Russian submarine Kursk (K-141)

For the Kansas state highway, see K-141 (Kansas highway).

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History
Russia
Name:	K-141 Kursk
Namesake:	Named after the Russian city Kursk
Laid down:	1992
Launched:	1994
Commissioned:	December 1994
Struck:	August 2000
Fate:	Sank 12 August 2000 with all 118 hands in 100 m (330 ft) of water in Barents Sea
Status:	Raised from the seafloor (except bow), towed to shipyard, and dismantled
General characteristics
Class & type:	Oscar II-class submarine
Displacement:	13,400 to 16,400 tonnes (13,200 to 16,100 long tons; 14,800 to 18,100 short tons)
Length:	154.0 m (505.2 ft)
Beam:	18.2 m (60 ft)
Draft:	9.0 m (29.5 ft)
Propulsion:	2 OK-650b nuclear reactors , 2 steam turbines, two 7-bladed propellers
Speed:	32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph) submerged, 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) surfaced
Test depth:	300 to 500 metres (980 to 1,640 ft) (by various estimates)
Complement:	44 officers, 68 enlisted
Armament:	24 × SS-N-19/P-700 Granit, 4 × 533 mm (21 in) and 2 × 650 mm (26 in) torpedo tubes (bow); 24 torpedoes
Notes:	Home port: Vidyaevo, Russia

K-141 Kursk (full Russian name Атомная Подводная Лодка «Курск» (АПЛ «Курск»), Atomnaya Podvodnaya Lodka "Kursk" (APL "Kursk"), meaning "Nuclear-powered submarine Kursk") was an Oscar-II class nuclear-powered cruise-missile submarine of the Russian Navy which was lost with all hands when it sank in the Barents Sea on 12 August 2000. It was a Project 949A Антей (Antey, Antaeus; NATO reporting name "Oscar II") submarine.

It was named after the Russian city of Kursk, around which the largest tank battle in history, the Battle of Kursk, took place in 1943. One of the first vessels completed after the end of the Soviet Union, it was commissioned into the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet.

Construction

Work on building Kursk began in 1990 at Severodvinsk, near Arkhangelsk. Launched in 1994, it was commissioned in December of that year. It was the penultimate Oscar II class submarine designed and approved in the Soviet era.

Capabilities

The Antey design represented the highest achievement of Soviet nuclear submarine technology. They were the largest attack submarines ever built. It was built to defeat an entire United States aircraft carrier group. A single Type 65 torpedo carried a 450 kg (990 lb) warhead powerful enough to sink an aircraft carrier. Both missiles and torpedoes could be equipped with nuclear warheads. She was longer than any other Oscar I-class submarine. The senior officers had individual staterooms and the entire crew had access to a gymnasium.

The outer hull, made of high-nickel, high-chrome content stainless steel 8.5 mm (0.33 in) thick, had exceptionally good resistance to corrosion and a weak magnetic signature which helped prevent detection by U.S. magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) systems. There was a 200 cm (79 in) gap to the 50.8 mm (2.00 in)-thick steel pressure hull. She was designed to remain submerged for up to 120 days. The sail superstructure was reinforced to allow it to break through the Arctic ice. The submarine was armed with 24 SS-N-19/P-700 Granit cruise missiles, and eight torpedo tubes in the bow: four 533 mm (21 in) and four 650 mm (26 in). The Granit missiles with a range of 550 km (340 mi), were capable of supersonic flight at altitudes over 20 km (12 mi). They were designed to swarm enemy vessels and intelligently choose individual targets which terminated with a dive onto the target. The torpedo tubes could be used to launch either torpedoes or anti-ship missiles with a range of 50 km (31 mi). Her weapons included 18 SS-N-16 "Stallion" anti-ship missiles designed to defeat the best Western naval air defenses.

Kursk was part of Russia's Northern Fleet, which had suffered funding cutbacks throughout the 1990s. Many of its submarines were anchored and rusting in Zapadnaya Litsa Naval Base, 100 km (62 mi) from Murmansk. Little work to maintain all but the most essential front-line equipment, including search and rescue equipment, had occurred. Northern Fleet sailors had gone unpaid in the mid-1990s.

Deployments

During its five years of service, Kursk completed only one mission, a six-month deployment to the Mediterranean during the summer of 1999 to monitor the United States Sixth Fleet responding to the Kosovo crisis. This was due to a lack of funds for fuel. As a result, many of its crew had spent little time at sea and were inexperienced.

