List of active separatist movements in Europe
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession,[1][2][3] though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognized as a national minority.[4]
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members;
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy);
- They are citizens/peoples of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy;
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state;
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession;
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region;
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control;
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession;
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations;
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- People: for information on what regional/ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/religious group calls for change for each individual movement listed.
Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks union with a neighbouring country.
Contents
- 1 Albania
- 2 Azerbaijan
- 3 Belgium
- 4 Bosnia and Herzegovina
- 5 Cyprus
- 6 Czech Republic
- 7 Denmark
- 8 Finland
- 9 France
- 10 Georgia
- 11 Germany
- 12 Iceland
- 13 Italy
- 14 Kosovo
- 15 Lithuania
- 16 Macedonia
- 17 Moldova
- 18 Montenegro
- 19 Netherlands
- 20 Poland
- 21 Romania
- 22 Russia
- 23 Serbia
- 24 Slovakia
- 25 Spain
- 26 Sweden
- 27 Switzerland
- 28 Turkey
- 29 Ukraine
- 30 United Kingdom
- 31 See also
- 32 References
- 33 External links
Albania
- People: Greeks in Albania
- Proposed state: Unification with
Greece
- Political parties: Omonoia, Unity for Human Rights Party (seeks autonomous status or union with Greece)
- Proposed state: Unification with
Azerbaijan
- People: Armenians
- Proposed state:
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, 
Armenia (United Armenia)
- Political parties: Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Communist Party of Artsakh, Democratic Party of Artsakh, and Free Motherland.
- Proposed state:
Belgium
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Flanders or Flemish Community (the latter includes 
Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Flemish
- Proposed state: Flanders
- Political parties:
New Flemish Alliance (member of the European Free Alliance), Libertair, Direct, Democratisch, and Vlaams Belang member of the Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty-Group - Movements: Vlaamse Volksbeweging (VVB), Overlegcentrum van Vlaamse Verenigingen
- Political parties:
- Proposed state:
- People: Flemish and Dutch
- Proposed state:
Greater Netherlands
- Political Parties: Individual politicians from different parties, both Dutch and Flemish.
- Movements: Grootneerlandisme
- Proposed state:
- People: Walloons
- Proposed state:
Wallonia
- Political parties: Walloon Rally
- Proposed state:
Wallonia and Brussels-Capital Region[7]
- People: French
- Proposed state: Unification with the
French Republic
- Political parties: Wallonia France Rally, Brussels France Rally[7]
- Proposed state: Unification with the
Bosnia and Herzegovina
- People: Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed state: Unification with
Serbia or Republika Srpska
- Political parties: Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, Serbian Democratic Party[8]
- Proposed state: Unification with
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
- People: Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed state: Unification with
Croatia or Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
- Proposed state: Unification with
- People: Herzegovinians
- Proposed state: Republic of Herzegovina
Cyprus
Breakaway states:
- People: Turkish Cypriots
- De facto state with no international recognition except from Republic of Turkey:
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
- De facto state with no international recognition except from Republic of Turkey:
Czech Republic
- People: Silesians
- Political party: Silesian Autonomy Movement (EFA member)[10]
Denmark
- For movements in Greenland, see List of active separatist movements in North America.
- People: Danish
- Proposed autonomous region: Bornholm
- Political party: Bornholm's Self-Government Party (Bornholms Selvstyre parti)[11][12]
- Proposed autonomous region: Bornholm
- People: Faroese
- Proposed state:
Faroe Islands
- Political parties: Republican Party, Progress, People's Party, Centre Party, Self-Government Party
- Movement: Faroese independence movement
- Proposed state:
Finland
- People: Åland Swedes
- Proposed state:
Åland
- Political party: Future of Åland (EFA member)
- Proposed state:
France
- Secessionist movements
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- People: Basque
- Proposed state: Unification with the
Basque Country and 
Navarre— Euskal Herria [13][14][15]
- Political parties: Abertzaleen Batasuna (AB), Batasuna, Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party).
