Marathon world record progression
This list is a chronological progression of record times for the marathon. World records in the marathon are now ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations, the international governing body for the sport of athletics. The IAAF world record for men is 2:02:57, set by Dennis Kimetto of Kenya on September 28, 2014 at the Berlin Marathon.[1][2] The IAAF recognizes two world records for women, a "Mixed Gender" record of 2:15:25, set by Paula Radcliffe of the United Kingdom on April 13, 2003 at the London Marathon, and a "Women Only" record of 2:17:42, also set by Radcliffe, on April 17, 2005 in the London Marathon.[1][3]
As noted below, a marathon performance must meet certain criteria to be eligible for ratification as a world record. In recognizing Kenyan Geoffrey Mutai's mark of 2:03:02 at the 2011 Boston Marathon as (at the time) "the fastest Marathon ever run", the IAAF has noted: "Due to the elevation drop and point-to-point measurements of the Boston course, performances [on that course] are not eligible for World record consideration."[4] The IAAF Congress at 2011 World Championships in Athletics passed a motion changing the record eligibility criteria effective January 2012, so that women's world records must be set in all-women competitions.[5] The result of the change was that Radcliffe's 2:17:42 performance at the 2005 London Marathon would supplant the existing women's mark as the "world record"; the earlier performance was to be referred to as a "world best".[5] The decision was met with strong protest, and in November 2011 an IAAF council member reported that Radcliffe's original mark would be allowed to stand, with the eventual decision that both marks would be recognized as "world records," the faster one as a "Mixed Gender" mark, the other as a "Women Only" mark.[6]
Contents
Criteria for record eligibility
In order for a performance to be ratified as a world record by the IAAF, the marathon course on which the performance occurred must be 42.195 kilometers[7] and measured in a defined manner using the calibrated bicycle method[8] and meet other criteria that rule out "artificially fast times" produced on courses aided by downhill slope or tailwind.[9] The criteria include:
- "The start and finish points of a course, measured along a theoretical straight line between them, shall not be further apart than 50% of the race distance."[7]
- "The decrease in elevation between the start and finish shall not exceed an average of one in a thousand, i.e. 1m per km."[7]
Road racing events like the marathon were specifically excepted from IAAF rule 260 18(d) that rejected from consideration those track and field performances set in mixed competition.[7]
The Association of Road Racing Statisticians, an independent organization that compiles data from road running events, also maintains an alternate marathon world best progression but with standards they consider to be more stringent.[10][11]
Performances claiming world best or world record status on "point-to-point" courses such as the Boston Marathon have historically been rejected by USA Track & Field.[12] Performances on these courses could be aided by slope and/or tailwinds.[13]
History
Marathon races were first held in 1896, but the distance was not standardized by the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) until 1921.[14][15] The actual distance for pre-1921 races frequently varied slightly from the present figure of 42.195 km (26 miles 385 yards). In qualifying races for the 1896 Summer Olympics, Greek runners Kharilaos Vasilakos (3:18:00) and Ioannis Lavrentis (3:11:27) won the first two modern marathons.[16] On April 10, 1896, Spiridon Louis of Greece won the first Olympic marathon in Athens, Greece in a time of 2:58:50;[17] however, the distance for the event was reported to be only 40,000 meters.[18][nb 1] Three months later, British runner Len Hurst won the inaugural Paris to Conflans Marathon (also around 40 km) in a time of 2:31:30.[20] In 1900, Hurst would better his time on the same course with a 2:26:28 performance.[nb 2] Later, Shizo Kanakuri of Japan was reported to have set a world record of 2:32:45 in a November 1911 domestic qualification race for the 1912 Summer Olympics, but this performance was also run over a distance of approximately 40 km.[24][nb 3] The first marathon over the now official distance was won by American Johnny Hayes at the 1908 Summer Olympics.[26]
