| PIE |
English |
Gothic |
Latin |
Ancient Greek |
Sanskrit |
Iranian |
Slavic |
Baltic |
Celtic |
Armenian |
Albanian |
Tocharian |
Hittite |
| (predominant dialects used:) |
modern, c. 2000 AD; Late West Saxon OE, c. 1000 AD |
c. 350 AD |
c. 100 BC |
Classical Attic, c. 400 BC |
Vedic Sanskrit, c. 1700-1100 BC (?) (Rig Veda) |
Old Avestan, c. 1700-1200 BC (??); Younger Avestan, c. 900-400 BC (??); Old Persian, c. 525 BC (Behistun inscription) |
Old Church Slavonic, c. 1000 AD |
modern Lithuanian, c. 2000 AD; Old Prussian, c. 1350-1600 AD |
Old Irish, c. 800 AD; modern Welsh, c. 2000 AD |
Classical Armenian, c. 405 AD |
modern, c. 2000 AD |
Tocharian A and B, c. 800 AD |
c. 1400 BC |
| *meH₂tér- "mother" |
mother (< OE mōdor) |
ON móðir "mother" |
māter "mother" |
mḗtēr "mother" |
mātár- "mother" |
Av mātar- "mother" |
OCS mati, mater- "mother" |
Lith móteris "woman", motina; OPrus muti "mother" |
OIr māthir "mother" |
mayr "mother" |
motër "sister" |
A mācar, B mācer "mother" |
|
| *pH₂tér- "father" |
father (< OE fæder) |
fadar "father" |
pater "father" |
patḗr "father" |
pitár- "father" |
Av pitar- (nom. also pta, ta), OPers pita "father" |
|
|
OIr athir "father" |
hayr "father" |
|
A pācar, B pācer "father" |
|
| *bhréH₂ter- "brother" |
brother (< OE brōþor) |
brōþar "brother" |
frāter "brother" |
phrā́tēr "member of a phratry (brotherhood)" |
bhrā́tar- "brother" |
Av brātar-, OPers brātar-, Ossetian ärvád "brother, relative" |
OCS bratrŭ "brother" |
Lith brõlis, OPrus brati "brother |
OIr brāth(a)ir, W brawd (pl. brodyr) "brother" |
ełbair (gen. ełbaur) "brother" |
|
A pracar, B procer "brother" |
|
| *swésor "sister" |
sister (< OE sweostor, influenced by ON systir) |
swistar "sister" |
soror "sister" |
éor "relative" |
svásar- "sister" |
Av x ̌aŋhar- "sister" |
OCS sestra "sister" |
Lith sesuõ (seser̃s), OPrus sestra "sister" |
OIr siur, W chwaer "sister" |
k`oir (k`eṙ), nom.pl k`or-k` "sister"[1] |
vashë "girl" |
A ṣar', B ṣer "sister" |
| *dhugH₂-tér- "daughter" |
daughter (< OE dohtor) |
daúhtar "daughter" |
Oscan futír "daughter" |
thugátēr "daughter" |
duhitár- "daughter" |
Av dugədar-, duɣδar-, NPers duxtar, duxt "daughter" |
OCS dŭšti, dŭšter- "daughter" |
Lith dukteris, OPrus dukti "daughter" |
Gaulish duxtir "daughter" |
dowstr "daughter" |
|
A ckācar, B tkācer "daughter" |
túwatara "daughter" |
| *suHnú- "son" |
son (< OE sunu) |
sunus "son" |
|
huiús "son" |
sūnú- "son" |
Av hunuš "son" |
OCS synŭ "son" |
Lith sūnùs, OPrus suns "son" |
|
ustr "son" |
çun "boy/son" |
A se, B soyä "son" |
|
| *nepot- "nephew, grandson" |
obsolete neve "nephew, male cousin, grandson" (< OE nefa) |
OHG nevo "nephew" |
nepōs (nepōtis) "grandson, nephew" |
népodes "descendants" |
nápāt- "grandson, descendant" |
Av napāt-, naptar-, OPers napāt- "grandson, descendant" |
|
OLith nepotis, OPrus neputs "grandson" |
OIr nïæ "sister's son", W nei "nephew" |
|
nip "grandson, nephew" |
