LGBT rights in Europe

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LGBT rights in Europe
Europe
Europe
Same-sex sexual activity legal? Legal in all 56 states
Legal in all 6 dependencies and other territories. Illegal in 2 states with limited recognition.
Gender identity/expression Legal in 43 out of 56 states
Legal in 3 out of 6 dependencies and other territories
Military service Allowed to serve openly in 39 out of 52 states having an army
Legal in all 6 dependencies and other territories
Discrimination protections Legal in 42 out of 56 states
Legal in all 6 dependencies and other territories
Family rights
Recognition of
relationships		 Legal in 25 out of 56 states
Legal in 3 out of 6 dependencies and other territories
Restrictions:
 Same-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 12 out of 56 states
Adoption Legal in 19 out of 56 states
Legal in 3 out of 6 dependencies and other territories

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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are widely diverse in Europe per country. Thirteen out of the nineteen countries that have legalised same-sex marriage worldwide are situated in Europe;[A] a further thirteen European countries have legalised civil unions or other forms of recognition for same-sex couples. Austria, Germany, Italy, Hungary and Switzerland are considering legislation to introduce same-sex marriage. Same-sex marriage will be enacted in Finland by March 2017. Slovenia has carried out a referendum to legalise same-sex marriage in December 2015 which failed to succeed. Malta is the only country in Europe that recognises legally performed same-sex marriages overseas but does not perform them. Constitutions of Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine recognizes marriage only as a union of one man and one woman.

According to the 2015 Eurobarometer, the top five EU countries in terms of LGBT rights and approval of same-sex marriage are the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Spain and Ireland.

History

A participant of 2013 Prague Pride wearing a traditional Moravian dress (Hanakia) and a sign "Good day - Olomouc greets Prague"

Although same-sex relationships were quite common (but never an equivalent to marriage between man and woman) in ancient Greece, Rome and pagan Celtic societies, after Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, severe laws against homosexual behaviour appeared. An edict by the Emperor Theodosius I in 390 condemned all "passive" homosexual men to death by public burning. This was followed by the Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian I in 529, which prescribed public castration and execution for all who committed homosexual acts, both active and passive partners. Homosexual behaviour, called sodomy, was considered a capital crime in most European countries, and thousands of homosexual men were executed across Europe during waves of persecution in these centuries. Lesbians were less often singled out for punishment, but they also suffered persecution and execution from time to time.[1]

Since the foundation of Poland in 966, Polish law has never defined homosexuality as a crime.[2][3] Forty years after Poland lost its independence in 1795, the sodomy laws of Russia, Prussia, and Austria came into force in the partitioned Polish territory. Poland regained its independence in 1918 and abandoned the laws of the occupying powers.[4][5][6] In 1932, Poland codified the equal age of consent for homosexuals and heterosexuals at 15.[7]

In Turkey, homosexuality has been legal since 1858.[8]

During the French Revolution, the French National Assembly rewrote the criminal code in 1791, omitting all reference to homosexuality. During the Napoleonic wars, homosexuality was decriminalised in territories coming under French control, such as the Netherlands and many of the pre-unification German states, however in Germany this ended with the unification of the country under the Prussian Kaiser, as Prussia had long punished homosexuality harshly. On 6 August 1942, the Vichy government made homosexual relations with anyone under twenty-one illegal as part of its conservative agenda. Most Vichy legislation was repealed after the war– but the anti-gay Vichy law remained on the books for four decades until it was finally repealed in August 1982 when the age of consent (15) was again made the same for heterosexual as well as homosexual partners.

Nevertheless, gay men and lesbians continued to live closeted lives, since moral and social disapproval by heterosexual society remained strong across Europe for another two decades, until the modern gay rights movement began in 1969. <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Further information: LGBT social movements

Various countries under dictatorships in the 20th century were very anti-homosexual, such as in the Soviet Union, in Nazi Germany and in Spain under Francisco Franco's regime. In contrast, after Poland regained independence after World War I, it went on in 1932 to become the first country in 20th-century Europe to decriminalise homosexual activity[clarification needed], followed by Denmark in 1933, Iceland in 1940, Switzerland in 1942 and Sweden in 1944.

In 1962, homosexual behaviour was decriminalised in Czechoslovakia, following a scientific research of Kurt Freund that included phallometry of homosexually oriented men who appeared to have given up sexual relations with other men and established heterosexual marriages. Freund came to the conclusion that homosexual orientation may not be changed.[citation needed]

In 1972, Sweden became the first country in the world to allow people who were transsexual by legislation to surgically change their sex and provide free hormone replacement therapy.[9]

In 1979, a number of people in Sweden called in sick with a case of being homosexual, in protest of homosexuality being classified as an illness. This was followed by an activist occupation of the main office of the National Board of Health and Welfare. Within a few months, Sweden became the first country in Europe from those that had previously defined homosexuality as an illness to remove it as such.[10]

In 1989, Denmark was the first country in Europe, and the world, to introduce registered partnerships for same-sex couples.[citation needed]

In 1991, Bulgaria was the first country in Europe to ban same-sex marriage.[11] Since then, eleven countries have followed (Lithuania in 1992, Belarus and Moldova in 1994, Ukraine in 1996, Poland in 1997, Latvia and Serbia in 2006, Montenegro in 2007, Hungary in 2012, Croatia in 2013 and Slovakia in 2014).[11][12]

In 2001 a next step was made, when the Netherlands opened civil marriage for same-sex couples, which made it the first country in the world to do so. Since then, eleven other European states have followed (Belgium in 2003, Spain in 2005, Norway and Sweden in 2009, Portugal and Iceland in 2010, Denmark in 2012, France in 2013, the United Kingdom in 2014 and Luxembourg and the Republic of Ireland in 2015).[citation needed]

On 22 October 2009, the assembly of the Church of Sweden, voted strongly in favour of giving its blessing to homosexual couples,[13] including the use of the term marriage, ("matrimony"). The new law was introduced on 1 November 2009.

Recent developments

File:Same sex marriage map Europe detailed.svg
Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe
  Marriage
  Foreign marriages recognized
  Other type of partnership
  Unregistered cohabitation
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
Includes laws that have not yet gone into effect.

