National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina

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National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina
National Museum of BiH Aerial.JPG
Established 1888 (Conceived in 1850)
Location Ulica Zmaja od Bosne 3
Website www.zemaljskimuzej.ba

The National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian: Zemaljski Muzej Bosne i Hercegovine / Земаљски музеј Босне и Херцеговине) is located in central Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

It was established in 1888, having originally been conceived around 1850. In 1913, the museum was enlarged by the Czech architect Karel Pařík who designed a structure of four symmetric pavilions with a facade in the Italian Renaissance Revival style. The four pavilions contain the departments of archaeology, ethnology, natural history, and a library. After being closed for several years due to heavy damage in the recent war, the museum has re-opened and is in the process of mounting new and pre-existing exhibits.

The museum is a cultural and scientific institution covering a wide range of areas including archaeology, art history, ethnology, geography, history and natural history. The Sarajevo Haggadah, an illuminated manuscript and the oldest Sephardic Jewish document in the world issued in Barcelona around 1350, containing the traditional Jewish Haggadah, is held at the museum.

It has a library with 162,000 volumes.[1]

On 4 October 2012, after 124 years of operation the institution closed its doors due to ongoing disputes about its funding.[2] It did not get any funding in 2011, and in January 2012, the local government allocated funding which would be sufficient to pay existing utility bills but not to prevent the closure in the future.[3]

History and Governance

Museum Development

File:Medieval tombstones around National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina.JPG
Medieval tombstones around National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The museum is the oldest cultural and scientific institution in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Though conceived in 1850 as an idea by the Ottomans when they ruled Sarajevo, it was not until the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (which captured modern day Bosnia and Herzegovina from the Ottomans in 1878) that the museum was officially established and built.[4]

1888-1913

Part of the Austro-Hungarian policy goals was to raise literacy levels and maintain European-standard education. Under their administration, a Museum Society was formed on February 1, 1888 in order to further this agenda in the form of a museum. The first director of the museum was Mr. Kosta Hörmann, an advisor to the Austro-Hungarian government. Greatly influenced by the orientation of 19th-century European science heuristics and culture, the museum's collection under Hörmann grew rapidly especially in the departments of natural history and archaeology. By the early 20th century, the museum began to outgrow its original premises and in 1908, construction on a new building to house the museum's collections began. Construction on the new building completed in 1913 and the Museum was officially opened on October 4 of that year. Throughout this all, the museum was funded by the Austro-Hungarian's departments of education and culture as well as by private donations and charity events led by the Museum Society.[5]

1913-1991

National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina

With the opening of the museum in its new home in 1913 (where it still remains), its collections that varied from history, geography, archaeology (prehistoric, ancient and mediaeval), ethnology, history of art and natural history (biology, geology and mineralogy), and to some extent language, literature, statistics and bibliography, were divided into four buildings based on a new set of categories: Archaeology, Ethnology, Natural History, and the Library.

Two years later in 1914, as World War I began, the museum suspended its operations. After the end of the war in 1918, which was followed by the first union of the South Slavs, the museum resumed its operations under the administration of what was then called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which was later known as Yugoslavia. Under this administration, which lasted during the interwar years of 1918-1945, a hegemonic centralized administration was developed in which the judicial branch of government along with the Serbian bourgeoisie, paid very little economic and cultural attention to Bosnia and Herzegovina. This led to an abrupt socio-economic, political and cultural decay in Sarajevo as it found itself in the margins of the Kingdom. The National Museum thus lost much of its funding and clout and was beginning to lose its ability to maintain and archive its artifacts. As World War II approached in 1941 (and lasted till 1945), the National Museum's troubles further developed as its opportunities to operate diminished. It was during this war-time period that the National Museum experienced the least activity and development.[6]