- Trade unions: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: Egi, Gazte Abertzaleak, Iritzarri, Segi
- Militant organisations: ETA, Irrintzi
- Proposed state: Unification with the
Brittany and parts of 23x15px Pays de la Loire
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- People: Bretons
- Proposed state: Brittany
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[16]
- Political parties: Adsav, Strollad Breizh, Emgann, Breiz Atao
- Militant organisation: Talbenn Dieubiñ Breizh (Breton Revolutionary Army) (ARB)
- Proposed state:
Northern Catalonia / Roussillon (predominantly Pyrénées-Orientales)
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- People: Catalans
- Proposed state: Unification with Catalonia — Catalan Countries
- Political parties: Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (EFA member), Unitat Catalana (EFA member), Candidatura d'Unitat Popular[17]
- Proposed state: Unification with
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- People: Corsicans
- Proposed state:
Corsica
- Political party: Corsica Libera
- Proposed state:
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- People: Savoyans
- Proposed state:
Savoy
- Political party: Liga de la Savouè (Savoyan League)
- Proposed state:
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- People: Occitans
- Proposed state:
Occitania
- Political party: Partit de la Nacion Occitana
- Proposed state:
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- People: Provençals (Occitans)
- Proposed state:
Provence
- Militant group: Front Nacionala Liberacion de Provença
- Proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
- People: Alsatians (Allemanics)
- Proposed autonomous area:
Alsace
- Political parties: Elsass Zuerst, Nationalforum Elsass-Lothringen, Unser Land
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Bretons
- Proposed autonomous area: Brittany
- Political party: Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed autonomous area: Corsica
- Political party: Partitu di a Nazione Corsa (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Niçard
- Proposed autonomous area:
County of Nice
- Political party: Partit Nissart (Parti niçois (fr))[18]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Normans
- Proposed autonomous area:
Normandy
- Political party: Mouvement normand (Normand Movement)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Savoyans
- Proposed autonomous area: Savoy
- Political party: Movement Règion Savouè
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Occitans
- Proposed autonomous area: Occitania
- Political parties: Partit Occitan (EFA member), Iniciativa per Occitània, Anaram au Patac, Hartèra
- Proposed autonomous area:
Georgia
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Breakaway states:
- People: Abkhaz
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition:
Republic of Abkhazia - Political organisation:Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organization: Abkhazia Army
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition:
- People: Ossetians
- De facto state: with partial de jure recognition:Republic of South Ossetia, proposed integration to
Russia[19] - Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organization: South Ossetia Army
- De facto state: with partial de jure recognition:Republic of South Ossetia, proposed integration to
Germany
- People: Bavarians
- Proposed state: Bavaria (Free State of Bavaria)
- Political party: Bavaria Party
- Proposed state: Bavaria (Free State of Bavaria)
- People: Frisians
- Proposed autonomous region: East Frisia
- Political party: Die Friesen
- Proposed autonomous region: East Frisia
- People: Franconians
- Proposed autonomous area: Franconia
- People: Sorbs
- Proposed autonomous area: Lusatia
- Political party: Lusatian Alliance
- Proposed autonomous area: Lusatia
- People: Various
- Proposed State: Saxony
- People: Danish, Frisians
- Proposed autonomous area: Southern Schleswig
- Political party: South Schleswig Voter Federation
- Proposed autonomous area: Southern Schleswig
Iceland
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- People: Icelanders
Italy
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- People: Friulians
- Proposed state:
Friuli
- Political parties: Res Publica Furlane-Parlament Furlan, Patrie Furlane, Friulian Front[31]
- Free Territory of Trieste
- Political movements : Movimento Trieste Libera;[32] Territorio Libero di Trieste
- Proposed state:
- People: Lombardians
- Proposed state: 23x15px Republic of Lombardy
- Political parties: Independence Front Lombardy, Pro Lombardy Independence[33]
- Proposed state: 23x15px Republic of Lombardy
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- People: Sardinians
- Proposed state:
Republic of Sardinia
- Political parties: Sardinia Nation, Sardinian Action Party, Independence Republic of Sardinia, Project Republic of Sardinia, others
- Militant organisations: Fronte Nazionale de Liberazione de sa Sardigna (defunct), Movimentu Nazionalista Sardu (defunct), Movimento Armato Sardo (defunct)[34]
- Proposed state:
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- People: Sicilians
- Political parties: Sicilian Independentist Movement, Sicilian Socialist Party, Party of the Sicilians
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- People: South Tyroleans (a subset of Tyroleans)
- Proposed state: Unification with
Tyrol (
Austria)
- Political parties: Die Freiheitlichen, South Tyrolean Freedom, Citizens' Union for South Tyrol, Lega Nord Alto Adige/Südtirol
- Militant organisations: South Tyrolean Liberation Committee (defunct)
- Proposed state: Unification with
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- Proposed state:
Republic of Venice
Kosovo
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- People: Serbs
- Proposed state: Unification with Serbia as an autonomous province
- Political organisations: Assembly of the Community of Municipalities, Community of Serb municipalities
- Proposed state: Unification with
Lithuania
- People: Samogitians
- Proposed state:
Samogitia
- Proposed state:
Macedonia
Albanian community in Macedonia
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- People: Albanians
- Proposed state:
Republic of Ilirida or union with 
Albania
- Armed organizations: ANA/AKSh (status unknown – inactive)
- Proposed state:
Moldova
Breakaway state:
- People: Equal proportions of Russians, Ukrainians and Moldovans
- De facto state: with partial de jure recognition
Transnistria
- Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
- Militant organisation: Army of Transnistria
- De facto state: with partial de jure recognition
Proposed independent and autonomous movements:
- People: Gagauz
- Proposed state:
Gagauzia
- Political organisation: Gagauzian People Assembly should Moldova decided to unite with Romania, Gagauzia would have the right to self-determination.