Civil partnerships have been legal in Ireland since 2011. In 2013, the government held a constitutional convention which voted overwhelmingly in favour of amending the constitution in order to extend marriage rights to same-sex couples. On 22 May 2015, Irish citizens voted on whether to add the following amendment to the constitution: "Marriage may be contracted in accordance with law by two persons without distinction as to their sex.". 62.1% of the electorate voted in favour of the amendment, making Ireland the first country worldwide to introduce same-sex marriage through a national referendum. Ireland's first same-sex marriage ceremonies took place in November 2015.

The Isle of Man has allowed civil partnerships since 2011, as well as Jersey in 2012.[citation needed] Liechtenstein also legalised registered partnership by 68 percent of voters via a referendum in 2011.[14]

On 1 January 2012, a new constitution of Hungary enacted by the government of Viktor Orbán, leader of the ruling Fidesz party, came into effect, restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples and containing no guarantees of protection from discrimination on account of sexual orientation.[15]

In 2012, the United Kingdom government launched a public same-sex marriage consultation,[16] intending to change the laws applying to England and Wales. Its Marriage Bill was signed into law on 17 July 2013. The Scottish government launched a similar consultation, aiming to legalise same-sex marriage by 2015. On 4 February 2014, the Scottish Parliament passed a bill to legalise same sex marriages in Scotland as well as ending the "spousal veto" that would allow spouses to deny transgender partners the ability to change their legal gender. Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom which does not allow same sex marriage. [17]

In May 2013, France legalised same-sex marriage, with French president François Hollande signing a law authorising marriage and adoption by gay couples.[18]

On 7 June 2013, Romania amended its Constitution to ban same-sex marriage through a commission tasked with amending it, with 15 MPs in the commission voting for,and only 3 abstentions.[19]

On 30 June 2013, Vladimir Putin, President of Russia, signed the Russian LGBT propaganda law into force, which was unanimously approved by the State Duma. The law makes distributing propaganda among minors in support of non-traditional sexual relationships a criminal offence.[20]

On 1 December 2013, a referendum was held in Croatia to constitutionally define marriage as a union between a woman and a man. The vote passed, with 65.87% supporting the measure, and a turnout of 37.9%.[21]

On 27 January 2014 in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (part of Cyprus occupied since the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974) Turkish Cypriot deputies passed an amendment repealing a colonial-era law that punished homosexual acts with up to five years in prison by a new Criminal Code.[22]

On 14 April 2014, the Parliament of Malta voted in favour of the Civil Union Act which recognises same-sex couples and permits them to adopt children. On the same day the Maltese parliament also voted in favour of a constitutional amendment to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.

On 4 June 2014, the Slovak parliament overwhelmingly approved a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, with 102 deputies for and 18 deputies against the legislation.[12]

On 18 June 2014, the Parliament of Luxembourg approved a bill to legalise same-sex marriage and adoption.[23] The law was published in the official gazette on 17 July and took effect 1 January 2015.[24][25][26]

On 15 July 2014, Croatian Parliament passed the Life Partnership Act giving same-sex couples all rights that married couples have, except for adoption.[27] However, the Act allows a parent's life partner to become the child's partner-guardian. Partner-guardianship as an institution is equal to step-child adoption in rights and responsibilities, but it does not give parental status to the parent's life partner. Criteria for partner-guardianship and step-parent adoption for opposite-sex couples are the same. Also, regardless of partner-guardianship, a parent's life partner may attain partial parental responsibility over the child either via court or consensus among the parents and life partner, even full in some cases when the court decides that it is in the child's best interest.

In September 2014, a law went into effect in Denmark effectively dropping the former practice of requiring transgender persons to undergo arduous psychiatric evaluation and castration before being allowed legal gender change. By requiring nothing more than a statement of gender identity and subsequent confirmation of the request for gender change after a waiting period of 6 months, this means that anyone wishing their legal gender marker changed can do so with no expert-evaluation and few other formal restrictions.[28] Meanwhile, Norwegian Health Minister Bent Høie has made promises that a similar law for Norway will be drafted soon.[29]

On 9 October 2014, the parliament of Estonia passed the Cohabitation bill by a 40-38 vote.[30] It was signed by President Toomas Hendrik Ilves that same day and will take effect on 1 January 2016.[31]

On 27 November 2014 the Parliament of Andorra passed a Civil Union bill, legalising also joint adoption for same-sex partners. On 24 December 2014, the bill was published in the official journal, following promulgation by co-prince François Hollande as signature of one of the two co-princes was needed. It took effect on 25 December 2014.[32]

On 12 December 2014 the Parliament of Finland passed a same-sex marriage bill by a 101-90 vote.[33] The law was signed by President Sauli Niinistö on 20 February 2015. In order that the provisions of the framework law would be fully implementable further legislation has to be passed. The provisional date of the law going into effect is 1 March 2017.[34]

On 21 January 2015, the Parliament of Macedonia overwhelmingly approved Amendment XXXIII to the Constitution of Macedonia, banning same-sex marriage, with 72 MPs voting for and 4 MPs voting against.[35]

On 7 February 2015, Slovaks voted in a referendum to ban same sex marriage and same sex parental adoption.[36] The result of the referendum was for the proposals, with 95% and 92% votes for, respectively.[37] However, the referendum was deemed invalid because of a low turnout.[38]

On 3 March 2015 the Parliament of Slovenia passed a same-sex marriage bill by a 51-28 vote.[39] On 20 December 2015, Slovenians reject the new same-sex marriage bill by a margin of 63% to 37%.

In November 2015, Cyprus legalised civil unions for same-sex couples.

In December 2015, Greece legalised civil unions for same-sex couples.

