9K35 Strela-10

9K35 Strela-10 SA-13 Gopher
9K35 transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR)
Type	Vehicle-mounted SAM system
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1976–present
Used by	See list of operators
Wars	See Combat use
Production history
Designer	KB Tochmash Design Bureau of Precision Engineering
Designed	1969-1976
Manufacturer	Saratovskiy Zenit Machine Plant (Muromteplovoz Joint Stock Company for the 9K35M3-K)
Produced	1976–present
Variants	Strela-10, Strela-10SV (Prototype), Strela-10M, Strela-10M2, Strela-10M3, Strela-10M3-K, Strela-10M4
Specifications (9K35 Strela-10M3)
Weight	12,300 kg
Length	6.6 m
Width	2.85 m
Height	2.3 m (travelling), 3.8 m (firing)
Crew	3 (commander, gunner and driver)
Armour	7 mm
Main armament	4 × 9M333 (or 9M37MD)
Engine	YaMZ-238 V diesel 240 hp
Suspension	torsion bar
Ground clearance	0.7 m
Fuel capacity	450 litres
Operational range	500 km
Speed	61.5 km/h (road) 6 km/h (water)

The 9K35 Strela-10 (Russian: 9К35 «Стрела-10»; English: arrow) is a highly mobile, visually aimed, optical/infrared-guided, low-altitude, short-range surface-to-air missile system. "9K35" is its GRAU designation; its NATO reporting name is SA-13 "Gopher".

Development

The 9K35 is the successor of the 9K31 Strela-1 (SA-9 "Gaskin") and can also use the Strela-1's missiles in place of the 9M37.

Development of the 9K37 Strela-10SV system was initiated July 24, 1969. The decision to begin the development of a new non-all-weather system was taken despite the simultaneous development of an all-weather hybrid gun/missile system 9K22 "Tunguska" mainly as an economical measure. It was also seen as advantageous to have a system capable of fast reaction times and immunity to heavy radio-frequency jamming.

Rather than being mounted on an amphibious but lightly armoured BRDM chassis like the 9K31, the 9K35 is mounted on a more mobile tracked, modified MT-LB, with more room for equipment and missile reloads. Provision for amphibious capability is provided in some variants in the form of polyurethane-filled floats.

The Strela-10SV system and its 9M37 missile were tested in Donguzkom range from 1973 to 1974, but the results were disappointing: the system was found deficient in terms of missile probability of kill, vehicle reliability, among other things. Acceptance to service was thus delayed until May 16, 1976, by which time improvements had been introduced to the system.

Development of the system continued throughout the years through Strela-10M, -10M2 and -10M3 variants introducing among other things improved radio communications and provision for better integration to the Soviet integrated air defence system air picture data. Also improved missiles (9M37M and 9M333) have been developed and by September 2007 the 9K35M3-K Kolchan variant, mounted on a BTR-60 wheeled chassis, was displayed for the first time at the Moscow Air Show MAKS 2007.

The Russian Armed Forces will receive 72 advanced mobile “night” short-range anti-aircraft missile complexes “Strela-10M4″ by 2016. In 2014, the Russian Airborne Troops received the first batch of 18 “Strela-10M4″ vehicles. Modernization of equipment extends the “life” of an air defense system for 3-5 years.

Description

Associated systems and vehicles

The 9K35 is a SAM system with electro-optical guidance. It has the capability to use radars for target acquisition and range. Some vehicles have a pintle-mounted PKT 7.62 mm machine gun in front of the forward hatch for local protection. Other vehicles have been seen with additional support railings for the system on the rear deck. The following is a list of associated equipment:

• 9A34M2, 9A34M3-K: launcher vehicle with 9S86 "SNAP SHOT" range only radar located between the two pairs of missile canisters on the transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR) (maximum radar range is 450 to 10,000 m).
• 9A35M2, 9A35M3-K: launcher vehicle with 9S16 (NATO "Flat Box-B") passive radar detection system that gives a 360° azimuth and minimum 40° elevation coverage
• 9F624 and 9F624M training simulator
• 9S482M7 Control Post.
• 9U111: a 1,950 kg trailer-mounted 12 kW generator unit, designed to feed power to up to four 9A35M2, 9A35M3-K or 9A34M2, 9A34M3-K launcher vehicles at a distance of up to 30 m by cable while conducting maintenance or training operations.
• 9V839M: system checkout vehicle
• 9V915M, 9V915M-1: technical maintenance vehicle
• MT-LBU "DOG EAR" F/G-band target acquisition radar (maximum range 80 km/50 miles)
• Ranzhir-M 9S737М (GRAU designation 9S737); is a mobile command center for a mixed grouping of air defense forces, such as Tor, Tungushka, Strela-10, and Igla.

Missiles

9M37
Type	Surface-to-air missile
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1976–present
Used by	See Operators
Production history
Designer	KB Tochmash Design Bureau
Designed	1969-1976
Manufacturer	Degtyarev plant
Produced	1976–present
Variants	9M37, 9M37M, 9M37MD, 9M333
Specifications (9M333)
Weight	41 kg
Length	2190 mm
Diameter	120 mm
Warhead	Frag-HE
Warhead weight	5 kg
Detonation mechanism	contact and laser proximity fuzes
Wingspan	360 mm
Propellant	single-stage solid propellant rocket motor
Operational range	5 kilometres (3.1 mi)
Flight altitude	3,500 metres (11,500 ft)
Speed	550 m/s
Guidance system	dual-mode passive 'photocontrast'/IR seeker

The Strela-10 system was originally designed to use the 9M37 missile as its primary weapon, but its launch system was designed to be also backwards compatible with the 9M31M missile of the earlier 9K31 Strela-1 (SA-9 "Gaskin") system.

Each 9M37 missile is 2.2 m (7.2 ft) long, weighs 40 kg (88 pounds) and carries a 3.5 kg (7-15 pound) warhead. The maximum speed of the missile is near Mach 2, engagement range is from 500...800 to 5000 m (0.3–3 miles) and engagement altitude is between 10 and 3500 m (33-11,500 ft). (The ranges define the zone of target intercept, minimum and maximum launch distances are longer for approaching and shorter for receding targets, depending on the target's speed, altitude and flight direction.)

Four missiles are mounted on the turret in boxes, ready to launch, and eight more are carried inside the vehicle as reloads. Reloading takes around 3 minutes.

The 9M37 was quickly replaced with a slightly improved 9M37M (main improvement was in more efficient autopilot system for missile flight path control), and later the more significantly upgraded 9M333, which introduced:

• heavier warhead of improved expanding-rod design and larger HE content
• new proximity fuzing with 8-ray laser to improve probability of fuzing on near misses of very small targets such as cruise missiles or UAVs
• triple-channel guidance system for more robust countermeasure rejection
• improved engine to provide similar performance despite the slight increase in missile length and weight.

All missiles—9M31M, 9M37, 9M37M and 9M333—are equipped with optical homing heads utilizing reticle-based photocontrast and/or infrared homing. 9M333 is said to have particularly good countermeasures resistance due to its triple-channel homing head, while the photocontrast channel of 9M37/9M37M is described as back-up method to the IR channel.

All main variants—Strela-10SV, Strela-10M, Strela-10M2 and Strela-10M3—can use all aforementioned missile types.

The main characteristics of the missiles are listed in the table below, based on source number, unless otherwise noted. For comparison purposes data for nearest western equivalent, the somewhat larger and heavier MIM-72 Chaparral, is also provided.