- Proposed state:
- People: Bulgarians
- Proposed autonomous area:
Taraclia
- Proposed autonomous area:
Montenegro
Netherlands
- People: Frisian
- Proposed autonomous area: Frisia
- Political party: Frisian National Party, (EFA member)
- Status: Democratic movement seeking greater autonomy for Frisian-speaking people in Friesland[42]
- Proposed autonomous area: Frisia
- People: Frisian
- Proposed autonomous area:
Frisia
- Political party: Groninger Interest
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Limburgish
Poland
- People: Silesians
- Proposed autonomous area: Silesia
- Political party: Silesian Autonomy Movement[10]
- Proposed autonomous area: Silesia
- People: Kashubians
- Proposed autonomous area: Kashubia
- Political party: Kaszëbskô Jednota
- Proposed autonomous area: Kashubia
Romania
Hungarian community in Romania
- People: Hungarians
- Proposals for Hungarian territorial autonomy:
- Other administrative proposals by regionalist organisations:
- Political organisations: Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, the demand for Hungarian autonomy has been part of their program since 1993.[43] Hungarian Civic Party, they signed a settlement with the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania about cooperation and joint support for Hungarian autonomy.[44] Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania (PPMT), the party proposes the establishments of Transylvanian parliament and government and supports the case of Szekler autonomy in Szekely Land.[45] It also advocates territorial autonomy for Partium.[46][47] Liga Transilvania-Banat, a regionalist party led by Sabin Gherman.[48]
- Advocacy organisations: Szekler National Council,[49] Hungarian National Council of Transylvania, Liga Pro Europa, a Romanian-Hungarian regionalist NGO.,[48] Provincia, a group of intellectuals promoting regionalization of Romania,[48] Autonomy for Transylvania (AFT) campaign, it demands autonomy for Transylvania.[50] Democratic League of Transylvania (Liga Transilvania Democrată), a regionalist NGO,[51] an active supporter of the "Autonomy for Transylvania" campaign,[52] League of Banat (Liga Banateana), a regionalist NGO.[53][54]
Russia
- People: Russians
- Proposed state: Ural Republic
- Advocacy groups: Ural Democratic Foundation, Free Ural
- Proposed state: Ural Republic
- People: Bashkirs, Chuvash, Erzya, Mari, Mokshas, Tatars, Udmurts
- Proposed state:
Idel-Ural Republic
- Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural.
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Mordvins
- Proposed state:
Mordovia[60]
- Advocacy groups: Democracy and Independence Mordvin Front, Moksha Self-Determination Front
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Maris
- Proposed state: Mari El
- Advocacy group: Mari Ushem
- Proposed state: Mari El
- People: Tatars
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- Advocacy groups: The Union of Tatar Youth, Tatar Patriotic Front Altyn Urda, Tatar Social Center
- Government in exile: Tatar Government in Exile
- Organization: Ittifaq Party
- Proposed state: Tatarstan
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- People: Udmurts
- Proposed state:
Udmurtia
- Movement: Congress of the Peoples of Udmurtia
- Advocacy groups:Udmurt Kenesh, Udmurt National Centre, Udmurt National Progress, Odmort
- Political parties: Udmurt Republican National Party, Udmurt National Progress
- Proposed state:
- People: Bashkir
- Advocacy groups: Bashkort Public Organization, Bashkir Human Rights Movement, Council of Aksakals of Bashkortostan, Bashkir Social Movement
- Political party: The Heavenly Wolf
- Proposed state:
Bashkortostan
- Advocacy groups: Bashkort Public Organization, Bashkir Human Rights Movement, Council of Aksakals of Bashkortostan, Bashkir Social Movement
- People: Chuvash
- Proposed state:
Chuvashia
- Movements: Chuvash National Movement, Chuvash Republican Youth
- Organization: Chuvash Ireklekh Society of National-Cultural Rebirth
- Proposed state:
- People: Komi
- Proposed state:
Komi Republic
- Political organizations: Komi Republican Organization
- Advocacy movements: Komi Voityr, Finno-Ugric Peoples Consultative Committee
- Organization: Komi People's Congress
- Proposed state:
- People: Russian
- Proposed state:
- Regionalist:
Kaliningrad[67] - Pro-German / Nationalist (especially Prussian revivalists):
Prussia (region) (
East Prussia). - Pro-Baltic: Prussia (region)
- Advocacy movement: Latvian Prussian Brotherhood
- Movement: Kaliningrad Public Movement
- Organization: Prussia Reborn (Preußen Wiedergeboren)
- Regionalist:
- Proposed state:
- People: Komi and Komi-Permyaks
- Proposed federal subject:
Komi-Permyak Okrug
- Proposed federal subject:
- People: Russian
- Proposed state: Kaliningrad[69]
- Proposed autonomous area: Kaliningrad[citation needed]
- Proposed state:
- People: Kuban Cossacks
- Advocacy movements: Community of the Don-Kuban-Terek Citizens, Klin-Yar, Kuban Cossack Host, Kuban Cossacks of the Kuban Host Autonomy Movement, Kuban Cossack Youth, New Kuban Cossack Association, Southern Regional Resource Center, Union of Cossack Republics of Southern Russia
- Militant organization: Kuban Cossack Army
- Political parties: Free Cossack Movement, Lapin, Movement for the Federalizations of Kuban, Union of the Cossack Hosts of Russia, Union of the Cossack Hosts of Russia and Abroad, Committee for the Liberation of the Kuban
- Political organizations: Cossack Congress, Cossacks of the Kuban Rada
- Proposed state:
Kuban People's Republic (proclaimed in 1918), Kuban Republic (attempted to proclaim in 1991 as part of Union of Cossack Republics in Southern Russia in Union of Sovereign States that never founded both) Currently asking for federalisation (Now consist of Krasnodar Krai and accommodates the republics of Adygea, Karachay-Cherkessia, and parts of Stavropol Krai).