Naval exercise and disaster

Main article: Kursk submarine disaster

Kursk joined the "Summer-X" exercise, the first large-scale naval exercise planned by the Russian Navy in more than a decade, on 10 August 2000. It included 30 ships including the fleet's flagship Pyotr Velikiy ("Peter the Great"), four attack submarines, and a flotilla of smaller ships. The crew had recently won a citation for its excellent performance and been recognized as the best submarine crew in the Northern Fleet. While it was an exercise, Kursk loaded a full complement of combat weapons. It was one of the few ships authorized to carry a combat load at all times.

Explosion

On the first day of the exercise, Kursk successfully launched a Granit missile armed with a dummy warhead. Two days later, on the morning of 12 August, she prepared to fire dummy torpedoes at the Kirov-class battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy. These practice torpedoes had no explosive warheads and were manufactured and tested at a much lower quality standard. On 12 August 2000, at 11:28 local time (07:28 UTC), there was an explosion while preparing to fire. The Russian Navy's final report on the disaster concluded the explosion was due to the failure of one of Kursk's hydrogen peroxide-fueled Type 65 torpedoes. A subsequent investigation concluded that HTP, a form of highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide used as propellant for the torpedo, seeped through a faulty weld in the torpedo casing. When HTP comes in contact with a catalyst, it rapidly expands by a factor of 5000, generating vast quantities of steam and oxygen. The pressure produced by the expanding HTP ruptured the kerosene fuel tank in the torpedo and set off an explosion equal to 100–250 kilograms (220–550 lb) of TNT. The submarine sank in relatively shallow water, bottoming at 108 metres (354 ft) about 135 km (84 mi) off Severomorsk, at . A second explosion 135 seconds after the initial event was equivalent to 3-7 tons of TNT. The explosions blew a large hole in the hull and collapsed the first three compartments of the sub, killing or incapacitating all but 23 of the 118 personnel on board.

Rescue attempts

Though the American, British and Norwegian navies offered assistance, Russia refused all help. All 118 sailors and officers aboard Kursk died. The Russian Admiralty initially told the public that the majority of the crew died within minutes of the explosion, but on 21 August Norwegian and Russian divers found 24 bodies in the ninth compartment, the turbine room at the stern of the boat. Captain-lieutenant Dmitri Kolesnikov wrote a note listing the names of 23 sailors who were alive in the compartment after the ship sank.

Kursk carried a potassium superoxide cartridge of a chemical oxygen generator, used to absorb carbon dioxide and chemically release oxygen during an emergency. However, the cartridge became contaminated with sea water and the resulting chemical reaction caused a flash fire which consumed the available oxygen. The investigation showed that some men temporarily survived the fire by plunging under water, as fire marks on the bulkheads indicated the water was at waist level at the time. Ultimately, the remaining crew burned to death or suffocated.

Russian President Vladimir Putin, though immediately informed of the tragedy, was told by the navy that they had the situation under control and rescue was imminent. He waited five days before he ended his holiday at a presidential resort in Sochi on the Black Sea. Only four months into his tenure as President, the public and media were extremely critical of Putin's decision to remain at a seaside resort, and his highly favourable ratings dropped dramatically. The President's response appeared callous and the government's actions looked incompetent. A year later he said, "I probably should have returned to Moscow, but nothing would have changed. I had the same level of communication both in Sochi and in Moscow, but from a PR point of view I could have demonstrated some special eagerness to return."

Submarine recovery

Submarine wreck after the disaster

A consortium formed by the Dutch companies Mammoet and Smit International was awarded a contract by Russia to raise the vessel, excluding the bow. They modified the barge Giant 4 which raised Kursk and recovered the remains of the sailors.

During salvage in 2001, the team first cut the bow off the hull using a tungsten carbide-studded cable. As this tool had the potential to cause sparks which could ignite remaining pockets of volatile gases, such as hydrogen, the operation was carefully executed. Most of the bow was abandoned and the balance of the vessel was towed to Severomorsk and placed in a floating dry dock for forensic analysis.

The remains of Kursk's reactor compartment was towed to Sayda Bay on Russia's northern Kola Peninsula – where more than 50 reactor compartments were afloat at pier points – after a shipyard had defuelled the boat in early 2003. The rest of the boat was then dismantled for scrap.

Some torpedo and torpedo tube fragments from the bow were recovered and the balance was destroyed by explosives in 2002.

