Night eating syndrome
| Night eating syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| Specialty | Psychiatry |
| ICD-9-CM | 307.59 |
| Patient UK | Night eating syndrome |
Night eating syndrome (NES) is an eating disorder, characterized by a delayed circadian pattern of food intake.[1] Although there is some degree of comorbidity with binge eating disorder,[1] it differs from binge eating in that the amount of food consumed in the evening/night is not necessarily objectively large nor is a loss of control over food intake required. It was originally described by Dr. Albert Stunkard in 1955 [2] and is currently included in the other specified feeding or eating disorder category of the DSM-5.[3] Research diagnostic criteria have been proposed[1] and include evening hyperphagia (consumption of 25% or more of the total daily calories after the evening meal) and/or nocturnal awakening and ingestion of food two or more times per week. The person must have awareness of the night eating to differentiate it from the parasomnia sleep-related eating disorder (SRED). Three of five associated symptoms must also be present: lack of morning hunger, urges to eat in the evening/at night, belief that one must eat in order to fall back to sleep at night, depressed mood, and/or difficulty sleeping. NES affects both men and women,[4] between 1 and 2% of the general population,[5] and approximately 10% of obese individuals.[6] The age of onset is typically in early adulthood (spanning from late teenage years to late twenties) and is often long-lasting,[7] with children rarely reporting NES.[8] People with NES have been shown to have higher scores for depression and low self-esteem, and it has been demonstrated that nocturnal levels of the hormones melatonin and leptin are decreased.[9] The relationship between NES and the parasomnia SRED is in need of further clarification. There is debate as to whether these should be viewed as separate diseases, or part of a continuum.[10] Consuming foods rich in serotonin has been suggested to aid in the treatment of NES.[11]
Co-morbidities
NES is sometimes associated with excess weight; as many as 28% of individuals seeking gastric bypass surgery were found to suffer from NES in one study.[12] However, not all individuals with NES are overweight.[9][13] Night eating has been associated with diabetic complications.[14] Many people with NES also experience depressed mood [9][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] and anxiety disorders.[20][21][23][24]
See also
References
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- ↑ American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
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