Public opinion around Europe

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See also: Societal attitudes towards homosexuality
2010 European Social Survey: % of people in each country who agree or strongly agree that "gay men and lesbians should be free to live their own lives as they wish." [1]
Country Percentage
 Netherlands 92%
 Sweden 89%
 Denmark 89%
 Belgium 87%
 United Kingdom 84%
 Norway 83%
 France 82%
 Ireland 82%
  Switzerland 82%
 Germany 81%
 Spain 80%
 Finland 74%
 Czech Republic 65%
 Portugal 59%
 Greece 50%
 Slovenia 49%
 Bulgaria 47%
 Hungary 45%
 Poland 44%
 Slovakia 42%
 Estonia 41%
 Croatia 38%
 Lithuania 28%
 Ukraine 28%
 Russia 25%

In a 2002 Pew Global Attitudes Project surveyed by the Pew Research Center, showed majorities in every Western European nation said homosexuality should be accepted by society, while most Russians, Poles and Ukrainians disagreed.[40] A Eurobarometer in 2006 surveying up to 30,000 people from each European Union country, showed split opinion around the 27 member states on the issue of same sex marriage. The majority of support came from the Netherlands (82%), Sweden (71%), Denmark (69%), Belgium (62%), Luxembourg (58%), Spain (56%), Finland (54%), Germany (52%) and the Czech Republic (52%). All other countries within the EU had below 50% support; with Romania (11%), Latvia (12%), Cyprus (14%), Bulgaria (15%), Greece (15%), Lithuania (17%), Poland (17%), Hungary (18%) and Malta (18%) at the other end of the list.[41] Same sex adoption had majority support from only two countries: Netherlands at 69% and Sweden at 51% and the least support from Poland and Malta on 7% respectively.[41]

A more recent survey carried out in October 2008 by The Observer affirmed that the majority of Britons – 55% – support gay marriage.[42] A 2013 poll shows that the majority of the Irish public support gay marriage and gay adoption, 73% and 60% respectively.[43] France has support for same sex marriage at 62%,[44] and Russian at 14%.[45] Italy has support for the 'Civil Partnership Law' between gays at 45% with 47% opposed.[46] In 2009 58.9% of Italians supported civil unions, while 40.4 supported same-sex marriage.[47] In 2010, 63.9% of Greeks supported same-sex partnerships, while 38.5% supported same-sex marriage.[48] In 2012 a poll by MaltaToday[49] showed that 41% of Maltese supported same sex marriage, with support increasing to 60% amongst the 18-35 age group. In a 2013 opinion poll conducted by CBOS, 65% of Poles were against same-sex civil unions, 72% of Poles were against same-sex marriage, 88% were against adoption by same-sex couples, and 68% were against gays and lesbians publicly showing their way of life.[50] In Croatia, a poll from November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[51] A CBOS opinion poll from February 2014 found that 70% of Poles believe same-sex sexual activity is morally unacceptable, while only 22% believed it is morally acceptable.[52]

According to pollster Gallup Europe, women, younger generations, and the highly educated are more likely to support same-sex marriage and adoption rights for gay people than other demographics.[53]

Gay rights in the European Union
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage
Country Pollster Year For Against Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
 Albania NDI 2015 10%[54] 88%[54] 2%[54]
 Armenia Интеграция и развитие 2013 2%[55] 96%[55] 2%[55]
 Austria IMAS 2015 55%[56] 38%[56] 7%[56]
 Belarus NAS 2015 4.5%[57] 86.6%[57] 8.8%[57]
 Belgium Eurobarometer 2015 77%[58] 20%[58] 3%[58]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina NDI 2015 10%[54] 88%[54] 2%[54]
 Bulgaria Eurobarometer 2015 17%[58] 68%[58] 15%[58]
 Croatia Eurobarometer 2015 37%[58] 54%[58] 9%[58]
 Cyprus Eurobarometer 2015 37%[58] 56%[58] 7%[58]
 Czech Republic Eurobarometer 2015 57%[58] 36%[58] 7%[58]
 Denmark Eurobarometer 2015 87%[58] 9%[58] 4%[58]
 Estonia Eurobarometer 2015 31%[58] 58%[58] 11%[58]
 Finland Eurobarometer 2015 66%[58] 28%[58] 6%[58]
 France BVA 2015 67%[59] 31%[58] 2%[58]
 Georgia NDI 2012 6%[60] 89%[60] 4%[60]
 Germany YouGov 2016 68%[61] 24%[58] 8%[58]
 Greece dianeosis 2016 36%[62] 59% 4%[62]
 Hungary Eurobarometer 2015 39%[58] 53% 8%[58]
 Ireland Eurobarometer 2015 80%[58] 15%[58] 5%[58]
 Italy Demos & Pi 2016 56%[63] 40%[63] 4%[63]
 Kosovo NDI 2015 10%[54] 88%[54] 2%[54]
 Latvia Eurobarometer 2015 19%[58] 76%[58] 5%[58]
 Lithuania Eurobarometer 2015 24%[58] 71%[58] 5%[58]
 Luxembourg Eurobarometer 2015 75%[58] 20%[58] 5%[58]
 Macedonia NDI 2015 10%[54] 88%[54] 2%[54]
 Malta Eurobarometer 2015 65%[58] 29%[58] 6%[58]
 Moldova IPP 2014 5.9%[64] 87.2% 6.9%
 Montenegro NDI 2015 10%[54] 88%[54] 2%[54]
 Netherlands Eurobarometer 2015 91%[58] 7%[58] 2%[58]
 Norway Ipsos 2013 78%[65] 17%[65] 4%[65]
 Poland Eurobarometer 2015 28%[58] 61%[58] 11%[58]
 Portugal Eurobarometer 2015 61%[58] 33%[58] 6%[58]
 Romania Eurobarometer 2015 21%[58] 69%[58] 10%[58]
 Russia VTsIOM 2015 8%[66] 80% 12%
 Serbia NDI 2015 10%[54] 88%[54] 2%[54]
 Slovakia Eurobarometer 2015 24%[58] 69%[58] 7%[58]
 Slovenia Ninamedia 2015 38.3%[67] 49.5%[67] 12.2%[67]
 Spain Eurobarometer 2015 84%[58] 10%[58] 6%[58]
 Sweden Eurobarometer 2015 90%[58] 7%[58] 3%[58]
  Switzerland Ifop 2013 63%[68] 37% -
 Ukraine GfK Ukraine 2013 4.6%[69] 95.4% -
 United Kingdom YouGov 2016 56%[70] 27%[70] 17%[70]
File:Gay Adoption Map Europe.svg
Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples in Europe:
  Joint adoption legal1
  Stepparent adoption legal2
  No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples
1In Finland a law will come into force in 2017.
2In Estonia a law will come into force in 2016.
Opinion polls for same-sex adoption
Country Pollster Year For Against Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
 Austria IMAS 2015 46%[56] 48%[56] 6%
 Belgium Ipsos 2013 67%[71] 33%[71] 0%[71]
 Bulgaria Eurobarometer 2006 12%[72] 68%[72] 20%[72]
 Cyprus Eurobarometer 2006 10%[72] 86%[72] 4%[72]
 Czech Republic CVVM: stepchild:
from institutional care:		 2015 59%[73]
44%[73]		 33%[73]
49%[73]		 8%[73]
7%[73]
 Denmark YouGov 2012 59%[74] 31%[74] 11%[74]
 Estonia ASi 2012 26%[75] 66%[75] 8%[75]
 Finland Taloustutkimus 2013 51%[76] 42%[76] 7%[76]
 France BVA 2015 57%[59] 41%[59] 2%[59]
 Germany YouGov 2015 57%[77] 35%[77] 8%
 Greece Public Issue 2016 14%[78] 84%[78] 3%[78]
 Hungary Eurobarometer 2006 13%[72] 81%[72] 6%[72]
 Ireland Red C Poll 2011 60%[79] - -
 Italy Demos & Pi 2016 37%[80] 60%[80] 3%[80]
 Latvia Eurobarometer 2006 8%[72] 89%[72] 3%[72]
 Lithuania Eurobarometer 2006 12%[72] 82%[72] 6%[72]
 Luxembourg Politmonitor 2013 55%[81] 44%[81] 1%[81]
 Malta Eurobarometer 2006 7%[82] 85%[82] 9%[82]
 Netherlands Eurobarometer 2006 69%[82] 27%[82] 4%[82]
 Norway YouGov 2012 54%[74] 34%[74] 12%[74]
 Poland CBOS 2013 8%[83] 87%[83] 5%[83]
 Portugal Expresso 2014 40.4%[84] 39.1%[84] 20.5%
 Romania Eurobarometer 2006 8%[72] 82%[72] 10%[72]
 Russia VTsIOM 2015 3%[66] 88% 9%
 Serbia GSA 2010 8%[85] 79% 13%
 Slovakia Eurobarometer 2006 12%[72] 84%[72] 4%[72]
 Slovenia Delo Stik 2015 38%[86] 55%[86] 7%[86]
 Spain Ipsos 2013 73%[71] 27%[71] 0%[71]
 Sweden Ipsos 2013 78%[71] 21%[71] 1%[71]
  Switzerland Ifop 2013 63%[87] 37%[87] 0%[87]
 Ukraine Gay Alliance of Ukraine 2013 7% [88] 68%[88] 12%
13% would allow some exceptions[88]
 United Kingdom Ipsos 2013 65%[71] 35%[71] 0%[71]