Missile	9M31M	9M37	9M37M	9M333	MIM-72A	MIM-72G
year of introduction	1971	1976	1981	1989	1967	1982/1990(*)
diameter [mm]	120	120	120	120	127	127
length [mm]	1803	2190	2190	2 230	2900	2900
weight [kg]	32	40	40	42	86	86
warhead (HE) [kg]	2.6	3	3	5	11	12.6
fuze	impact and proximity	proximity + impact	proximity + impact	8-ray laser proximity + impact	impact + radar proximity	impact + directional doppler radar proximity
seeker head	AM-modulated photocontrast (uncooled PbS detector element)	Two-channel: 1) AM-modulated photocontrast (cooled PbS), 2) FM-modulated uncooled IR	Two-channel: 1) AM-modulated photocontrast (cooled PbS), 2) FM-modulated uncooled IR	Three-channel: 1) photocontrast, 2) IR, 3) IRCCM channel	cooled IR of AIM-9D (limited/no forward hemisphere capability)	two-channel: 1) cooled all-aspect IR, 2) UV (forward-hemisphere / long-range homing + IRCCM)
Min. range of target destruction [km]	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	?	?
Max. range of target destruction [km]	4.2	5.0	5.0	5.0	6..9 (sources vary)	6..9 (sources vary)
Min. intercept altitude [m]	30	25	25	10	15	15
Max. intercept altitude [m]	3000..3500	3500	3500	3500	3000	3000
speed [m/s]	420	517	517	517	Mach 1.5	Mach 1.5
target max speed [m/s]: approaching / receding	?	415/310	415/310	415/310	?	?

(*) Contract for production of MIM-72G by retrofitting new components was awarded in late 1982, with all missile in US service upgraded by the late 1980s. New production of MIM-72G missiles started in 1990.

As the photocontrast channel provides effective head-on engagement ability, firing range against an approaching target can be considerably longer than the maximum ranges listed above, likewise maximum firing range would be considerably less than the maximum range of target destruction against a receding target. Definition of range and effective ceiling for MIM-72 is unknown and the figures are therefore not directly comparable.

Combat use

Angolan War

On February 20, 1988, 31-year-old Major Edward Richard Every from 1st Squadron, SAAF was killed in action when his Mirage F1AZ (serial 245), was shot down by a SA-13 Gopher surface-to-air missile in Cuatir (near Menongue) while on an operational attack over Southern Angola.

Operation Desert Storm

Iraq had several operational Strela-10 systems in the beginning of the 1991 operation to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi occupation, most if not all of which were organized as part of the battlefield air defence systems of the Republican Guard divisions.

During the operation, a total of 27 coalition aircraft are believed to have been hit by Iraqi IR-homing SAMs, resulting in a total of 14 aircraft losses. Some of the aircraft losses were shot down on the spot, while others, such as the OA-10A 77-0197, managed to return to base only to be lost on a crashed landing. Others still landed safely but were since written off as total losses.

At least two of the losses are believed to have been due to Strela-10 hits: on Feb 15th an A-10A Warthog 78-0722 of 353rd TFS/354th TFW was hit by a SAM believed to be Strela-10 some 60 miles north west of Kuwait city while attacking Republican Guard targets. Pilot Lt Robert Sweet ejected and was made a Prisoner of War. While attempting to protect Sweet on the ground, his wingman Steven Phyllis flying A-10A 79-0130 was also hit by what is believed to have been a missile from a Strela-10. Phyllis was killed in the incident.

Gallery

Operators

Map of 9K35 operators in blue with former operators in red

Current operators

• Afghanistan
• Angola
• Armenia
• Azerbaijan
• Belarus: 350 SA-8, SA-11, SA-12 and SA-13.
• Bulgaria: 20
• Croatia: 10 (Croatian upgraded versions)
• Cuba: 42
• Czech Republic
• Georgia
• Hungary
• India
• Jordan
• Libya
• Macedonia: 21 launchers
• Mongolia
• North Korea
• Russia: 350. In production missile 9M333 (2014). 36 Strela-10MNs in 2014-2015.
• Serbia: 18(Upgraded) ; local production 9M37M missile
• Syria 35 ; a relatively old information
• Ukraine: 150
• Vietnam: 200

Former operators

• Czechoslovakia: Passed on successor states
• Poland: 4, probably withdrawn in 2001-2002.
• Slovakia: Withdrawn from service
• Soviet Union: Passed on successor states
• Yugoslavia: Passed on successor states
• Iraq: Some destroyed in combat, all remaining units were written off after the Iraq War in 2003.

External links

• Federation of American Scientists page
• Asronautix.com
• Training launch video
• Video on the arc-lamp proximity fuze