Terai

For other uses, see Terai (disambiguation).

Aerial view of Terai plains near Biratnagar, Nepal

The Terai is a plain landscape south of the outer foothills of the Himalaya, the Siwalik Hills, and north of the Indo-Gangetic Plain of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and their tributaries. This lowland belt is characterised by tall grasslands, scrub savannah, sal forests and clay rich swamps. In northern India, the Terai spreads eastward from the Yamuna River across Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The Terai is part the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands ecoregion. Corresponding parts in West Bengal, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Assam east to the Brahmaputra River are called 'Dooars'. In Nepal, the Terai lies at an altitude of between 67 and 300 m (220 and 984 ft) and comprises more than 50 wetlands. North of the Terai rises the Bhabhar, a narrow but continuous belt of forest about 8–12 km (5.0–7.5 mi) wide.

Etymology

In Sanskrit, the region is called तराई tarāī meaning "foot-hill". In Nepali, the region is called तराइ tarāi meaning "the low-lying land, plain" and especially "the low-lying land at the foot of the Himālayas". The region's name in Urdu is ترای tarāʼī meaning "lands lying at the foot of a watershed" or "on the banks of a river; low ground flooded with water, valley, basin, marshy ground, marsh, swamp; meadow".

Geology

The Terai is crossed by the large perennial Himalayan rivers Yamuna, Ganges, Sarda, Karnali, Narayani and Kosi that have each built alluvial fans covering thousands of square kilometres below their exits from the hills. Medium rivers such as the Rapti rise in the Mahabharat Range. The geological structure of the region consists of old and new alluvium, both of which constitute as alluvial deposits mainly of sand, clay, silt, gravels and coarse fragments. The new alluvium is renewed every year by fresh deposits brought down by active streams, which engage themselves in fluvial action. Old alluvium is found rather away from river courses, especially on uplands of the plain where silting is a rare phenomenon.

A large number of small and usually seasonal rivers flow through the Terai, most of which originate in the Siwalik Hills. The soil in the Terai is alluvial and fine to medium textured. Forest cover in the Terai and hill areas has decreased at an annual rate of 1.3% between 1978 and 1979, and 2.3% between 1990 and 1991. With deforestation and cultivation increasing, a permeable mixture of gravel, boulders and sand evolves, which leads to a sinking water table. But where layers consist of clay and fine sediments, the groundwater rises to the surface and heavy sediment is washed out, thus enabling frequent and massive floods during monsoon, such as the 2008 Bihar flood.

The reduction in slope as rivers exit the hills and then transition from the sloping Bhabhar to the nearly level Terai causes current to slow and the heavy sediment load to fall out of suspension. This deposition process creates multiple channels with shallow beds, enabling massive floods as monsoon-swollen rivers overflow their low banks and shift channels. Many areas show erosion such as gullies. 20 of the 75 districts of Nepal are situated in this region.

Climate

Biratnagar, 26°N, 87°E
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     9     23 9     13     26 11     19     32 14     53     34 20     170     33 23     341     33 25     559     32 26     359     33 26     311     32 24     89     31 22     12     28 14     6     25 10 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: Levoyageur
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.4     73 48     0.5     79 52     0.7     90 57     2.1     93 68     6.7     91 73     13     91 77     22     90 79     14     91 79     12     90 75     3.5     88 72     0.5     82 57     0.2     77 50 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Chandigarh, 30°N, 77°E
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     33     20 6     39     23 8     30     28 13     9     35 19     28     38 23     145     39 25     280     34 24     308     33 23     133     33 22     22     32 17     9     27 11     22     22 7 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: World Weather Information Service
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     1.3     69 43     1.5     74 47     1.2     83 56     0.4     94 66     1.1     101 74     5.7     101 78     11     93 75     12     91 74     5.2     92 71     0.9     89 63     0.4     81 51     0.9     72 44 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

There are several differences between the climate on the western edge of the Terai at Chandigarh in India and at Biratnagar in Nepal near the eastern edge.