It is possible that Stamata Revithi, who ran the 1896 Olympic course a day after Louis, is the first woman to run the modern marathon.[27] The IAAF credits Violet Piercy's 1926 performance as the first woman to race what is now the standard marathon distance; however, other sources report that the 1918 performance of Marie-Louise Ledru in the Tour de Paris set the initial mark for women.[10][28][29][30] Other "unofficial" performances have also been reported to be world bests or world records over time. Although her performance is not recognized by the IAAF, Adrienne Beames from Australia is frequently credited as the first woman to break the 3-hour barrier in the marathon.[31][nb 4]
In the 1953 Boston Marathon, the top three male finishers were thought to have broken the standing world record,[33] but Keizo Yamada's mark of 2:18:51 is now considered to have been set on a short course.[34] The Boston Athletic Association does not report Yamada's performance as a world best.[35] On October 25, 1981, American Alberto Salazar and New Zealander Allison Roe set apparent world bests at the New York City Marathon (2:08:13 and 2:25:29); however, these marks were invalidated when the course was later found to have been nearly 150 meters short.[36][37] Although the IAAF's progression notes three performances set on the same course in 1978, 1979, and 1980 by Norwegian Grete Waitz, the Association of Road Racing Statisticians considers the New York City course suspect for those performances, too.[38]
On April 18, 2011, the Boston Marathon produced what were at that time the two fastest marathon performances of all time. Winner Geoffrey Mutai of Kenya recorded a time of 2:03:02,[39] followed by countryman Moses Mosop in 2:03:06. Whilst the Boston course does not meet the criteria for record attempts, these times have still only been been bettered by the current world record.
Eight world records have been set at the Polytechnic Marathon (1909, 1913, 1952–54, 1963–65).[40] World records have been broken at all five World Marathon Majors on numerous occasions; seven times at the Berlin Marathon, three times at the Boston Marathon, and four times each at the Chicago, London, and New York City Marathons. However, the records established in the Boston event have been disputed on grounds of a downhill point-to-point course, while three of the four New York records have been disputed on grounds of a short course.
Men
Table key:
Listed by the International Association of Athletics Federations as a world best prior to official acceptance[41]
Ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations as a world best (since January 1, 2003) or world record (since January 1, 2004)[41]
Recognized by the Association of Road Racing Statisticians[10]
Time | Name | Nationality | Date | Event/Place | Source | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2:55:18.4 | Johnny Hayes | United States | July 24, 1908 | London, United Kingdom | IAAF[41] | Time was officially recorded as 2:55:18 2/5.[42] Italian Dorando Pietri finished in 2:54:46.4, but was disqualified for receiving assistance from race officials near the finish.[43] Note.[44] |
2:52:45.4 | Robert Fowler | United States | January 1, 1909 | Yonkers,[nb 5] United States | IAAF[41] | Note.[44] |
2:46:52.8 | James Clark | United States | February 12, 1909 | New York City, United States | IAAF[41] | Note.[44] |
2:46:04.6 | Albert Raines | United States | May 8, 1909 | New York City, United States | IAAF[41] | Note.[44] |
2:42:31.0 | Henry Barrett | United Kingdom | May 26, 1909[nb 6] | Polytechnic Marathon, London, United Kingdom | IAAF[41] | Note.[44] |
2:40:34.2 | Thure Johansson | Sweden | August 31, 1909 | Stockholm, Sweden | IAAF[41] | Note.[44] |
2:38:16.2 | Harry Green | United Kingdom | May 12, 1913 | Polytechnic Marathon | IAAF[41] | Note.[49] |
2:36:06.6 | Alexis Ahlgren | Sweden | May 31, 1913 | Polytechnic Marathon | IAAF[41] | Report in The Times claiming world record.[50] Note.[49] |
2:38:00.8 | Umberto Blasi | Italy | November 29, 1914 | Legnano, Italy | ARRS[10] | |
2:32:35.8 | Hannes Kolehmainen | Finland | August 22, 1920 | Antwerp, Belgium | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | The course distance was officially reported to be 42,750 meters/26.56 miles,[51] however, the Association of Road Racing Statisticians estimated the course to be 40 km.[19] |
2:29:01.8 | Albert Michelsen | United States | October 12, 1925 | Port Chester, United States | IAAF[41] | Note.[52] |
