Nassau William Senior

Nassau William Senior
Nassau William Senior
Born	Jean Charles Léonard Simonde (1790-09-26)26 September 1790 Compton, Berkshire
Died	4 June 1864(1864-06-04) Kensington
Nationality	English
School or tradition	Classical economics
Influences	Adam Smith
Influenced	John Stuart Mill

Nassau William Senior (/ˈsiːnjər/; 26 September 1790 – 4 June 1864), was an English lawyer known as an economist. He was also a government adviser over several decades in the areas of economic and social policy, on which he wrote extensively.

Early life

He was born at Compton, Berkshire, the eldest son of the Rev. J. R. Senior, vicar of Durnford, Wiltshire. He was educated at Eton College and Magdalen College, Oxford; at university he was a private pupil of Richard Whately, afterwards archbishop of Dublin, with whom he remained connected by ties of lifelong friendship. He took the degree of B.A. in 1811, and became a Vinerian Scholar in 1813.

Lawyer, economist, public figure

Senior went into the field of conveyancing, with a pupilage under Edward Burtenshaw Sugden. When Sugden rather abruptly informed his pupils in 1816 that he was concentrating on chancery work, Senior took steps to qualify as a Certified Conveyancer, which he did in 1817. With one other pupil, Aaron Hurrill, he then took over Sugden's practice. Senior was called to the bar in 1819, but problems with public speaking limited his potential career as an advocate. In 1836, during the chancellorship of Lord Cottenham, he was appointed a master in chancery.

On the foundation of the Drummond professorship of political economy at Oxford in 1825 Senior was elected to fill the chair, which he occupied till 1830, and again from 1847 to 1852. In 1830 he was requested by Lord Melbourne to inquire into the state of combinations and strikes, to report on the state of the law and to suggest improvements in it.

Senior was a member of the Poor Law Inquiry Commission of 1832, and of the Royal Commission of 1837 on handloom weavers . The report of the latter, published in 1841, was drawn up by him, and he embodied in it the substance of the report he had prepared some years before on combinations and strikes.

Later life

Senior became a good friend of Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859), whom he met in 1833 for the first time before the publishing of Democracy in America.

Senior was in the spring of 1849 legal advisor and counsellor to Jenny Lind, who then was performing in London. She intended to marry a soldier named Harris, and Senior was supposed to draw up marriage settlements. Harriet Grote in correspondence calls him Claudius Harris, a lieutenant of the Madras Cavalry; the Grote connection was that he was the brother of the wife of Joseph Grote, her husband George's brother. Senior accompanied Lind and Harriet Grote to Paris (amid civil strife and a cholera epidemic). The marriage failed to take place. Senior was "indirectly responsible for the contract which Jenny Lind condescended to sign in 1850 with the American promoter P. T. Barnum".

Senior was one of the commissioners appointed in 1864 to inquire into popular education in England. He died at Kensington on 4 June 1864.

Writings

Senior was a contributor to the Quarterly Review, Edinburgh Review, London Review and North British Review. In their pages he dealt with literary as well as with economic and political subjects. The London Review was a project of Senior from 1828, for a quarterly periodical. It was backed by Richard Whately and others of the Oriel Noetics, and with the help of Thomas Mayo, he found an editor in Joseph Blanco White. Early contributions from John Henry Newman, Edwin Chadwick and Senior himself (on the Waverley novels and William Jacob's views) were not enough to establish it, and it ceased publication mid-1829.

Economics

His writings on economic theory consisted of an article in the Encyclopædia Metropolitana, afterwards separately published as An Outline of the Science of Political Economy (1836), and his lectures delivered at Oxford. Of the latter the following were printed:

• An Introductory Lecture (1827)
• Two Lectures on Population, with a correspondence between the author and Malthus (1829)
• Three Lectures on the Transmission of the Precious Metals from Country to Country, and the Mercantile Theory of Wealth (1828)
• Three Lectures on the Cost of obtaining Money and on some Effects of Private and Government Paper Money (1830)
• Three Lectures on Wages and on the Effects of Absenteeism, Machinery and War, with a Preface on the Causes and Remedies of the Present Disturbances (1830, 2nd ed. 1831)
• A Lecture on the Production of Wealth (1847)
• Four Introductory Lectures on Political Economy (1852).

Several of his lectures were translated into French by M. Arrivabne under the title of Principes Fondamentaux d'Economie Politique (1835).

Social questions

Senior also wrote on administrative and social questions:

• Report on the Depressed State of the Agriculture of the United Kingdom. In: The Quarterly Review (1821), p. 466–504
• A Letter to Lord Howick on a Legal Provision for the Irish Poor, Commutation of Tithes and a Provision for the Irish Roman Catholic Clergy (1831, 3rd ed., 1832, with a preface containing suggestions as to the measures to be adopted in the present emergency)
• Statement of the Provision for the Poor and of the Condition of the Laboring Classes in a considerable portion of America and Europe, being the Preface to the Foreign Communications in the Appendix to the Poor Law Report (1835)
• On National Property, and on the Prospects of the Present Administration and of their Successors (anon.; 1835)
• Letters on the Factory Act, as it affects the Cotton Manufacture (1837)
• Suggestions on Popular Education (1861)
• American Slavery (in part a reprint from the Edinburgh Review, 1862)
• An Address on Education delivered to the Social Science Association (1863)

His contributions to the reviews were collected in volumes entitled Essays on Fiction (1864); Biographical Sketches (1865, chiefly of noted lawyers); and Historical and Philosophical Essays (1865).