Legislation by country or territory

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Main article: LGBT rights by country or territory
Tables:

European Union

Main article: LGBT rights in the European Union
LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
European Union European Union Yes Legal in all 28 member states.[89] Yes/No Legal in 21/28 member states.
 Yes/No Legal in 12/28 member states.
 Yes/No Joint adoption legal in 13/28 member states.
Step-child adoption legal in 16/28 member states.		 Yes/No Legal in 27/28 member states.
 Yes/No Membership requires a state to ban anti-gay discrimination in employment only. Yes Legal in all 28 member states.[90]

Central Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Austria Austria Yes Legal since 1971
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Registered partnership since 2010[92] No (Pending)[93] Yes Step-child adoption since 2013.
Joint adoption since 2016.[94][95]		 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes Gender change is legal.[97]
Croatia Croatia Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Life partnership since 2014[98] No Constitutionally banned since the 2013 referendum.[99] Yes/No Partner-guardianship since 2014 (parental responsibility and a permanent next-of-kins relationship between a life partner and their partner's child which is registered in the child's birth certificate) Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[100][96][96] Yes Act on the elimination of discrimination bans all types discrimination based on both gender identity and gender expression. Gender change is regulated by special policy issued by Ministry of Health. [101]
Czech Republic Czech Republic Yes Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia)
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Registered partnership since 2006[102] No No LGBT individuals may adopt; (Step-child adoption pending)[103] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes Legal recognition granted and amendment of birth certificate after reassignment surgery (With mandatory sterilisation) [97].
Germany Germany Yes Legal in East Germany since 1968
Legal in West Berlin and West Germany since 1969
+ UN decl. sign.[91][104]		 Yes Registered life partnership since 2001[105] No (Pending)[106] Yes/No Step-child adoption since 2005; (Joint adoption pending) Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[107][108] Yes Gender change is legal.[109]
Hungary Hungary Yes Legal since 1962
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Registered partnership since 2009[110] No (Pending)[111][112]
Constitutionally banned since 2012.[113][114]		 No LGBT individuals may adopt; (Joint and step-child adoption pending)[115] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes Full legal recognition granted, birth certificate replaced. No surgery or hormone therapy is required for legal gender change.[97]
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Yes Legal since 1989
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Registered partnership since 2011[116] No No LGBT individuals may adopt.[117] Has no military No (Proposed)[citation needed] No Gender change is not legal.[97]
Poland Poland Yes Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 No[118] No Constitutionally banned since 1997.[119] No LGBT individuals may adopt, joint adoption forbidden.[120] Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes
Romania Romania Yes Legal since 1996
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 No No No LGBT individuals may adopt.[121] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes Legal recognition and birth certificates amended after reassignment surgery.[97]
Slovakia Slovakia Yes Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia)
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 No No Constitutionally banned since 2014[122] No LGBT individuals may adopt.[123] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[124][125] Yes (Requires sterilisation for change).[97]
Slovenia Slovenia Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Registered partnership since 2006[126] No Yes/No Step-child adoption since 2011. Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes Gender change is legal.[127]
Switzerland Switzerland Yes Legal nationwide since 1942
Legal in the cantons of Geneva, Ticino, Valais and Vaud (as part of France) since 1798
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Registered partnership since 2007[128] No (Pending)[129] (Constitutional ban pending)[130] No LGBT individuals may adopt; (Biological step-child adoption pending).[131] Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination. (Banning all anti-gay discrimination pending)[132] Yes Legal documents can be issued based on a person's new gender identity. Sterilisation technically required not enforced since 2012. Registered Partnership can become Marriage between the new opposite-sex couple.[133]