2:30:57.6 | Harry Payne | United Kingdom | July 5, 1929 | London | ARRS[10] | |
2:26:14 | Son Kitei | Japan[53] | March 21, 1935 | Tokyo, Japan | ARRS[10] | |
2:27:49.0 | Fusashige Suzuki | Japan | March 31, 1935 | Tokyo, Japan | IAAF[41] | According to the Association of Road Racing Statisticians, Suzuki's 2:27:49 performance occurred in Tokyo on March 21, 1935, during a race in which he finished second to Sohn Kee-chung (sometimes referred to as Kee-Jung Sohn or Son Kitei) who ran a 2:26:14.[54] |
2:26:44.0 | Yasuo Ikenaka | Japan | April 3, 1935 | Tokyo, Japan | IAAF[41] | Note.[55] |
2:26:42 | Son Kitei | Japan[53] | November 3, 1935 | Tokyo, Japan | IAAF[41] | Note.[55] |
2:25:39 | Suh Yun-bok | Korea | April 19, 1947 | Boston Marathon | IAAF[41] | Disputed (short course).[56] Disputed (point-to-point).[57] Note.[58] |
2:20:42.2 | Jim Peters | United Kingdom | June 14, 1952 | Polytechnic Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | MarathonGuide.com states the course was slightly long.[59] Report in The Times claiming world record.[60] |
2:18:40.4 | Jim Peters | United Kingdom | June 13, 1953 | Polytechnic Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | Report in The Times claiming world record.[60] |
2:18:34.8 | Jim Peters | United Kingdom | October 4, 1953 | Turku Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:17:39.4 | Jim Peters | United Kingdom | June 26, 1954 | Polytechnic Marathon | IAAF[41] | Point-to-point course.[citation needed] Report in The Times claiming world record.[61] |
2:18:04.8 | Paavo Kotila | Finland | August 12, 1956 | Pieksämäki, Finland | ARRS[10] | |
2:15:17.0 | Sergei Popov | Soviet Union | August 24, 1958 | Stockholm, Sweden | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | The ARRS notes Popov's extended time as 2:15:17.6[10] |
2:15:16.2 | Abebe Bikila | Ethiopia | September 10, 1960 | Rome, Italy | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:15:15.8 | Toru Terasawa | Japan | February 17, 1963 | Beppu-Ōita Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:14:28 | Leonard Edelen | United States | June 15, 1963 | Polytechnic Marathon | IAAF[41] | Point-to-point course.[citation needed] Report in The Times claiming world record and stating that the course may have been long.[62] |
2:14:43 | Brian Kilby | United Kingdom | July 6, 1963 | Port Talbot, Wales | ARRS[10] | |
2:13:55 | Basil Heatley | United Kingdom | June 13, 1964 | Polytechnic Marathon | IAAF[41] | Point-to-point course.[citation needed] Report in The Times claiming world record.[63] |
2:12:12.2 | Abebe Bikila | Ethiopia | October 21, 1964 | Tokyo, Japan | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:12:00 | Morio Shigematsu | Japan | June 12, 1965 | Polytechnic Marathon | IAAF[41] | Point-to-point course.[citation needed] Report in The Times claiming world record.[64] |
2:09:36.4 | Derek Clayton | Australia | December 3, 1967 | Fukuoka Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:08:33.6 | Derek Clayton | Australia | May 30, 1969 | Antwerp, Belgium | IAAF[41] | Disputed (short course).[65] |
2:09:28.8 | Ron Hill | United Kingdom | July 23, 1970 | Edinburgh, Scotland | ARRS[10] | |
2:09:12 | Ian Thompson | United Kingdom | January 31, 1974 | Christchurch, New Zealand | ARRS[10] | |
2:09:05.6 | Shigeru So | Japan | February 5, 1978 | Beppu-Ōita Marathon | ARRS[10] | |
2:09:01 | Gerard Nijboer | Netherlands | April 26, 1980 | Amsterdam Marathon | ARRS[10] | |
2:08:18 | Robert De Castella | Australia | December 6, 1981 | Fukuoka Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:08:05 | Steve Jones | United Kingdom | October 21, 1984 | Chicago Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:07:12 | Carlos Lopes | Portugal | April 20, 1985 | Rotterdam Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:06:50 | Belayneh Dinsamo | Ethiopia | April 17, 1988 | Rotterdam Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:06:05 | Ronaldo da Costa | Brazil | September 20, 1998 | Berlin Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:05:42 | Khalid Khannouchi | Morocco | October 24, 1999 | Chicago Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:05:38 | Khalid Khannouchi | United States | April 14, 2002 | London Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | First "World's Best" recognized by the International Association of Athletics Federations.[66] The ARRS notes Khannouchi's extended time as 2:05:37.8[10] |
