39. ↑ Nusair, David. "The High and the Mighty." Reel Film Reviews, July 30, 2005. Retrieved: July 18, 2010.
  40. ↑ "1954 Academy Awards." infoplease.com. Retrieved: February 20, 2008.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Shane 2006, p. 22.

Bibliography

  • Brownlow, Kevin. The Parade's Gone By... Berkeley, California: University of California Press; New Ed edition, 1976 (original edition, 1968). ISBN 0-520-03068-0.
  • Davis, Ronald L. Duke: The Life and Image of John Wayne. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001, pp. 180–181.ISBN 0-80613-329-5.
  • Hardwick, Jack and Ed Schnepf. "A Viewer's Guide to Aviation Movies." The Making of the Great Aviation Films. General Aviation Series, Volume 2, 1989.
  • The High and the Mighty (Collector's Edition) DVD. Burbank, California: Paramount Home Entertainment, 2005.
  • Levy, Emanuel. John Wayne: Prophet of the American Way of Life. Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, 1988 ISBN 0-8108-2054-4.
  • Maltin, Leonard. "The Batjac Story: Part 1 (1951–1963) (film documentary)." The High and the Mighty (Collector's Edition) DVD. Burbank, California: Paramount Home Entertainment, 2005.
  • Maltin, Leonard. "On Director: William A. Wellman (film documentary)." The High and the Mighty (Collector's Edition) DVD. Burbank, California: Paramount Home Entertainment, 2005.
  • McGivern, Carolyn. The Lost Films of John Wayne. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House Publishing, 2006. ISBN 1-58182-567-6.
  • Munn, Michael. "From the Mighty to the Mongols," pp. 156–166. John Wayne: The Man Behind the Myth. New York: NAL Trade, Penguin Group (USA), 2005. ISBN 0-451-21414-5.
  • Ricci, Mark and Boris and Steve Zmijewsky. The Films of John Wayne. New York: Citadel Press, 1970. ISBN 978-0-80650-945-7.
  • Roberts, Randy and James S. Olson. John Wayne: American . London: Bison Books, 1997, pp. 406–409. ISBN 0-8032-8970-7.
  • Shane, Bob. "The Makings of 'The High and the Mighty': A Former Airline Pilot Remembers the Filming of an Aviation Classic." Airpower, Volume 36. Issue 1, January 2006, pp. 22–25.
  • Silke, James R. "Fists, Dames & Wings." Air Progress Aviation Review, Volume 4, No. 4, October 1980.
  • Studwell, William. The Popular Song Reader: A Sampler of Well-Known Twentieth-Century Songs. Abingdon, Oxford, UK: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 1-56024-369-4.
  • Wellman, William Jr. The Man And His Wings: William A. Wellman and the Making of the First Best Picture. New York: Praeger Publishers, 2006. ISBN 0-275-98541-5.

External links

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