Eastern Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Armenia Armenia Yes Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 No No No No/Yes No explicit ban. However, LGBT persons have been reportedly discharged because of their sexual orientation.[134] No No
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Yes Legal since 2000[91] No No No Yes[135] No Yes (Requires sterilisation for change).[97]
Belarus Belarus Yes Legal since 1994[91] No No Constitutionally banned since 1994[136] No No/Yes Banned from military service during peacetime, but during wartime homosexuals are permitted to enlist as partially able.[137] No LGBT activism/expression deemed terrorism[138] Yes
Georgia (country) Georgia Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 No No (Constitutional ban proposed)[139][140] No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[141] Yes (Requires sterilisation for change).[97]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Yes Legal since 1998[91] No No No No No Emblem-question.svg
Moldova Moldova Yes Legal since 1995
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 No No Constitutionally banned since 1994[142] No Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination [96] Yes (Requires sterilisation for change).[97]
Russia Russia Yes Male legal since 1993
Female always legal[143][91]		 No No (Constitutional ban proposed)[144] No Yes No Yes (Requires sterilisation for change).[97]
Ukraine Ukraine Yes Legal since 1991
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 No No Constitutionally banned since 1996[145] No LGBT individuals may adopt.[146] No/Yes Policies depend on the regional commissioners.[147] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[148] Yes (Requires sterilisation for change).[97]

Northern Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Denmark Denmark Yes Legal since 1933
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Registered partnership from 1989 to 2012 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[149] Yes Legal since 2012[150][151] Yes Step-child adoption since 1999.
Joint adoption since 2010.[152]		 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy.[153]
Estonia Estonia Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Cohabitation agreement since 2016[154] No Yes/No Step-child adoption since 2016 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[97]
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark)		 Yes Legal since 1933
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 No No (Pending) No (Pending) Yes (Denmark responsible for defence) Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[155][156] No[157]
Finland Finland Yes Legal since 1971
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Registered partnership since 2002[158] Yes From March 2017[159] Yes Step-child adoption since 2009.
Joint adoption from March 2017.		 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes Legal change and recognition is possible only with sterilisation.[160]
Iceland Iceland Yes Legal since 1940
(As part of Denmark)
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Registered cohabitation since 2006[161];
Registered partnership from 1996 to 2010 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[162]		 Yes Legal since 2010[163][164] Yes Legal since 2006[165] Has no military Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes Documents can be amended to the recognised gender.[166][97]
Latvia Latvia Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 No No
Constitutionally banned since 2006[167]		 No LGBT individuals may adopt.[168] Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes Documents are amended accordingly, no medical intervention required.[169]
Lithuania Lithuania Yes Legal since 1993
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 No (Pending) No
Constitutionally banned since 1992[170]		 No Only married couples can adopt.[171] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes Gender change is legal since 2003.[172]
Norway Norway Yes Legal since 1972
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Registered partnership from 1993 to 2009 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[173] Yes Legal since 2009[174][175] Yes Legal since 2009[176] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes All documents can be amended to the recognised gender.[97]
Sweden Sweden Yes Legal since 1944
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Registered partnership from 1995 to 2009 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[177] Yes Legal since 2009[178] Yes Legal since 2003[179] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes[180]

Southern Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)		 Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[91][181][182]		 No No Emblem-question.svg Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[183] Emblem-question.svg
Albania Albania Yes Legal since 1995
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 No No No Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[184]

No Gender change is not legal.[97]
Andorra Andorra Yes Legal since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Stable union since 2005[185]; Civil union since 2014.[186] No Yes Legal since 2014[187][186][188] Has no military Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] No Gender change is not legal.[97]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Legal since 1998 in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska since 2000 and Brcko District since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 No No No Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[96] No
Bulgaria Bulgaria Yes Legal since 1968
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 No No Constitutionally banned since 1991[189] No LGBT individuals may adopt.[190] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes (Requires sterilisation for change). Forbids discrimination based on gender identity. [191] [192]
Cyprus Cyprus Yes Legal since 1998
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Civil Unions since 2015 [193] No No No (The only EU country to ban LGBT people in the military, not enforced)[194] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[195]

No Gender change is not legal.
Gibraltar Gibraltar
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)		 Yes Legal since 1993
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Civil partnership since 2014[196] No Yes Legal since 2014 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination (Banning all anti-gay discrimination pending)[197] X mark.svg (Pending)[198]
Greece Greece Yes Legal since 1951 + UN decl. sign.[91] Yes Civil partnership since 2015[199] No No Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes (Requires sterilisation for change).[97]
Italy Italy Yes Legal since 1890
Legal in parts of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, along with Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol since 1919
(Illegal in parts of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, illegal in parts of Veneto, along with Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol from 1943-1945 under annexation of Nazi Germany)
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 No (Pending)[200] No (Pending)[201][202][203] No (Step-child adoption pending)[204] Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes Since 1982 legal recognition and documents can be amended to the recognised gender.[205] The Court of Cassation decided in 2015 that sterilisation is not required.[206]
Republic of Macedonia Macedonia Yes Legal since 1996
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 No No (Constitutional ban pending)[207] No Yes No No
Malta Malta Yes Legal since 1973
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Civil union since 2014[208] No/Yes Marriage performed abroad recognised since 2014[208][209] Yes Legal since 2014 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes Since 2015.[210]
Montenegro Montenegro Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 No No Constitutionally banned since 2007[211][212] No Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes (Requires sterilisation for change).[97] Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.
Portugal Portugal Yes Legal since 1983
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes De facto union since 2001[213][214] Yes Legal since 2010[215] Yes Legal since 2015 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[96] Yes Since 2011. All documents can be amended to the recognised gender.[216]
San Marino San Marino Yes Legal since 1865
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes/No Unregistered cohabitation since 2012 (Only for one entitlement)[217] No No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[218] No Gender change is not legal.[97]
Serbia Serbia Yes Legal from 1858, when nominally a vassal of Ottoman Empire to 1860[219] and again since 1994 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 No No Constitutionally banned since 2006[220] No Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes Gender change is legal since 2007.[221][222]
Spain Spain Yes Legal since 1979
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Unregistered cohabitation since 1994. Since 1997, different cities and regions have legislated their own version of civil union.[223][224] Yes Legal since 2005[225] Yes Legal since 2005[226] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[227]
Turkey Turkey Yes Legal since 1858[91] No No No No (Proposed)[228] No (Proposed)[228] Yes (Requires sterilisation for change).[229]
Vatican City Vatican City Yes Legal since 1890 (As part of Italy)[91] No No No Has no military No X mark.svg