2:04:55 | Paul Tergat | Kenya | September 28, 2003 | Berlin Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | First world record for the men's marathon ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations.[67] |
2:04:26 | Haile Gebrselassie | Ethiopia | September 30, 2007 | Berlin Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:03:59 | Haile Gebrselassie | Ethiopia | September 28, 2008 | Berlin Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | The ARRS notes Gebrselassie's extended time as 2:03:58.2[10] |
2:03:38 | Patrick Makau | Kenya | September 25, 2011 | Berlin Marathon | IAAF,[68] IAAF[69] | |
2:03:23 | Wilson Kipsang | Kenya | September 29, 2013 | Berlin Marathon | IAAF[70] IAAF[71] | |
2:02:57 | Dennis Kimetto | Kenya | September 28, 2014 | Berlin Marathon | IAAF[72] IAAF[73] |
Women
Table key:
Listed by the International Association of Athletics Federations as a world best prior to official acceptance[41]
Ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations as a world best (since January 1, 2003) or world record (since January 1, 2004)[41]
Recognized by the Association of Road Racing Statisticians[10]
Time | Name | Nationality | Date | Event/Place | Source | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5:40:xx | Marie-Louise Ledru | France | September 29, 1918 | Tour de Paris Marathon | ARRS[10] | |
3:40:22 | Violet Piercy | United Kingdom | October 3, 1926 | London [nb 7] | IAAF[41] | The ARRS indicates that Piercy's 3:40:22 was set on August 2, 1926, during a time trial on a course that was only 35.4 km.[10] |
3:37:07 | Merry Lepper | United States | December 16, 1963[nb 8] | Culver City, United States | IAAF[41] | Disputed (short course).[77] |
3:27:45 | Dale Greig | United Kingdom | May 23, 1964 | Ryde | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
3:19:33 | Mildred Sampson | New Zealand | July 21, 1964[nb 9] | Auckland, New Zealand | IAAF[41] | Disputed by ARRS as a time trial.[nb 9][80] |
3:15:23 | Maureen Wilton | Canada | May 6, 1967 | Toronto, Canada | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | The ARRS notes Wilton's extended time as 3:14:22.8[10] |
3:07:27.2 | Anni Pede-Erdkamp | West Germany | September 16, 1967 | Waldniel, West Germany | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | The ARRS notes Pede-Erdkamp's extended time as 3:07:26.2[10] |
3:02:53 | Caroline Walker | United States | February 28, 1970 | Seaside, OR | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
3:01:42 | Elizabeth Bonner | United States | May 9, 1971 | Philadelphia, United States | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:55:22 | Elizabeth Bonner | United States | September 19, 1971 | New York City Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:49:40 | Cheryl Bridges | United States | December 5, 1971 | Culver City, United States | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:46:36 | Michiko Gorman | United States | December 2, 1973 | Culver City, United States | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | The ARRS notes Gorman's extended time as 2:46:37[10] |
2:46:24 | Chantal Langlacé | France | October 27, 1974 | Neuf-Brisach, France | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:43:54.5 | Jacqueline Hansen | United States | December 1, 1974 | Culver City, United States | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | The ARRS notes Hansen's extended time as 2:43:54.6[10] |
2:42:24 | Liane Winter | West Germany | April 21, 1975 | Boston Marathon | IAAF[41] | Disputed (point-to-point).[57] |
2:40:15.8 | Christa Vahlensieck | West Germany | May 3, 1975 | Dülmen | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:38:19 | Jacqueline Hansen | United States | October 12, 1975 | Eugene, United States | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:35:15.4 | Chantal Langlacé | France | May 1, 1977 | Oiartzun, Spain | IAAF[41] | |
2:34:47.5 | Christa Vahlensieck | West Germany | September 10, 1977 | Berlin Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:32:29.8 | Grete Waitz | Norway | October 22, 1978 | New York City Marathon | IAAF[41] | Disputed (short course).[38][83] |
2:27:32.6 | Grete Waitz | Norway | October 21, 1979 | New York City Marathon | IAAF[41] | Disputed (short course).[38][84] |
2:31:23 | Joan Benoit | United States | February 3, 1980 | Auckland, New Zealand | ARRS[10] | |
2:30:57.1 | Patti Catalano | United States | September 6, 1980 | Montreal, Canada | ARRS[10] | |
2:25:41.3 | Grete Waitz | Norway | October 26, 1980 | New York City Marathon | IAAF[41] | Disputed (short course).[38][85] |