After World War II, under a Socialist Yugoslavia, the National Museum made slow progress until the early part of the 1960s. Culture was declared to be of special importance for society by the Socialist Government and this period in time marked some of the National Museum's highest achievements in scientific research and publishing activities and exhibitions. The publications include: "Zbornik srednjovjekovnih natpisa Bosne i Hercegovine" I (1962), II (1964), III (1964), IV (1970); Sergejevski, D.: "Bazilika u Dabravini" (1956); Benac, A. & Čović, B.: "Glasinac" I (1956), II (1957); Pašalić, E.: "Antička naselja i komunikacije u BiH" (1960); Čulić, Z. : "Narodne nošnje u BiH" (1963); Buturović, Đ.: "Narodne pjesme Muslimana u BiH" (1966); Vuković, T. & Ivanović, B.: "Slatkovodne ribe Jugoslavije" (1971); Đurović, E, Vuković, T. & Pocrnjić, Z. : "Vodozemci BiH" (1979); Šilić, Č.: "Monografija rodova Satureja L, Calamintha Miller, Micromeria Bentham, Acinos Miller i Clinopodium L. u flori Jugoslavije" (1979); Trubelja, F. & Barić, LJ. : "Minerali BiH" Vol. I, Silikati (1979); Čović, B.: "Pod kod BugojnA. Naselje bronzanog i željeznog doba u centralnoj Bosni" I: Rano bronzano dobA. (1991); Mediaeval tombstones of Bosnia and Herzegovina:Benac; A.: "Radimlja" (1950); Benac, A.: "Široki Brijeg" (1952); Sergejevski, D.: "Ludmer" (1952); Vego, M.: "Ljubuški" (1954); "Anali Zemaljskog muzeja in Sarajevo" (1961, 1938 - 1962, 1963, 1964, 1966); "Spomenica stogodišnjice rada Zemaljskog muzeja BiH 1888 - 1988" (1988); Proceedings of the Scientific Conference "Minerali, stijene, izumrli i živi svijet BiH" (1988); International Symposium "Bosna i Hercegovina u tokovima istorijskih i kulturnih kretanja u jugoistočnoj Evropi" (1988).[7]

1992-1995

File:Structural damage (1992-1995).JPG
Structural damage inside museum grounds sustained during 1992-1995 period.

The War in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992-1995 not only ended the prolific activity of the National Museum, but it directly caused structural damage to the building. During this time, artillery shells crashed through the roof, 300 windows were broken, and many of its gallery walls torn down. Sections of the Museum’s artifacts and archives that could not be hidden were exposed to the elements or artillery. The Museum’s director at the time, Dr. Rizo Sijari, was killed by a grenade blast on December 10, 1993 while he was arranging the holes in the museum's building to be covered by UN relief plastic sheeting.[8]

1995-2012

After the end of the war, the museum reopened as a work in progress thanks to numerous donations and contributions by: the Institute for Protection of Cultural Monuments and National Museum, the Historical and Natural Heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina, UNESCO, the Federal Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sport,[9] the Institute for Planning and Construction of the City of Sarajevo, the International Peace Center in Sarajevo,[10] Swiss museums, Swiss ICOM and the Swiss National Museum in Zurich, BHHR, Norks Folkesmuseum from Oslo, the Swedish Cultural Heritage without Borders Foundation,[11] the Museum of Natural History, the Museum of Ethnography, the Museum of Islamic Art and other Swedish museums, as well as many others.

2015-

The Museum reopened its doors to the public in September 2015 thanks in large part to a donation from the U.S. Embassy Of BIH's Ambassador Fund.