Western Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belgium Belgium Yes Legal nationwide since 1795
(As part of France)

Legal in Eupen-Malmedy since 1919
(Illegal from 1944-1944/1945 as part of Reichskommissariat Belgien-Nordfrankreich and under annexation of Nazi Germany)
+ UN decl. sign.[91]

 Yes Legal cohabitation since 2000[230] Yes Legal since 2003[231][232][233] Yes Legal since 2006[234] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes The 2007 law concerning transsexuality[235] grants the right to a legal name and gender change. (Requires hormone treatment for name change and sterilisation for gender change).
France France Yes Legal nationwide since 1791
Legal in Savoy since 1792
Legal in parts of Alpes-Maritimes, Bas-Rhin, Haute-Saône, Moselle, and Vosges since 1793
Legal in parts of Haut-Rhin since 1798
Legal in parts of Alpes-Maritimes, Hautes-Alpes and Savoie since 1890
(As part of Italy)
(Illegal in Corsica under the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom from 1794-1796, illegal in parts of Alpes-Maritimes, along with Savoy from 1814-1860 under annexation of Kingdom of Sardinia, illegal in Alsace-Lorraine from 1871–1918 and 1940-1944/1945 under annexation of Imperial and Nazi Germany, and illegal in Nord and Pas-de-Calais from 1944-1944/1945 as part of Reichskommissariat Belgien-Nordfrankreich and under annexation of Nazi Germany)
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999[236] Yes Legal since 2013[237] Yes Legal since 2013[238] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[96] Yes (Requires sterilisation for change).[239]
Guernsey Guernsey
(Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)		 Yes Legal since 1983
+ UN decl. sign.[240][241][91]		 Yes/No Civil unions performed abroad recognised since 2015[242][243] (Proposed)[244] Yes/No Marriages performed abroad recognised since 2015[245][246] (Proposed)[244] No (Pending)[247] Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[248] Yes 2004 anti-discrimination law. Legal gender change since 2007: Case law only. Only allows a new birth certificate to be issued. Does not amend or remove records of existing birth certificates, extension to Alderney and Sark unclear, does extend to Herm.[248][249]
Republic of Ireland Ireland Yes Male legal since 1993
Female always legal
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Civil partnership since 2011[250] Yes Legal since 2015. Approved via referundum[251] Yes Legal since 2015[252] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[253][254][255] Yes Gender Recognition Act 2015 [256]
Isle of Man Isle of Man
(Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)		 Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Civil partnership since 2011[257] No (Proposed)[258][259] Yes Legal since 2011 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[260] Yes Transsexual persons are allowed to change their legal gender and to have their new gender recognised as a result of the Gender Recognition Act 2009 (c.11).[261][262]
Jersey Jersey
(Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)		 Yes Legal since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Civil partnership since 2012[263] No (Proposed)[264] Yes Legal since 2012 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[265] Yes Gender Recognition (Jersey) Law 2010[266]
Luxembourg Luxembourg Yes Legal since 1795
(As part of France)
(Illegal from 1942-1944/1945 under annexation of Nazi Germany)
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Registered Partnership since 2004[267] Yes Legal since 2015[268][269] Yes Legal since 2015[270] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[271] Yes (Requires sterilisation for change). [97]
Monaco Monaco Yes Legal since 1793 (As part of France)
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 No (Pending)[272] No No Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[8] Emblem-question.svg
Netherlands Netherlands Yes Legal since 1811
(As part of France)
(Illegal from 1940-1944/1945 as part of Reichskommissariat Niederlande)
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Registered partnership since 1998[273] Yes Legal since 2001[274] Yes Legal since 2001[275] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[276] Yes[277]
United Kingdom United Kingdom Yes Male legal in England and Wales since 1967, in Scotland since 1981, and in Northern Ireland since 1982
Female always legal
+ UN decl. sign.[91]		 Yes Civil partnership since 2005[278] Yes Legal in England, Wales and Scotland since 2014.[279][280]
No Illegal in Northern Ireland		 Yes Legal in England and Wales since 2005, in Scotland since 2009 and Northern Ireland since 2013[281][282] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[283][91] Yes Gender Recognition Act 2004.

Partially recognised or unrecognised states

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia Abkhazia Yes Legal after 1991[citation needed] No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Luhansk People's Republic Luhansk People's Republic No Illegal since 2014. Penalty: 5 years imprisonment, 4 years "corrective labour"[284] No No No X mark.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Kosovo Kosovo Yes Legal from 1858, when part of the Ottoman Empire, again in 1994 (As part of Yugoslavia)[91] No No[285] No LGBT individuals may adopt.[286][287] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[288] Yes[97]
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Nagorno-Karabakh Yes Legal since 2000[citation needed] No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus Yes Legal since 2014[289][290][91] No No No No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[289][290] Yes Discrimination or hate speech banned since 2014.[289][290]

Emblem-question.svg Unknown if gender change is legal.
Donetsk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic No Illegal since 2014[291] No No No No No Emblem-question.svg
South Ossetia South Ossetia Yes Legal after 1991[citation needed] No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Transnistria Transnistria Yes Legal since 2002[292] No No No Emblem-question.svg No (Proposed)[293] Emblem-question.svg


See also

References and notes

A The UK Parliament excepted Scotland and Northern Ireland from its same-sex marriage legislation, although the Scottish parliament has since legalised it.