2:30:27 | Joyce Smith | United Kingdom | November 16, 1980 | Tokyo, Japan | ARRS[10] | |
2:29:57 | Joyce Smith | United Kingdom | March 29, 1981 | London Marathon | ARRS[10] | |
2:29:01.6 | Charlotte Teske | West Germany | January 16, 1982 | Miami, United States | ARRS[10] | |
2:26:12 | Joan Benoit | United States | September 12, 1982 | Eugene, United States | ARRS[10] | |
2:25:28.7 | Grete Waitz | Norway | April 17, 1983 | London Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:22:43 | Joan Benoit | United States | April 18, 1983 | Boston Marathon | IAAF[41] | Disputed (point-to-point).[57] |
2:24:26 | Ingrid Kristiansen | Norway | May 13, 1984 | London Marathon | ARRS[10] | |
2:21:06 | Ingrid Kristiansen | Norway | April 21, 1985 | London Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:20:47 | Tegla Loroupe | Kenya | April 19, 1998 | Rotterdam Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:20:43 | Tegla Loroupe | Kenya | September 26, 1999 | Berlin Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:19:46 | Naoko Takahashi | Japan | September 30, 2001 | Berlin Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:18:47 | Catherine Ndereba | Kenya | October 7, 2001 | Chicago Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | |
2:17:18 | Paula Radcliffe | United Kingdom | October 13, 2002 | Chicago Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | First "World's Best" recognized by the International Association of Athletics Federations.[66] The ARRS notes Radcliffe's extended time as 2:17:17.7[10] |
2:15:25 | Paula Radcliffe | United Kingdom | April 13, 2003 | London Marathon | IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] | First world record for the women's marathon ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations.[86] The ARRS notes Radcliffe's extended time as 2:15:24.6[10] |
Gallery of marathon world record holders
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KC Sohn.jpg
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20071103 Khalid Khannouchi.jpg
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Haile Gebrselassie at Vienna City Marathon 2011.jpg
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Patrick Makau at the Berlin Marathon 2011.jpg
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Takahashi Naoko Nagoya Womens Marathon 2008.jpg
Notes
- ↑ The Association of Road Racing Statisticians has estimated the course distance to be 37–38 km.[19]
- ↑ According to the "Sporting Records" section of The Canadian Year Book for 1905: "Len Hurst won the Marathon race, 40 kilometres (24 miles, 1505 yards), over roads, Conflans to Paris, Fr., in the record time of 2.26:27 3-5, July 8, 1900."[21] Other sources confirm that the direction of the 1900 race was reversed but note Hurst's finishing time as 2:26:47.4[22] or 2:26:48.[23]
- ↑ Road running historian Andy Milroy writing for the Association of Road Racing Statisticians has indicated that "25 miles was the distance of the first Japanese marathon held in 1911". Predating Kanakuri's performance, Milroy also indicated that a "professional world record" at the 25 mile distance of 2:32:42 was set by British runner Len Hurst on August 27, 1903.[25]
- ↑ According to the Association of Road Racing Statisticians, Beames' performance of 2:46:30 on August 31, 1971, in Werribee, Australia is regarded as a time trial.[32]
- ↑ Many references incorrectly refer to this race as the Yonkers Marathon. The Yonkers Marathon, which during the early 1900s was traditionally run during late November, was won over a month earlier by Jim Crowley.[45][46]
- ↑ According to the progression of world bests listed by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), James Clark set a world best of 2:46:52.8 in New York on February 12, 1909, Albert Raines broke Clark's mark with a 2:46:04.6 in New York on May 8, 1909, and Henry Barrett broke Raines' mark with a 2:42:31.0 in London on May 26, 1909.[47] Ian Ridpath, a former director of the Polytechnic marathon, has indicated on his website that some sources have wrongly listed the date of Barrett performance as May 26, 1909, and has confirmed the true date as May 8, 1909.[40] An article in The Times dated May 10, 1909, provides strong evidence that Ridpath is correct.[48] Given that Barrett's marathon in London most likely concluded before Raines' marathon held on the same date in New York, it is also likely that Barrett rather than Raines broke the world best set by Clark three months earlier.