- Advocacy movements: Community of the Don-Kuban-Terek Citizens, Klin-Yar, Kuban Cossack Host, Kuban Cossacks of the Kuban Host Autonomy Movement, Kuban Cossack Youth, New Kuban Cossack Association, Southern Regional Resource Center, Union of Cossack Republics of Southern Russia
- People: Don Cossacks
- Proposed state:
Don Republic / Rostov Oblast
- Proposed state:
- People: Kalmyk people
- Proposed state:
Kalmykia
- Proposed state:
- People: Chechens
- Militant organisation: Chechen separatists
- Proposed state:
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (government in exile)[76][77][78][79]
- People: Abazins
- Advocacy groups: Abaza Adkilra, Abaza Yurdu, Abzanhara, Unity (Adgylara)
- Organization: World Congress of Abkhaz-Abazin People
- Proposed state: Abazinia
- Proposed entity: Abazinia, including all ethnic Abazin parts and/or districts of Karachay-Cherkessia, Stavropol Krai and Kabardino-Balkaria or solely the rural locality of Psyzh
- People: Circassians
- Movement: Circassian nationalism; Circassian Congress; Circassian Youth Initiative; Adyge Djegi; Adyghe Khase; International Circassian Association (member of UNPO)
- Proposed entity: Circassia, including all regions historically included in Circassia and/or inhabited by Circassians (note: this includes Adygea as well as north Kabardino-Balkaria, north Karachay–Cherkessia, south-east Krasnodar Krai, and south Stavropol Krai)
- People: Aghuls
- Advocacy groups: Agul Gelinbatan, Arhaval
- Proposed state:
Aghulistan - Proposed entity: Aghulistan, including all ethnic Aghul parts and/or districts of Dagestan
- Aghulistan coverage area: Aghulsky
- People: Avars
- Advocacy groups: High-landers (Maarulal)
- Political party: Avar National Union-Iman Shamil
- Proposed state:
- Republican: 23x15px Avar Republic
- Monarchist: 23x15px Avar Khanate
- Proposed entity: Avaria, including all ethnic Avar parts and/or districts of Dagestan
- Avaria coverage area : Kazbekov, Gergebil, Shamil, Akhvakh, Kunzakh, Gunib, Charodin, Tlyaratin, Tsuntin, Tsumadin, Gumbetov, Untsukulsky, Kizilyurt, Botlikh, Khasavyurt, Bezhtin, Tarumov, Kizlyar
- Advocacy groups: High-landers (Maarulal)
- People: Dargins
- Proposed state:Darginstan[84][85]
- Advocacy group: Free Society of Dargo
- Proposed entity: Darginstan, including all ethnic Dargin parts and/or districts of Dagestan
- Darginstan coverage area: Dakhadayev, Sergokalin, Kaytag, Akushin, Levashin
- Proposed state:Darginstan[84][85]
- People: Ingush
- Advocacy groups: Zaschita
- Militant organizations: Ingush Self Defense Force, Ingush National Front
- Political party: Ingush People Council
- Proposed state:
Ingushetia[86]
- Proposed state:
- People: Balkars, Karachays
- Movement: Various nationalist organisations in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia
- Goals: Autonomy for the
Karachay and 
Balkaria, rather than in biethnic republics where they must share power with Russians and Circassians (division of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia into smaller units, also popular for Circassian nationalists). Then, the unification of Karachay and Balkar units is advocated by some but not all nationalists (see Balkar and Karachai nationalism) - Proposed autonomous republic: Karachay-Balkar Republic (includes south Kabardino-Balkaria and south Karachey-Cherkessia)
- People: Kumyks
- Proposed state:
Kumykia - Proposed entity: Kumykia, including all ethnic Kumyk parts and/or districts of Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia.