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External links

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  1. ↑ Crompton, Louis. (2003). Homosexuality & Civilization. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 1-212.
  2. ↑ http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/poland.html%20%20
  3. ↑ http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/poland.html
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Jag känner mig lite homosexuell idag | quistbergh.se The American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders in 1973 with publication of its DSM II. Source: The American Psychiatric Association, and DSM II. Thus, the American Psychiatric Association took this step six years before a similar action was taken in Sweden.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Liechtenstein: Homo-Ehe kommt nächstes Jahr Queer.de, 17 December 2009
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ (French) Mémorial A n° 125 de 2014
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ (Estonian) Riigikogu võttis vastu kooseluseaduse
  32. ↑ (Catalan) Demà entren en vigor lleis importants, com la d'unions civils o la 'regla d´or'
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ http://www.gcn.ie/feature.aspx?sectionid=14&articleid=3182
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ http://images.tanea.gr/assetservice/Image.ashx?c=15881978&r=0&p=0&t=0&q=100&v=1&s=1&w=800
  49. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[dead link]
  54. ↑ 54.00 54.01 54.02 54.03 54.04 54.05 54.06 54.07 54.08 54.09 54.10 54.11 54.12 54.13 54.14 54.15 54.16 54.17 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ 58.00 58.01 58.02 58.03 58.04 58.05 58.06 58.07 58.08 58.09 58.10 58.11 58.12 58.13 58.14 58.15 58.16 58.17 58.18 58.19 58.20 58.21 58.22 58.23 58.24 58.25 58.26 58.27 58.28 58.29 58.30 58.31 58.32 58.33 58.34 58.35 58.36 58.37 58.38 58.39 58.40 58.41 58.42 58.43 58.44 58.45 58.46 58.47 58.48 58.49 58.50 58.51 58.52 58.53 58.54 58.55 58.56 58.57 58.58 58.59 58.60 58.61 58.62 58.63 58.64 58.65 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ 71.00 71.01 71.02 71.03 71.04 71.05 71.06 71.07 71.08 71.09 71.10 71.11 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  72. ↑ 72.00 72.01 72.02 72.03 72.04 72.05 72.06 72.07 72.08 72.09 72.10 72.11 72.12 72.13 72.14 72.15 72.16 72.17 72.18 72.19 72.20 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 73.3 73.4 73.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.3 74.4 74.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 http://www.erinevusrikastab.ee/files/LGBT-avalik-arvamus/LGBT_aruanne.pdf
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 http://www.taloustutkimus.fi/k/homoparien-adoptio/
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 https://yougov.de/news/2015/05/29/mehrheit-der-deutschen-fur-ehe-fur-alle/
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  79. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.4 82.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  85. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 Ifop Poll
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 http://upogau.org/ru/inform/ournews/ournews_606.html
  89. ↑ Perspective: what has the EU done for LGBT rights?, Café Babel, 17 May 2010
  90. ↑ What is the current legal situation in the EU?, ILGA Europe
  91. ↑ 91.00 91.01 91.02 91.03 91.04 91.05 91.06 91.07 91.08 91.09 91.10 91.11 91.12 91.13 91.14 91.15 91.16 91.17 91.18 91.19 91.20 91.21 91.22 91.23 91.24 91.25 91.26 91.27 91.28 91.29 91.30 91.31 91.32 91.33 91.34 91.35 91.36 91.37 91.38 91.39 91.40 91.41 91.42 91.43 91.44 91.45 91.46 91.47 91.48 91.49 91.50 91.51 91.52 91.53 91.54 91.55 91.56 91.57 91.58 State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, authored by Lucas Paoli Itaborahy, May 2014
  92. ↑ (German) Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz
  93. ↑ (German) Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Änderung
  94. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  95. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  96. ↑ 96.00 96.01 96.02 96.03 96.04 96.05 96.06 96.07 96.08 96.09 96.10 96.11 96.12 96.13 96.14 96.15 96.16 96.17 96.18 96.19 96.20 96.21 96.22 96.23 96.24 96.25 96.26 96.27 96.28 96.29 96.30 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  97. ↑ 97.00 97.01 97.02 97.03 97.04 97.05 97.06 97.07 97.08 97.09 97.10 97.11 97.12 97.13 97.14 97.15 97.16 97.17 97.18 97.19 97.20 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  98. ↑ (Croatian) Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola
  99. ↑ (Croatian) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  100. ↑ (Croatian) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  101. ↑ (Croatian)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  102. ↑ (Czech) 115/2006 Sb. o registrovaném partnerství a o změně některých souvisejících zákonů
  103. ↑ Gay couple initiates legal debate on child adoption
  104. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  105. ↑ (German) Gesetz über die Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft
  106. ↑ (German) Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts
  107. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  108. ↑ http://www.gaylesbiantimes.com/?id=14425
  109. ↑ (German) Gesetz über die Änderung der Vornamen und die Feststellung der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit in besonderen Fällen
  110. ↑ (Hungarian) 2009. évi XXIX. törvény a bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolatról, az ezzel összefüggő, valamint az élettársi viszony igazolásának megkönnyítéséhez szükséges egyes törvények módosításáról
  111. ↑ (Hungarian) T/5423 Magyarország Alaptörvényének 6. módosítása
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  114. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  115. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Index.hu
  116. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  117. ↑ http://www.llv.li/#/1611/adoption
  118. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  119. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  120. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/poland.html
  121. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/romania.html
  122. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  123. ↑ https://adoption.com/forums/thread/316200/adopting-in-slovakia/
  124. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  125. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  126. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  127. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  128. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  129. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  130. ↑ (French) 13.085 n Pour le couple et la famille - Non à la pénalisation du mariage. Initiative populaire, Swiss Parliament, retrieved on 16 January 2015
  131. ↑ Switzerland: a law will open some adoption rights to homosexuals, dot429.com, Retrieved 29 March 2014
  132. ↑ https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/media-releases.msg-id-57063.html
  133. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  134. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  135. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  136. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  137. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  138. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  139. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  140. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  141. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  142. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  143. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  144. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  145. ↑ Legal Report: Ukraine, COWI (2010)
  146. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/ukraine.html
  147. ↑ http://fortruss.blogspot.ch/2015/06/ukrainian-military-to-issue-draft.html
  148. ↑ http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-politics/1912891-ukraines-parliament-passes-anti-discrimination-law.html
  149. ↑ https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=142282
  150. ↑ http://cphpost.dk/news/national/gay-marriage-legalised The Copenhagen Post, 7 June 2012: Gay marriage legalised] Retrieved 2012-09-19
  151. ↑ Homoseksuelle fik ja til ægteskab - Jyllands-Posten.
  152. ↑ (Danish) Lov om ændring af lov om registreret partnerskab, lov om en børnefamilieydelse og lov om børnetilskud og forskudsvis udbetaling af børnebidrag
  153. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  154. ↑ (Estonian) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  155. ↑ Island Chain Votes To Ban Discrimination Against Gays
  156. ↑ §266b
  157. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  158. ↑ (Swedish) Lag om registrerat partnerskap
  159. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  160. ↑ (Finnish) Ihmisoikeudet kuuluvat myös transsukupuolisille
  161. ↑ (Icelandic)Lög um breytingu á lagaákvæðum er varða réttarstöðu samkynhneigðra (sambúð, ættleiðingar, tæknifrjóvgun)
  162. ↑ http://www.althingi.is/altext/stjt/2010.065.html