Official inquiry results

Finally pushing aside the navy's long-standing blame on a collision with a foreign vessel, a report issued by the government attributed the disaster to a torpedo explosion caused when high-test peroxide (HTP), a form of highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide, leaked from a faulty weld in the torpedo's casing. The report found that the initial explosion destroyed the torpedo room compartment and killed everyone in the first compartment. The blast entered the second and perhaps the third and fourth compartments through an air conditioning vent. All of the 36 men in the command post located in the second compartment were immediately incapacitated by the blast wave and possibly killed. The first explosion caused a fire that raised the temperature of the compartment to more than 2,700 °C (4,890 °F). The heat triggered the warheads of between five to seven additional torpedoes to detonate, creating an explosion equivalent to 2-3 tons of TNT that was measured 4.2 on the Richter scale on seismographs across Europe and was detected as far away as Alaska.

Other explanation

Vice-Admiral Valery Ryazantsev differed with the government's official conclusion. He cited inadequate training, poor maintenance, and incomplete inspections that caused the crew to mishandle the weapon. During the examination of the wrecked sub, investigators recovered a partially burned copy of the safety instructions for loading HTP torpedoes, but the instructions were for a significantly different type of torpedo and failed to include essential steps for testing an air valve. The 7th Division, 1st Submarine Flotilla never inspected Kursk's crew's qualifications and readiness to fire HTP torpedoes. Kursk's crew had no prior experience with and hadn't been trained in handling or firing HTP powered torpedoes. Due to their inexperience and lack of training, compounded by incomplete inspections and oversight, and because the Kursk's crew followed faulty instructions when loading the practice torpedo, Ryazantsev believes they set off a chain of events that led to the explosion.

See also

• List of Russian military accidents
• 2008 Russian submarine accident
• List of sunken nuclear submarines
• Major submarine incidents since 2000
• Submarines destroyed by hot-running torpedoes: HMS Sidon, and possibly USS Scorpion.
• Igor Spasskiy - The designer of the Oscar II class

Books

• Dunmore, Spencer (2002), Lost Subs: From the "Hunley" to the "Kursk", the Greatest Submarines Ever Lost - And Found. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-81140-5
• Moore, Robert (2002), A Time to Die: The Untold Story of the Kursk Tragedy. Crown Publishers NY, NY. ISBN 978-0609610008
• Weir, Gary E. and Boyne, Walter J. (2003), Rising Tide: The Untold Story Of The Russian Submarines That Fought The Cold War. Basic Books, NY, NY. ISBN 978-0465091126
• Flynn, Ramsey (2004), Cry from the Deep: The Sinking of the Kursk, the Submarine Disaster That Riveted the World and Put the New Russia to the Ultimate Test. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0060936419
• Rear Admiral Mian Zahir Shah (2005) Sea Phoenix: A True Submarine Story. ISBN 978-9698318048

Music

• The first vocal album of the Russian singer, actress and composer Katerina Ksenyeva, Lullaby for a Man, starts with her rock ballad "Lullaby for a Man" about the crew of the Kursk.
• Russian band DDT or ДДТ wrote a song called "Kapitan Kolesnikov", or «Капитан Колесников» about the Kursk.
• "Barren the Sea" - song about the incident, by Sequoya
• Scottish band Mogwai wrote the song "Travel Is Dangerous" about the tragedy from the viewpoint of the men who perished on board the Kursk.
• Swedish heavy metal band Wolf wrote a song called "K-141 Kursk" detailing the events of the disaster
• Canadian musician Loscil wrote a song called "Kursk" – an ambient music piece on his album, Submers – an album dedicated to different submarines.
• English musician Matt Elliott wrote the song "The Kursk" about the thoughts of a man trapped in the sunken ship.
• Hungarian metal band Cool Head Clan wrote a song "Torpedó" about the tragedy of Kursk.
• Australian composer David Chisholm collaborated with Russian poet Anzhelina Polonskaya on an oratorio requiem KURSK, for 10 voices and chamber orchestra that premiered at the 2011 Melbourne Festival to five-star reviews.
• American post-rock band Explosions in the Sky wrote an instrumental "Six Days at the Bottom of the Ocean" around the story of the Kursk.

Theatre

• The Kursk - play about the trapped survivors, By Sasha Janowicz.
• Kursk - a play by playwright Bryony Lavery from the British point of view.

External links

• Documentary The Raising of the Kursk (TV 2002) at IMDb
• Project 949 Granit / Oscar I Project 949A Antey / Oscar II
• BBC: Kursk mistakes haunt Russia
• KURSK on the wrecksite, chart and position
• Kursk memorial website
• Risks and hazards during the recovery of the Kursk
• A detailed timeline of the recovery operations
• Raising the Kursk, 31-minute technical documentary video