- Kumykia coverage area: Babayurt, Kumtorkalin, Buynak,Karabudakhkent, Kayakent, Makhachkala
- Proposed state:
- People: Laks
- Proposed state:
Lakia - Proposed entity: Lakia, including all ethnic Lak parts and/or districts of Dagestan
- Movements: Kazi Kumuk, Lakistan, Lak Language Group, Lak National Movement (New Star/Tsu Barz), Lakral Sharhurdu, New Lak Popular Movement (Novo-Lak), Tariqat (Movement)/Tariqat, Tsudahar
- Political organizations: Lak National Council
- Lakistan coverage area: Kulin, Laksky, New Lakia
- Proposed state:
- People: Lezgins
- Proposed state:
Lezgistan - Proposed entity: Lezgistan, including all ethnic Lezgin parts and/or districts of Dagestan
- Movement: Lezgin nationalism, Lezgin Movement of Caucasian Albania
- Advocacy movement: Lezgin National Center
- Political party: Lezgin Patriotic Union
- Organization: Federal Lezgin National Cultural Autonomy (member of UNPO)
- Lezgistan coverage area: Suleiman-Stal, Magaramkent, Kurakh, Dokuzparin, Akhtyn, Derbent
- Proposed state:
- People: Nogais
- Proposed state:
Nogaia - Proposed entity: Nogaia, including all ethnic Nogai parts and/or districts of Dagestan, Chechnya and Astrakhan Oblast
- Movement: Association of Nogais of Dagestan
- Political party: Birlik
- Organization: Assembly of Turkic Peoples
- Nogaia coverage area: Eastern Nogaia, Western Nogaia
- Proposed state:
- People: Rutuls
- Proposed state: Rutulstan[87]
- Advocacy group: Rutul National Revival Front
- Proposed entity: Rutulstan, including all ethnic Rutul parts and/or districts of Dagestan
- Rutulstan coverage area: Rutulsky
- Proposed state: Rutulstan[87]
Serbia
Autonomous Province of Vojvodina
- People: Serbs, Hungarians in Serbia
- Unification with:Hungary
- Political parties (autonomist): League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina, Reformists of Vojvodina, Vojvodina's Party
- Proposals for Hungarian territorial autonomy in the northern part of Vojvodina:
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Hungarian Regional Autonomy[citation needed]
- Political parties: Hungarian Coalition[citation needed] composed of three political parties (Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians,[citation needed] Democratic Party of Vojvodina Hungarians,[citation needed] Democratic Fellowship of Vojvodina Hungarians[citation needed])
- Proposals for Hungarian territorial autonomy in the northern part of Vojvodina:
- People: Albanians in Serbia
- Proposed autonomous province: Preševo Valley
- Movement: Albanian nationalism
- Political organisation: Party for Democratic Action
- Unification with Albania
- Armed organizations: National Liberation Army (Albanians of Serbia)|KLA/UÇPMB (disarmed and dismantled in 2001), KLA/AK
- People: Bosniaks of Serbia
- Proposed autonomous province:
Sandžak or unification with 
Bosnia-Herzegovina. - Advocacy groups (autonomist): Islamic Community in Serbia[88]
Breakaway state:
Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (Kosovo)
- People: Albanians in Kosovo
- De facto state:
Republic of Kosovo (majority international recognition)
- Political organisation: Government of Kosovo
- Proposed state: Unification with Albania
- Movement: Albanian nationalism
- De facto state:
Slovakia
Southern Slovakia:
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of sporadic Hungarian presence.[89]
- Political parties (autonomist): Party of the Hungarian Community,[90] In 2010, the party renewed their demand for autonomy.[91]
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of sporadic Hungarian presence.[89]
Spain
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- People: Andalusian
- Proposed state:
Andalusia
- Political parties (nationalist): Partido Andalucista (dissolved), Bloque Andaluz de Izquierdas, Partido Comunista del Pueblo Andaluz
- Political parties (secessionist): Nación Andaluza, Asamblea Nacional de Andalucía, Candidatura Unitaria de Trabajadores
- Youth movements: Jaleo!!!, Juventud Independentista Revolucionaria Andaluza, Juventudes Andalucistas (dissolved)
- Trade union: Sindicato Andaluz de Trabajadores
- Proposed state:
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- People: Aragonese
- Proposed state
- Socialist): 23x15px Aragon
- Federalist:
Aragon
- Political party (nationalist): Chunta Aragonesista (EFA member), Tierra Aragonesa
- Political party (secessionist): Estau Aragonés, Puyalón de Cuchas,
- Youth movements: Purna Astral, Chobenalla Aragonesista
- Trade union: Sindicato Obrero Aragonés (SOA)
- Other pro-independence organisations: A Enrestida, Sindicato d'Estudiants Independentistas y Revolucionarias d'Aragón (SEIRA), Bloque Independentista de Cuchas
- Proposed state
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Asturians
- Proposed state:
Asturias
- Political parties (autonomist): Partíu Asturianista, Unión Renovadora Asturiana
- Political parties (nationalist): Unidá Nacionalista Asturiana (EFA member), Unidá, Bloque por Asturies, Compromisu por Asturies
- Political parties (secessionist): Andecha Astur
- Youth movements: Darréu, UNA-Mocedá, Fai!