In 1859 appeared his Journal kept in Turkey and Greece in the Autumn of 1857 and the Beginning of 1858; and the following were edited after his death by his daughter:

• Journals, Conversations and Essays relating to Ireland (1868)
• Journals kept in France and Italy from 1848 to 1852, with a Sketch of the Revolution of 1848 (1871)
• Conversations with Thiers, Guizot and other Distinguished Persons during the Second Empire (1878)
• Conversations with Distinguished Persons during the Second Empire, from 1860 to 1863 (1880)
• Conversations and Journals in Egypt and Malta (1882)
• also in 1872 Correspondence and Conversations with Alexis de Tocqueville from 1834 to 1859.

Senior's tracts on practical politics, though the theses they supported were sometimes questionable, were ably written and are still worth reading, but cannot be said to be of much permanent interest. But his name continues to hold an honorable, though secondary, place in the history of political economy. In the later years of his life, during his visits to foreign countries, he noted the political and social phenomena they exhibited. Several volumes of his journals were published.

Senior's view on political economy

Senior regarded political economy as a deductive science, of inferences from four elementary propositions; which are not assumptions, but facts. It concerns itself, however, with wealth only, and can therefore give no political advice. He pointed out inconsistencies of terminology in David Ricardo's works: for example, his use of value in the sense of cost of production; high and low wages in the sense of a certain proportion of the product as distinguished from an absolute amount; and his employment of the epithets fixed and circulating as applied to capital. He argued, too, that in some cases the premises assumed by Ricardo are false. He cited the assertions that rent depends on the difference of fertility of the different portions of land in cultivation; that the laborer always receives precisely the necessaries, or what custom leads him to consider the necessaries, of life; that, as wealth and population advance, agricultural labor becomes less and less proportionately productive; and that therefore the share of the produce taken by the landlord and the laborer must constantly increase, whilst that taken by the capitalist must constantly diminish; and he denied the truth of all these propositions.

Besides adopting some terms, such as that of natural agents, from Say, Senior introduced the term "abstinence" to express the conduct of the capitalist that is remunerated by interest. He added some considerations to what had been said by Adam Smith on the division of labor; and he distinguished between the rate of wages and the price of labor. But he assumed a determinate wage-fund.

Senior modified his opinions on population in the course of his career, and asserted that, in the absence of disturbing causes, subsistence may be expected to increase in a greater ratio than population. Charles Périn argued that he set up "egoism" as the guide of practical life. Cliffe Leslie attacked the abstraction implied in the phrase "desire of wealth".

Controversy: Irish Famine

Senior reportedly said of the Great Irish Famine of 1845

"would not kill more than one million people, and that would scarcely be enough to do any good."

This is one of the points frequently quoted by theorists who propose that the inaction of the British government and their laissez-faire attitude in supplying aid & relief during the Great Irish Famine is tantamount to deliberate genocide.

More specifically, believers in the genocide theories claim that the mindset of the highly educated and well regarded such as Senior, is demonstrated through this quote, and supports motives or personifies the contempt which existed among the English élite for the Irish subjects of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Costigan argues however, that this quote is taken out of context and reflects Senior's opinion purely from the viewpoint of the theory of political economy; in other words, that even such a large reduction in the population would not solve the underlying economic, social and political problems (which was to be proved correct). He argues that Senior made attempts over many years to improve the lot of the Irish people, even at considerable personal cost (in 1832 he was removed, after one year in office, from his position as Professor of Political Economy at King's College, London, for supporting the Catholic Church in Ireland). In his letter of 8 January 1836 to Lord Howick Senior writes,

With respect to the ejected tenantry, the stories that are told make one's blood boil. I must own that I differ from most persons as to the meaning of the words 'legitimate influence of property'. I think that the only legitimate influence is example and advice, and that a landlord who requires a tenant to vote in opposition to the tenant's feeling of duty is the suborner of a criminal act.'

Also, his notes of his visits to Birr in the 1850s mention his surprise and concern that the everyday lifestyle of the Irish poor had changed so little, despite the famine disaster. His theme is anti-poverty and not anti-Irish.

Though the aspect of Ireland is somewhat changed since 1852, and much since 1844, I doubt whether any great real alteration in the habits to feelings of the people has taken place. They still depend mainly on the potato. They still depend rather on the occupation of land, than on the wages of labour. They still erect for themselves the hovels in which they dwell. They are still eager to subdivide and to sublet. They are still the tools of their priests, and the priests are still ignorant of the economical laws on which the welfare of the labouring classes depends.

Family

Senior married Mary Charlotte Mair of Iron Acton, Gloucestershire, in 1821. Their daughter the memoirist Mary Charlotte Mair Simpson (1825–1907) acted as Senior's literary executor. Their son Nassau John Senior (1822–1891) was a lawyer, and married Jane Elizabeth Senior (1828–1877), an inspector of workhouses and schools.

See also

• Abstinence theory of interest

References

• Levy, S. Leon (1943). Nassau W. Senior, The Prophet of Modern Capitalism, Boston, Massachusetts: Bruce Humphries. OCLC 730126628
• Levy, S. Leon (1970). Nassau W. Senior 1790–1864, Newton Abbot : David & Charles. OCLC 463277765

External links

• Works by Nassau William Senior at Project Gutenberg