Departments and Exhibitions

The Department of Archaeology

The Department of Archaeology includes sections for prehistory, ancient history, mediaeval history, documentation and a conservation laboratory. The archaeological collections document all aspects of human life in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the Old Stone Age to the late Middle Ages. The artifacts of the collections have mainly been collected during field research, though some have been acquired by exchange, gift or purchase.[12]

Exhibitions

Bosnia and Herzegovina in Ancient History, Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Middle Ages.[13]

The Natural History Department

Calcite Crystal found at Trebević mountain around Sarajevo; Bosnia and Herzegovina on display at National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The Natural History Department covers the flora and fauna and the geology of Bosnia and Herzegovina and elsewhere, constituting of around 2,000,000 specimens collected from field research,exchange, gift or purchase.The Department consists of a Geology Section, a Zoology Section and a Botany Section, the latter including the Botanical Garden.[14]

Exhibitions

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See also: Natural resources of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Botanical Garden, Pleistocene and subfossil vertebrates of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Fauna of mountain rivers and streams, Cave fauna, Minerals, Rocks and ores, Flora and fauna of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Higher fungi (Macromycetes, Medicinal plants and endemic plants of the Dinarides,Mammals,Invertebrates and Birds of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[15]

The Ethnology Department

The Ethnology Department is responsible for collecting, preserving, exhibiting and studying all aspects of the material, spiritual and social culture of the peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since 1913, the Department has been arranged to illustrate a traditional urban house in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The collection of ethnological material began when the Museum was established in 1888, with the purchase of some very valuable ethnological artifacts such as sets of traditional costume. The Department is engaged in museological work, scientific research and educational work.[16]

Exhibitions

Dioramas and models,The life and Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina's Urban Population in the 19th century, Which shirt is mine? - temporary exhibition.[17]

The Library of the National Museum

The Library of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina was opened in 1888 as the first scientific library in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It contains about 250,000 publications (journals, periodicals, books, newspapers) in the fields of archaeology, history, ethnology, folklore, mineralogy, geology, botany, zoology and museology. Publications are now exchanged with 341 institutions.[18]

Funding Crisis and Museum Closure

File:National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina - posters on entrance.JPG
National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina - posters on entrance

On Thursday, 4 October 2012, the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina closed after 124 years of existence.[19] Budgetary restraints have been stated as the main cause for the Museum's closure, although political and cultural issues have also been reported as contributing factors.[20] The Council of Europe noted: "After the war the different cultural groups, who define themselves as nations, have all wanted their own national cultural institutions."[21]

Several demonstrations took place to protest the Museum closing. Several students chained themselves to a pole in the lobby and remained inside, declaring they would stay there until the museum reopened. Dozens of others held a sit-in in front of the building.[22]

Leading up to its closure, the Museum's heating was turned off on 6 January 2012 and electricity went out on 26 September 2012.[23] The Museum's 65 employees came to work for over a year without being paid.[24]

Disputed Items

The Sarajevo Haggadah, a 600-year-old Jewish manuscript and one of Bosnia's most prized relics, remains locked inside the closed Museum in a high-security glass case.[25] The manuscript, handwritten on bleached calfskin, dates to the once-thriving Jewish community in Spain and describes events ranging from the Creation to the Jewish exodus from ancient Egypt to the death of Moses.[26] It is estimated to be worth over 700 million dollars.[27]

New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art Metropolitan offered in November 2012 to host the relic for three years, but the country's Commission for the Preservation of National Monuments rejected the offer due to the unresolved legal status of the National Museum. Additionally, moving the document to New York would require special care, but the funds needed to prepare for the transfer are unavailable.[28]

Gallery

  • Calcite crystal from Trebević on display at the museum

  • Smoke pipe made out of sepiolite from Prnjavor

  • Bentbaša Agate.JPG

    Sarajevo Agate from Bentbaša region.

  • Sarajevo Museum minerals on display.JPG

    Museum minerals on display

  • Sarajevo Museum rocks on display.JPG

    Museum rocks on display

  • Izložba Leptiri Zemaljski Muzej Bosne i Hercegovine.JPG

    Butterfly collection

  • Coat of arms Kings of Bosnia.

  • National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina inside view.JPG

    Museum inside view

  • Visoko traditional Bosnian building for processing of leather

  • Stećak (National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina).JPG

    Stećak located at National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bosnia and Herzegovina - Libraries and museums
  2. ↑ Bosnia's National Museum Shuts Down
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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External links


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