- Trade unions: Corriente Sindical d'Izquierda, SUATEA
- Other pro-independence organisations: Sofitu
- Proposed state:
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Balearics — Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry)
- Proposed state:
Balearic Islands — 
Catalan Countries (Confederation of Catalan States)
- Political parties: Partit Socialista de Mallorca-Entesa Nacionalista (in Majorca)
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana de les Illes Balears
- Proposed state:
Basque Country (autonomous community) and Navarre
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Basques
- Proposed state: Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria[13]
- Political parties: Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party) (member of the European Democratic Party), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Bildu, Amaiur, Aralar, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza (Basque Nationalist Action), Batasuna (illegalised due to terrorism support)
- Trade union: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: EGI, Gazte Abertzaleak, Haika (illegalised) Segi, Ikasle Abertzaleak
- Militant organisations: ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) (ceasefire since 2011), Iraultza (disbanded), Komando Autonomo Antikapitalistak (merged with ETA)
- Proposed state:
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Canarians
- Proposed state:
Canary Islands
- Political parties (autonomist): Coalición Canaria, Partido Nacionalista Canario, Centro Canario Nacionalista, Nueva Canarias
- Political parties (secessionist): FREPIC-AWAÑAK, Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria, Alternativa Popular Canaria, Unidad del Pueblo,
- Youth movement: Azarug
- Proposed state:
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Cantabrians
- Proposed state:
Cantabria
- Political party: Cantabrian Nationalist Council
- Youth movement: Regüelta (Revolt)
- Trade union: Intersindical Cántabra
- Proposed state:
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Catalans
- Proposed state: Catalonia (Republic) — Catalan Countries (Confederation of Catalan States) (i.e. including other Catalan-speaking areas)
- Political parties (secessionist):
- Together for Yes: coalition to stand in the Catalonian parliamentary election, 2015 supported by Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (33/135 seats in the Catalan parliament), Republican Left of Catalonia (21/135), Democrats of Catalonia (6/135), Moviment d'Esquerres (1/135) and other small parties and civil organisations
- Popular Unity Candidacy - Constituent Call, coalition to stand in the Catalonian parliamentary election, 2015 supported by Popular Unity Candidacy (10/135) and other small parties and civil organisations
- Political parties (autonomist): Catalonia Yes We Can (11/135), Democratic Union of Catalonia (0/135 seats in the Catalan parliament)
- Civil organisations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural, Association of Municipalities for Independence, Procés Constituent, Catalunya Acció, Sobirania i Progrés
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, Joves d'Esquerra Verda, Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya, Unió de Joves
- Political parties (secessionist):
- Proposed state:
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People Castilians
- Proposed states:
Castile
- Political parties (autonomist): Partido Castellano PCas
- Political parties (secessionist): Izquierda Castellana
- Youth movements: Yesca
- Proposed states:
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Galicians
- Proposed state:
Galicia. Some groups also propose a unification with 
Portugal — 
Portugalicia (See reintegrationism)
- Political party: Bloque Nacionalista Galego (Galician Nationalist Block) (autonomist) (EFA member), Nós-Unidade Popular (WE-Popular Unity) (independentist), Frente Popular Galego (Galician Popular Front) (independentist), Partido Galeguista (The Galician Party), Terra Galega Galician Coalition (Centrist nationalist Party), Alternativa Galega de Esquedas (Galician Left Alternative)
- Youth advocacy groups: Galiza Nova, AGIR, CAF
- Militant organisation: Resistência Galega
- Proposed state:
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Leonese
- Proposed states:
Leonese Country
- Political parties: Unión del Pueblo Leonés UPL, Partido Regionalista del País Leonés PREPAL
- Youth movements: Conceyu Xoven, RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa[92]
- Advocacy groups: AGORA País Llionés
- Militant organisations: Tierra Lleunesa
- Proposed states:
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Navarran or Navarrese (a subgroup of Basque people)
- Proposed states: Unification with the Basque Country – Euskal Herria
- Political parties: Geroa Bai, Bildu, Basque Nationalist Action, Batasuna, Euskal Herritarrok
- Militant organisations: ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) (ceasefire since 2011), Iraultza (disbanded), Komando Autonomo Antikapitalistak (merged with ETA)
- Proposed states: Unification with the
Territory of Olivenza (Olivença)
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Portuguese
- Proposed state: Unification with Portugal
- Militant organisations: Amigos de Olivença (Portuguese irredentist movement)
- Proposed state: Unification with
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Valencians — Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry)
- Proposed state:
Valencian Country or 
Kingdom of Valencia — with the option for a free association with the rest of Catalan Countries
- Political parties: Valencian Nationalist Bloc, Initiative of the Valencian People, Popular Unity Candidates, Republican Left of the Valencian Country, Valencian State, Valencian Nationalist Left, Valencian Left
- Advocacy groups: Pro-Catalan Valencianists (who defend pan-Catalanism and Fuster's theories) propose the creation of a Valencian State and some type of reconnection with the rest of Catalan-speaking areas. Only a minor tendency within anti-Catalan Valencianism (Blaverism) proposed independence of the Kingdom of Valencia from both Catalonia and Spain.[93][94]
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, Youths of Compromís (mostly soveranist and non-secessionist), Youths of Republican Left of the Valencian Country
- Trade union: Intersindical Valenciana
- Other organisations: Valencian Sovereignty (Sobirania Valenciana)
- Proposed state:
Additionally, there are a number of almost extinct secessionist or soveranist movements in other autonomous communities and historical territories, e.g. Extremadura and Murcia.