- ↑ Piercy's mark was set on the Polytechnic Marathon course between Windsor and London.[74] A number of sources, including Kathrine Switzer, have reported that the venue for Piercy's mark was the actual Polytechnic Marathon,[75] however, records from the Association of Road Racing Statisticians confirm that the 1926 Polytechnic Marathon was held on May 18.[76]
- ↑ The Association of Road Racing Statisticians notes the date of the race as December 14, 1963.[77][78]
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Peter Heidenstrom, a statistician for Athletics New Zealand, has been reported as providing a date of December 1964,[79] however, the Association of Road Racing Statisticians notes the date of Sampson's performance was August 16, 1964.[80] Other sources from August to October 1964 support the August date.[81][82] The ARRS also notes that Sampson's mark was set during a time trial and does not recognize it in their progression of marathon world bests.[10][77]
References
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- ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 10.33 10.34 10.35 10.36 10.37 10.38 10.39 10.40 10.41 10.42 10.43 10.44 10.45 10.46 10.47 10.48 10.49 10.50 10.51 10.52 10.53 10.54 10.55 10.56 10.57 10.58 10.59 10.60 10.61 10.62 10.63 10.64 10.65 10.66 10.67 10.68 10.69 10.70 10.71 ARRS World Best Progressions - Road 2015.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Fast Tracks: The History of Distance Running Since 884 B.C. by Raymond Krise, Bill Squires. (1982).
- ↑ Endurance by Albert C. Gross. (1986)
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 114th B.A.A Boston Marathon Official Program. April 19, 2010.
- ↑ http://static.worldmarathonmajors.com/downloads/CourseRecordProgressions_10-11-09.pdf
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- ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ 41.00 41.01 41.02 41.03 41.04 41.05 41.06 41.07 41.08 41.09 41.10 41.11 41.12 41.13 41.14 41.15 41.16 41.17 41.18 41.19 41.20 41.21 41.22 41.23 41.24 41.25 41.26 41.27 41.28 41.29 41.30 41.31 41.32 41.33 41.34 41.35 41.36 41.37 41.38 41.39 41.40 41.41 41.42 41.43 41.44 41.45 41.46 41.47 41.48 41.49 41.50 41.51 41.52 41.53 41.54 41.55 41.56 41.57 41.58 41.59 41.60 41.61 41.62 41.63 41.64 41.65 41.66 41.67 41.68 41.69 41.70 IAAF Statistics Handbook - Daegu 2011.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 44.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Yonkers Marathon. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 Sohn Kee-chung was an ethnic Korean whose nationality was classed as Japanese during the Empire of Japan's occupation of Korea
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 The Association of Road Racing Statisticians does not consider performances on the Boston Marathon course to qualify for world record status due to the possibility that they could be aided by slope and/or tailwinds. (See [1].) This mirrors the IAAF's current criteria regarding record eligible courses.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 66.0 66.1 "Stat Corner: First World Road Records," Track and Field News, Volume 56, No. 2, February 2003, Page 50
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Sources
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
External links
- 13th IAAF World Championships in Athletics - IAAF Statistics Handbook - Daegu 2011 (all 5 parts)
- Runner's World - “What Will It Take to Run A 2-HOUR Marathon?”
- BBC - “Could a marathon ever be run in under two hours?”
- Interactive graph of men's and women's marathon times with race descriptions (outdated)