Midpoint method

For the midpoint rule in numerical quadrature, see rectangle method.

File:Midpoint method illustration.png

Illustration of the midpoint method assuming that $y_n$ equals the exact value $y(t_n).$ The midpoint method computes $y_{n+1}$ so that the red chord is approximately parallel to the tangent line at the midpoint (the green line).

In numerical analysis, a branch of applied mathematics, the midpoint method is a one-step method for numerically solving the differential equation,

$y'(t) = f(t, y(t)), \quad y(t_0) = y_0$.

The explicit midpoint method is given by the formula

$y_{n+1} = y_n + hf\left(t_n+\frac{h}{2},y_n+\frac{h}{2}f(t_n, y_n)\right), \qquad\qquad (1e)$

the implicit midpoint method by

$y_{n+1} = y_n + hf\left(t_n+\frac{h}{2},\frac12 (y_n+y_{n+1})\right), \qquad\qquad (1i)$

for $n=0, 1, 2, \dots$ Here, $h$ is the step size — a small positive number, $t_n=t_0 + n h,$ and $y_n$ is the computed approximate value of $y(t_n).$ The explicit midpoint method is also known as the modified Euler method, the implicit method is the most simple collocation method, and, applied to Hamiltionian dynamics, a symplectic integrator.

The name of the method comes from the fact that in the formula above the function $f$ giving the slope of the solution is evaluated at $t=t_n+h/2,$ which is the midpoint between $t_n$ at which the value of y(t) is known and $t_{n+1}$ at which the value of y(t) needs to be found.

The local error at each step of the midpoint method is of order $O\left(h^3\right)$, giving a global error of order $O\left(h^2\right)$. Thus, while more computationally intensive than Euler's method, the midpoint method's error generally decreases faster as $h \to 0$.

The methods are examples of a class of higher-order methods known as Runge-Kutta methods.

Derivation of the midpoint method

Illustration of numerical integration for the equation $y'=y, y(0)=1.$ Blue: the Euler method, green: the midpoint method, red: the exact solution, $y=e^t.$ The step size is $h=1.0.$

The same illustration for $h=0.25.$ It is seen that the midpoint method converges faster than the Euler method.

The midpoint method is a refinement of the Euler's method

$y_{n+1} = y_n + hf(t_n,y_n),\,$

and is derived in a similar manner. The key to deriving Euler's method is the approximate equality

$y(t+h) \approx y(t) + hf(t,y(t)) \qquad\qquad (2)$

which is obtained from the slope formula

$y'(t) \approx \frac{y(t+h) - y(t)}{h} \qquad\qquad (3)$

and keeping in mind that $y' = f(t, y).$

For the midpoint methods, one replaces (3) with the more accurate

$y'\left(t+\frac{h}{2}\right) \approx \frac{y(t+h) - y(t)}{h}$

when instead of (2) we find

$y(t+h) \approx y(t) + hf\left(t+\frac{h}{2},y\left(t+\frac{h}{2}\right)\right). \qquad\qquad (4)$

One cannot use this equation to find $y(t+h)$ as one does not know $y$ at $t+h/2$. The solution is then to use a Taylor series expansion exactly as if using the Euler method to solve for $y(t+h/2)$:

$y\left(t + \frac{h}{2}\right) \approx y(t) + \frac{h}{2}y'(t)=y(t) + \frac{h}{2}f(t, y(t)),$

which, when plugged in (4), gives us

$y(t + h) \approx y(t) + hf\left(t + \frac{h}{2}, y(t) + \frac{h}{2}f(t, y(t))\right)$

and the explicit midpoint method (1e).

The implicit method (1i) is obtained by approximating the value at the half step $t+h/2$ by the midpoint of the line segment from $y(t)$ to $y(t+h)$

$y\left(t+\frac h2\right)\approx \frac12\bigl(y(t)+y(t+h)\bigr)$

and thus

$\frac{y(t+h)-y(t)}{h}\approx y'\left(t+\frac h2\right)\approx k=f\left(t+\frac h2,\frac12\bigl(y(t)+y(t+h)\bigr)\right)$

Inserting the approximation $y_n+h\,k$ for $y(t_n+h)$ results in the implicit Runge-Kutta method

$\begin{align} k&=f\left(t_n+\frac h2,y_n+\frac h2 k\right)\\ y_{n+1}&=y_n+h\,k \end{align}$

which contains the implicit Euler method with step size $h/2$ as its first part.

Because of the time symmetry of the implicit method, all terms of even degree in $h$ of the local error cancel, so that the local error is automatically of order $\mathcal O(h^3)$. Replacing the implicit with the explicit Euler method in the determination of $k$ results again in the explicit midpoint method.

See also

• Rectangle method
• Heun's method
• Leapfrog integration and Verlet integration

References

• .