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Extremadurans
- Proposed state:
Extremadura
- Political parties:
- Proposed state:
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Murcians
- Proposed state:
Murcia
- Political parties (nationalist): Partido Federal Murciano, Partido del País Murciano, Unión de los Pueblos de Murcia
- Political parties (autonomist): Partido Regionalista Murciano, Partido Murcianista, Nueva Región, Unión Democrática de la Región de Murcia-Coalición Ciudadana Regional
- Proposed state:
Local secessionist (mostly autonomist) movements include Aranesism, Bercianism, Cartagenism, Majorcanism, Manchego autonomism, Navarrism, Valencian Blaverism and Eastern Andalusian autonomism.
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Aranese (a subset of Gascon Occitans)
- Proposed autonomous area: Aran Valley — within Catalonia or unification with Occitania
- Proposed autonomous area: Aran Valley — within
Sweden
- People: Scanians or Swedes
- Proposed autonomous area:
Scania
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Scanians or Danes
- Proposed state: Unification with
Denmark
- Proposed state: Unification with
Switzerland
- Regional group: Jurassien (French speaking)
- Proposed state: "Free State of Jura"
- Political party: Mouvement Indépendantiste Jurassien (Jurassian Independentist Movement)[96]
- Proposed autonomous area: Reunified Jura (northern and southern districts), remaining inside the Swiss Confederation
- Militant organisations: Mouvement Autonomiste Jurassien (Jurassian Autonomist Movement),[97] Groupe Bélier (Youth activists movement)[98]
- Proposed state: "Free State of Jura"
- Regional group: Ticinesi (Italian speaking)
- Proposed state: annexation to the Lombardy
- Political party: Lega Sud Ticino
- Pressure groups: Domà Nunch
Turkey
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Ethnic group: Kurdish
- Proposed state: Kurdistan
- Political parties: Peace and Democracy Party (BDP), Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP)
- Militant organisations: Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), Group of Communities in Kurdistan (KCK), Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK), Democrat Party of Kurdistan/North (PDK/Bakur), Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK), Communist Party of Kurdistan (KKP)
Ukraine
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Breakaway states
Luhansk Oblast (partially)
- People: Russian Ukrainians
- De facto state:
Lugansk People's Republic
- Political parties: Russian Block, Russian Unity, New Russia Party
- Militant organization: Russian Armed Forces, United Armed Forces of Novorossiya
- De facto state:
Donetsk Oblast (partially)
- People: Russian Ukrainians
- De facto state:
Donetsk People's Republic
- Political parties: Donetsk Republic, Russian Block, Russian Unity, New Russia Party
- Militant organization: Russian Armed Forces, United Armed Forces of Novorossiya
- De facto state:
- Disputed status
- People: Russian Ukrainians
- De facto state: Russian Federation
- Militant organization: Russian Armed Forces
- People: Russian Ukrainians
- De facto state: Russian Federation
- Militant organization: Russian Armed Forces
- Proposed autonomous regions
- People: Hungarian Ukrainians, Rusyn Ukrainians[100]
- Proposed autonomous area: Transcarpathian Regional Confederation of the Hungarian and Rusyn People[101]
- Political parties: People's Parliament Carpathian Rusyns, which demands autonomy of Ruthenia
- Proposed autonomous area: Transcarpathian Regional Confederation of the Hungarian and Rusyn People[101]
United Kingdom
- Secessionist movements
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: English
- Proposed state:
England
- Political parties: English Democrats[102]
- Proposed state:
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Scots
- Proposed state:
Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member), Scottish Green Party, RISE,[103] Scottish Socialist Party
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[16]
- Proposed state:
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Welsh
- Proposed state:
Wales
- Political parties: Plaid Cymru, Cymru Annibynnol, Cymru Sovereign
- Advocacy groups: Cymuned, Celtic League[16]
- Proposed state:
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Ulster Scots
-
- Proposed state:
Ulster
- Militant organisations: Some elements within the Ulster Defence Association
- Proposed state:
- People: Irish
-
- Proposed state: Unification with
Ireland - Movement: United Ireland
- Political parties: Sinn Féin, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Republican Sinn Féin, Irish Republican Socialist Party, Fianna Fáil, éirígí, Workers' Party of Ireland, Irish Republican Socialist Party
- Militant organisations: Real Irish Republican Army, Continuity Irish Republican Army, Óglaigh na hÉireann
- Advocacy group: Celtic League,[16] 32 County Sovereignty Movement
- Proposed state: Unification with
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Londoners
- Proposed state:
London - Movement: London Independence[108]
- Proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: English
- Proposed autonomous area: England
- Political parties: English Democrats,[102] UKIP[109]
- Advocacy groups: Campaign for an English Parliament
- Proposed autonomous area:
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Scots
- Proposed autonomous area: Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member)[110]
- Proposed autonomous area:
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Welsh
- Proposed autonomous area: Wales
- Political parties: Plaid Cymru
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Londoners
- Proposed autonomous area: London
- Political parties: Labour Party[111]
- Proposed autonomous area:
Cornwall (possibly including the Isles of Scilly)
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- People: Cornish
- Proposed autonomous area: Cornwall
- Political parties: Green Party of England and Wales,[112] Mebyon Kernow (EFA member), Cornish Nationalist Party, Liberal Democrats[113][114]