• Moving inland and away from monsoon sources in the Bay of Bengal, the climate becomes more continental with a greater difference between summer and winter.
• In the far western Terai, which is five degrees latitude further north, the coldest months' average is 3 °C (37 °F) cooler.
• Total rainfall markedly diminishes from east to west. The monsoon arrives later, is much less intense and ends sooner. However, winters are wetter in the west.

Terai in Nepal

The Terai in Nepal is differentiated into "Inner" and "Outer" Terai.

Inner Terai

The Inner Terai refers to the river valleys in the lowlands of southern Nepal located between the Mahabharat and Shivalik ranges. In Nepali, they are called 'bhitri madhes'. The Inner Terai comprises five elongated valleys extending from north-west to south-east parallel to the enclosing hilly ranges:

• Surkhet Valley (Nepali: सुर्खेत) is in the Surkhet district, north of the Kailali and Bardiya districts;
• Dang Valley (Nepali: दाङ) is in the Dang Deokhuri district;
• Deukhuri Valley (Nepali: देउखुरी) is located south of the Dang Valley in the Dang Deokhuri district;
• Chitwan Valley (Nepali: चितवन) comprises the Chitwan and Makwanpur districts;
• Kamala Valley, also called Udayapur Valley (Nepali: उदयपुर) is in the Udayapur district north of the Siraha and Saptari districts.

Most of these valleys are five to ten kilometers wide (north-south) and up to a hundred kilometers long (east-west).

The 2001 national census counted 2.3 million population (10% of the national total) in these seven Inner Terai districts (counting Banke district as Outer Terai). Adding 45% in the outer Terai gives 55% of Nepal's population living in its Terai districts.

Outer Terai

The Outer Terai begins south of the Siwalik Hills and extends to the Indo-Gangetic plain. In the Far-Western Region, Nepal it comprises the Kanchanpur and Kailali districts, and in the Mid-Western Region, Nepal Bardiya and Banke districts. These were once called the Naya Muluk and lay on the periphery of the Awadh dynasty. After Nepal lost the Anglo–Nepalese War (1814–1816), these districts were annexed by the British in the Sugauli Treaty and returned in 1860 as reward for Nepal's military aid in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Farther east, the Outer Terai comprises the Kapilvastu, Rupandehi, Nawalparasi, Parsa, Bara, Rautahat, Sarlahi, Mahottari, Dhanusa, Siraha, Saptari, Sunsari, Morang and Jhapa districts.

East of Banke the Nepalese Outer Terai is interrupted where the international border swings north and follows the edge of the Siwaliks adjacent to Deukhuri Valley. Here the Outer Terai is entirely in Uttar Pradesh's Shravasti and Balrampur districts. East of Deukhuri the international border extends south again and Nepal has three more Outer Terai districts.

The 2001 national census counted 10.3 million population (45% of the national total) in the Outer Terai districts.

History

Until the mid 18th century, the Terai was divided into several smaller kingdoms, and the forests were little disturbed. Forest stands comprised mainly Sal. Heavy logging began in the 1920s. Extracted timber was exported to India to collect revenues. Cleared areas were subsequently used for agriculture.

Inner Terai valleys historically were agriculturally productive but extremely malarial. Some parts were left forested by official decree during the Rana dynasty as a defensive perimeter called Char Kose Jhadi, meaning 'four kos forest'; one kos equals about 3 km (1.9 mi). A British observer noted, "Plainsmen and paharis generally die if they sleep in the Terai before November 1 or after June 1." British travelers to Kathmandu went as fast as possible from the border at Raxaul to reach the hills before nightfall.

