Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army

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This article is about the armed group in the Kokang region. For the armed group in the Mong La township, see National Democratic Alliance Army.
Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army
မြန်မာအမျိုးသား ဒီမိုကရက်တစ် မဟာမိတ်တပ်မတော်
Participant in the Internal conflict in Myanmar
Flag of Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army-2015.png
200px
Top: Flag of the MNDAA (2015–present)
Bottom: Flag of the MNDAA (1989–2015)
Active 1989 (1989)–present
Ideology Kokang nationalism
Separatism
Leaders Pheung Kya-shin[1]
Yan Win Zhong[2]
Area of operations Kokang Self-Administered Zone, Myanmar
Strength 2,000[2]–4,000[3]
Part of Myanmar National Truth and Justice Party
Originated as Communist Party of Burma
Allies Arakan Army Ta’ang National Liberation Army
Opponents Myanmar Government of Myanmar Union of Myanmar (until 2011)
Battles and wars Internal conflict in Myanmar

The Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (Burmese: မြန်မာအမျိုးသား ဒီမိုကရက်တစ် မဟာမိတ်တပ်မတော်; abbreviated MNDAA), also known as the Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army and the Kokang Army, is an armed insurgent group in the Kokang region, Myanmar (Burma). The army has existed since 1989, having been the first one to sign a ceasefire with the Burmese government that lasted for about two decades.[4][5]

History

The army was formed on 12 March 1989, after the local Communist Party of Burma leader, Phone Kyar Shin (Peng Jia Sheng), dissatisfied with the communists, broke away and formed the MNDAA.[6] Along with his brother, Peng Jiafu, they became the new unit in Kokang.[7] The strength of the army is between 1,500 and 2,000 men.[7]

The rebels soon became the first group to agree to a ceasefire with the government troops. Thus the Burmese government refers to the Kokang region controlled by the MNDAA as ‘Shan State Special Region 1’, indicating the MNDAA was the first group in the area of Shan State to sign a cease-fire agreement.[6] After the ceasefire, the area underwent an economic boom, with both the MNDAA and regional Myanmar Armed Forces (Tatmadaw) troops benefiting financially from increased opium harvests and heroin-refining.[8] The area also produces methamphetamine.[9] The MNDAA and other paramilitary groups control the cultivation areas, making it an easy target for drug trafficking and organised crime groups.[9] Peace Myanmar Group is used to launder and reinvest MNDAA's drug profits in the legal economy.[10]

Kokang incident

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Main article: 2009 Kokang incident

In August 2009, the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army became involved in a violent conflict with Burma's military junta's armed forces. This was the largest outbreak of fighting between ethnic armies and government troops since the signing of the cease-fire 20 years earlier.[11]

As a result of the conflict the MNDAA lost control of the area and as many as 30,000 refugees fled to Yunnan province in neighbouring China.[12]

Recent events

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Main article: 2015 Kokang conflict

On 9 February 2015 the MNDAA tried to retake the Kokang self-administered zone, which had been under its control until 2009 and clashed with Burmese government forces in Laukkai. The skirmishes left a total of 47 Government soldiers dead and 73 wounded. After the incident the government of China was accused of giving military assistance to the ethnic Kokang soldiers.[13]

See also

References

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External links

  1. ↑ Neither War Nor Peace - Transnational Institute
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Myanmar Peace Monitor - MNDAA
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Ethnic group in Myanmar said to break cease-fire. Associated Press. 28 August 2009.
  5. ↑ Fredholm, Michael (1993). Burma: ethnicity and insurgency. Praeger. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-275-94370-7.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 South, Ashley (2008). Ethnic politics in Burma: states of conflict. Taylor & Francis. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-203-89519-1.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Rotberg, Robert (1998). Burma: prospects for a democratic future. Brookings Institution Press. p. 169.
  8. ↑ Skidmore, Monique; Wilson, Trevor (2007). Myanmar: the state, community and the environment. ANU E Press. p. 69.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Shanty, Frank; Mishra, Patit Paban (2007). Organized crime: from trafficking to terrorism. ABC-CLIO. p. 70.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Johnson, Tim (29 August 2009). China Urges Burma to Bridle Ethnic Militia Uprising at Border. The Washington Post.
  12. ↑ 47 Myanmar soldiers reported dead in clashes with Kokang rebels
  13. ↑ Myanmar Kokang Rebels Deny Receiving Chinese Weapons
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