  163. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  164. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  165. ↑ https://adopt.com/iceland/
  166. ↑ Iceland adopts a new comprehensive law on trans issues
  167. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  168. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/latvia.html
  169. ↑ (Latvian) Cik viegli pārvērsties no Ievas par Ādamu?
  170. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  171. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/lithuania.html
  172. ↑ (Lithuanian) Lietuvos Respublikos Civilinis kodeksas (Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania
  173. ↑ https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/lov/2008-06-27-53
  174. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  175. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  176. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/norway.html
  177. ↑ http://www.notisum.se/rnp/sls/sfs/20090253.pdf
  178. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  179. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/sweden.html
  180. ↑ http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/sweden-ends-forced-sterilization-trans110113
  181. ↑ Criminal Code (Amendment) Ordinance 2000 (PDF)
  182. ↑ Criminal Code (consolidated)
  183. ↑ Employment (Equality) Ordinance 2013 (PDF)
  184. ↑ Dan Littauer, Albania passes landmark gay hate crime laws, gaystarnews.com, 5 May 2013
  185. ↑ (Catalan) Llei 4/2005, del 21 de febrer, qualificada de les unions estables de parella
  186. ↑ 186.0 186.1 (Catalan) Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995
  187. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  188. ↑ (Catalan) Demà entren en vigor lleis importants, com la d'unions civils o la 'regla d´or'
  189. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  190. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/bulgaria.html
  191. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  192. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  193. ↑ [3]
  194. ↑ http://ihrp.law.utoronto.ca/utfl_file/count/media/IHRP%20Cyprus%20Report%20FINAL%202014.pdf
  195. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  196. ↑ CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 2014
  197. ↑ http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/2006-37o.pdf
  198. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  199. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  200. ↑ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 14
  201. ↑ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 15
  202. ↑ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 204
  203. ↑ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 393
  204. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  205. ↑ (Italian) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  206. ↑ Court of Cassation judgment of 21 May 2015
  207. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  208. ↑ 208.0 208.1 AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto
  209. ↑ MARRIAGE ACT
  210. ↑ Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Bill
  211. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  212. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  213. ↑ (Portuguese) Law no. 7/2001, from 11 May (specifically Article 1, no. 1).
  214. ↑ (Portuguese) AR altera lei das uniões de facto
  215. ↑ Law no. 9/2010, from 30th May.
  216. ↑ http://www.lgbt-ep.eu/press-releases/meps-welcome-new-gender-change-law-in-portugal-concerned-about-lithuania/
  217. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  218. ↑ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
  219. ↑ First post-Mediaeval criminal code in the Principality of Serbia, named "Kaznitelni zakon" (Law of Penalties), adopted in 1860, punishes sexual intercourse "against the order of nature" between males with 6 months to 4 years imprisonment. V. Para # 206, p. 82 of the "Kaznitelni zakon 1860" in Slavo-Serbian orthography (PDF)
  220. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  221. ↑ http://www.parlament.gov.rs/akti/doneti-zakoni/doneti-zakoni.1033.html
  222. ↑ http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2012&mm=12&dd=24&nav_category=11&nav_id=671737
  223. ↑ (Spanish) Decreto 124/2000, de 11 de julio, por el que se regula la creación y el régimen de funcionamiento del Registro de parejas de hecho de la comunidad autónoma de Castilla-La Mancha
  224. ↑ (Spanish) DECRETO 117/2002, de 24 de octubre, por el que se crea el Registro de Uniones de Hecho en Castilla y León y se regula su funcionamiento
  225. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  226. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/spain.html
  227. ↑ (Spanish) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas
  228. ↑ 228.0 228.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  229. ↑ http://ijg.sagepub.com/content/18/1/77.abstract
  230. ↑ (German) Gesetz zur Einführung des gesetzlichen Zusammenwohnens
  231. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  232. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  233. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  234. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/belgium.html
  235. ↑ (French) (Dutch) Loi du 10 mai 2007 relative à la transsexualité/Wet van 10 mei 2007 betreffende de transseksualiteit
  236. ↑ (French) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité
  237. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  238. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/france.html
  239. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  240. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  241. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  242. ↑ http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=98634&p=0
  243. ↑ http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=98636&p=0
  244. ↑ 244.0 244.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  245. ↑ http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=98634&p=0
  246. ↑ http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=98636&p=0
  247. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  248. ↑ 248.0 248.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  249. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  250. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  251. ↑ Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution (Marriage Equality) Bill 2015
  252. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  253. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  254. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  255. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  256. ↑ http://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-transgender-recognition-bill-2218956-Jul2015/
  257. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  258. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  259. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  260. ↑ EMPLOYMENT ACT 2006
  261. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  262. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  263. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  264. ↑ Equal Marriage and Partnership Options Paper Report
  265. ↑ http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/AssemblyPropositions/2015/P.40-2015.pdf
  266. ↑ GENDER RECOGNITION (JERSEY) LAW 2010
  267. ↑ (French) Loi du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux effets légaux de certains partenariats
  268. ↑ Same-sex marriages from January 1
  269. ↑ Same-Sex Marriage in Luxembourg from 1 January 2015
  270. ↑ http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2014/0125/a125.pdf
  271. ↑ (French) Mémorial A n° 207 de 2006
  272. ↑ n°207 - Proposition de loi relative au Pacte de vie commune
  273. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  274. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  275. ↑ ttp://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/netherlands.html
  276. ↑ https://www.government.nl/topics/discrimination/contents/prohibition-of-discrimination
  277. ↑ http://www.buzzfeed.com/lesterfeder/the-netherlands-passes-landmark-gender-identity-law
  278. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  279. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  280. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  281. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  282. ↑ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/united-kingdom.html
  283. ↑ Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4)
  284. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  285. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  286. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  287. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  288. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  289. ↑ 289.0 289.1 289.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  290. ↑ 290.0 290.1 290.2 (Turkish) Kuzey Kıbrıs’ın “Eşcinsellik Suçu” Yasası Tarihe Karıştı!
  291. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  292. ↑ http://pravo.pmr-online.com/View.aspx?id=dMQ8CSXQu3QAok4djqV2MQ%3D%3D
  293. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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