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League, Cornish Constitutional Convention, Cornwall 2000, Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament, Tyr Gwyr Gweryn,[115][116] Wessex Constitutional Convention[117]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of Wessex
- Proposed autonomous area:
Wessex
- Political parties: Wessex Regionalist Party
- Advocacy group: Wessex Constitutional Convention
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of Yorkshire
- Proposed autonomous area:
Yorkshire[119][120][121][122]
- Political parties: Liberal Democrats, Yorkshire First
- Advocacy group: Yorkshire Devolution Movement[123][124]
- Proposed autonomous area:
North East England or North East Combined Authority area (which excludes Tees Valley)
- People: People of North East England
- Proposed autonomous area: North East England or
Northumbria[125]
- Political parties: North East Party[126]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Shetlanders and Orcadians
- Proposed autonomous area: Northern Isles
- Political parties: Liberal Democrats[127]
- Advocates: Liam McArthur MSP, Tavish Scott MSP,[127] and some local independent councillors[128]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Orcadians
- Proposed autonomous area:
Orkney
- Political parties: Liberal Democrats[127]
- Advocates: Liam McArthur MSP[127]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Shetlanders
- Proposed autonomous area:
Shetland
- Political parties: Liberal Democrats[127]
- Advocates: Tavish Scott MSP,[127]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of the Outer Hebrides
- Proposed autonomous area: Outer Hebrides[128]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- Independence movements of dependant territories
- People: Manx
- Proposed State:
Isle of Man
- Political party: Mec Vannin
- Advocacy group: Celtic League[16]
See also
- Lists of active separatist movements
- List of historical separatist movements
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
- List of micro-regional organizations
- List of states with limited recognition
- Independence referendum
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
Cite error: Invalid <references> tag; parameter "group" is allowed only.
<references />, or <references group="..." />External links
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found..
420
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Zubiaga, M. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Nation-building and institutions, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN 978-84-8438-421-2.
- ↑ Mateos, T. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Citizenship and culture, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN 978-84-8438-422-9.
- ↑ Antiguedad, I. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Territory and socioeconomics, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN 978-84-8438-423-6.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Wants To Make Iceland “Norway’s 20th County”
- ↑ Ønsker Island som Norges 20. fylke
- ↑ Ønsker Island som Norges 20. fylke
- ↑ Island + Norge = sant?
- ↑ Islendinger vil tilhøre Norge
- ↑ Ønsker Island som Norges tyvende fylke
- ↑ Derfor velger jeg landsforræderi
- ↑ Re-unification of Iceland and Norway
- ↑ Hundreds More Want Iceland as Norway’s 20th County
- ↑ Fylkisflokkurinn
- ↑ http://bora.la/2013/04/17/i-movimenti-per-lautonomia-e-per-lindipendenza-in-fvg/
- ↑ http://www.triestelibera.one/
- ↑ http://www.prolombardia.eu/ca/cose-pro-lombardia/
- ↑ Shao Chuan Leng, Coping with Crises: How Governments Deal with Emergencies, pg.92
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ http://uralistica.com/forum/topics/2161342:Topic:171113?commentId=2161342%3AComment%3A171436
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/15/russia-fledgling-independence-movements
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/05/world/europe/cossacks-face-reprisals-as-rebel-groups-clash-in-eastern-ukraine.html
- ↑ https://www.refworld.org/docid/51dfba394.html
- ↑ https://jamestown.org/kalmyks-protest-donbas-separatist-who-was-appointed-mayor-of-republican-capital/
- ↑ https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749cbf2.html
- ↑ The Putin-Osama Connection Archived 16 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Frontpage Magazine, 16 January 2008
- ↑ Sengupta and Chatterjee. Geographies: Perspectives from Eurasia. 15 December 2014. (page number not shown on page, but is available by text search): "The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria has collapsed and since then only remains a government in exile"
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. quote = "The group is supportive of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, an unrecognized government consisting of exiled leaders from the wars for independence."
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. quote= "Akhmed Zakayev, the head of the independent Chechen Republic Ichkeria government in exile, similarly told Kavkaz.Realii that he was absolutely certain the Naurskaya attackers had no ties to IS or to any other terrorist group."
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ https://minorityrights.org/minorities/dargins/
- ↑ https://www.crcpress.com/Dagestan-Russian-Hegemony-and-Islamic-Resistance-in-the-North-Caucasus/Robert-Ware/p/book/9780765620293
- ↑ http://www.dushakavkaza.ru/st4.html
- ↑ http://rutulets.ru/history/rutulcy.html
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Independència Valenciana (Valencian)
- ↑ Valencia Freedom
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 102.0 102.1 English Democrats seek independence for England, BBC News. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ↑ http://www.rise.scot/about/
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36620401
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 127.0 127.1 127.2 127.3 127.4 127.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 128.0 128.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Categories:
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