Malaria was eradicated using DDT in the mid-1950s. Subsequently, people from the hills migrated to the Terai. Timber export continued to 1969. In 1970, the king granted land to loyal ex-army personnel in the districts of Jhapa, Sunsari, Rupandehi and Banke, where seven colonies were developed for resettling about 7,000 people. They acquired property rights over uncultivated forest and 'waste' land, thus accelerating the deforestation process in the Terai.

Ethnic groups

Tharu people are the traditional inhabitants of the Terai forests. They were semi-nomadic, practised shifting cultivation and collected wild fruits, vegetables and medicinal herbs. They have been living in the Terai for many centuries and reputedly had an innate resistance to malaria. Following the malaria eradication program using DDT in the 1960s, a large and heterogeneous non-Tharu population settled in the region.

Pahari farmers from the mid-hills moved to the plains in search of arable land including Bahun, Chhetri and Newar. In the rural parts of the Terai, distribution and value of land determine economic hierarchy to a large extent. High caste migrants from the hills and traditional Tharu landlords who own agriculturally productive land constitute the upper level of the economic hierarchy. The poor are the landless or near landless Terai Dalits, including the Musahar and Chamar, as well as the traditional fishermen, the Mallaah, and some of the Hill Dalits. In particular the Musahars rarely get other work than hard farm labor.

Economy

The Terai is the most productive region in Nepal with the majority of the country's industries. Agriculture is the basis of the economy. Major crops include rice, wheat, pulses, sugarcane, jute, tobacco, and maize. In the eastern districts from Parsa to Jhapa they support agro-based industries: jute factories, sugar mills, rice mills and tobacco factories.

Cities over 50,000 population in Nepal's Terai include:

Municipality	District	Census 2001	Economy
Biratnagar	Morang	166,674	agro-industry, education, trade/transport Hub
Birganj	Parsa	112,484	trade/transport hub, agro and other industry
Dharan	Sunsari	95,332	tourism hub and destination, education, financial services
Bharatpur	Chitwan	89,323	agro-industry and food processing, tourism, health care, education
Bhim Dutta	Kanchanpur	80,839	transport hub, education, health services
Butwal	Rupandehi	75,384	transport hub, retailing, agro-industry, health care, education
Hetauda	Makwanpur	68,482	transport hub, cement factory, large and small-scale industry
Dhangadhi	Kailali	67,447
Janakpur	Dhanusa	67,192	transport hub, agro-industry, education, health care, pilgrimage site
Nepalganj	Banke	57,535	transport hub, retailing, financial services, health services
Triyuga	Udayapur	55,291	tourism
Siddharthanagar	Rupandehi	52,569	trade/transport hub, retailing, tourist and pilgrim services

For a more comprehensive list, see List of cities in Nepal.

Transport

Mahendra Highway crosses the Nepal Terai from Kankarbhitta on the eastern border in Jhapa District, Mechi Zone to Mahendranagar near the western border in Kanchanpur District, Mahakali Zone. It is the only motor road spanning the country from east to west.

Tourism

Buddha statue at Kathauna Bazar

Tourist attractions in the Terai include:

• Lumbini, birthplace of Lord Buddha (near Siddharthanagar)
• Bardia National Park (near Nepalganj)
• Chitwan National Park (near Bharatpur)
• Janakpur, the birthplace of Sita, wife of Rama in the Ramayana.

Agriculture

The Terai is known for beekeeping and honey production, with about 120,000 colonies of Apis cerana.

Terai in India

In India, the valleys in the inner Terai are called Dūn (Hindi: दून). The Terai extends over the states of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. These are mostly the districts of these states that are on the Indo-Nepal border:

• Uttar Pradesh: Pilibhit, Gonda district, Ballia, Bahraich, Balrampur, Siddharthnagar, Maharajganj
• Uttarakhand: Udham Singh Nagar district

Further reading

• Chaudhary, D. 2011. Tarai/Madhesh of Nepal : an anthropological study. Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu. ISBN 978-99933-878-2-4.

External links

• WWF: Map of ecological divisions of Nepal, showing the Terai