|
|
| *dāiH₂u̯ēr- "husband's brother, brother-in-law" |
OE tācor "husband's brother" |
OHG zeihhor "husband's brother" |
levir "husband's brother" |
dāēr "husband's brother" |
devar- "husband's brother" |
|
OCS děverĭ "brother-in-law" |
Lith dieveris "husband's brother" |
|
taigr "husband's brother" |
|
|
|
| *snusós "daughter-in-law" |
OE snoru "daughter-in-law" |
OHG snur "daughter-in-law" |
nurus "daughter-in-law" |
nuos "daughter-in-law" |
snuṣā- "daughter-in-law" |
|
OCS snŭxa "daughter-in-law" |
|
|
|
nuse "bride" |
nu "daughter-in-law" |
|
| *su̯eḱrū́- "mother-in-law" |
OE sweger "mother-in-law" |
swaihr "mother-in-law" |
socrus"mother-in-law" |
ekurā "mother-in-law" |
śvaśrū- "mother-in-law" |
|
OCS svekry "mother-in-law" |
Lith šešuras "father-in-law", OPrus swasri "mother-in-law" |
|
skesur "mother-in-law" |
vje´herr "father-in-law" |
|
|
| PIE |
English |
Gothic |
Latin |
Ancient Greek |
Sanskrit |
Iranian |
Slavic |
Baltic |
Celtic |
Armenian |
Albanian |
Tocharian |
Hittite |
| *dhǵhemon- "person" |
OE guma "person, man", brȳdguma "bridegroom"[2] |
guma "man" |
homō "person" |
|
púruṣ- male, person |
NPers adam "person, human" |
OCS kum "person, relative" |
OLith žmuõ "person"; OPrus zmunents "human" |
OIr duine, W dyn "person" < *dhĝhom-yo- |
|
|
A śom "boy"; B śaumo "person" |
|
| *H₂ner- "man, hero" |
|
ON Njǫrðr (name of a God) |
Ner-ō (personal name), neriōsus "strong" |
anḗr (andros) "man" |
nár- (nom. nā) "man, person" |
Av nar- (nom. nā) "man, person" |
OCS nravŭ "custom" |
Lith nóras "wish, want", narsa; OPrus nàrs "courage" |
W ner "hero" |
air (aṙn) "man, person" |
njer "man, person" |
|
|
| *wiH-ro- "man" |
werewolf (< OE wer "man") |
waír "man" |
vir "man" |
|
vīrá- "man, hero" |
Av vīra- "man, hero" |
OCS parya, paren- "guy, young man" |
Lith výras "man"; OPrus wirs "man, husband" |
OIr fer, W gwr "man" |
|
burrë "man" |
A wir "young" |
|
| *gʷén-eH₂- "woman, wife" |
queen (< OE cwēn "queen, woman, wife") |
qēns (qēnáis), qinō "woman, wife" |
|
gunḗ (gunaikos) "woman, wife" < *gʷun-eH₂ |
gnā (gnā́s-) "wife of a god", jániḥ, jánī "woman, wife" |
Av gǝnā, γnā, ǰaini-, NPers zan "woman, wife" |
OCS žena "woman, wife" |
Lith žmoná "wife", OPrus gena "woman, wife" |
OIr ben (mná) "woman, wife" < *gʷén-eH₂ (*gʷn-eH₂-s), bé (neut.) "wife < *gʷén; W ben-yw "womanly" |
kin "woman, wife" |
zonjë "lady, wife, woman" < *gʷen-yeH₂; Gheg grue, Tosk grua "wife" < *gʷn-ōn |
A śäṁ (pl. śnu), B śana "woman, wife" |
Luwian wanatti "woman, wife" |
| PIE |
English |
Gothic |
Latin |
Ancient Greek |
Sanskrit |
Iranian |
Slavic |
Baltic |
Celtic |
Armenian |
Albanian |
Tocharian |
Hittite |
| *egH₂ "I" |
I (< OE ic̣) |
ik "I" |
egō "I" < *egoH₂ |
egṓ, egṓn "I" |
ahám "I" < *egH₂-om |
Av azǝm, OPers adam "I" < *egH₂-om |
OCS azŭ "I" |
Lith àš, OLith eš, OPrus as, Latv es "I" |
es "I" |
es "I" |
unë "I" (-në possibly originally a suffix) |
ñuk "I" |
ūk "I" influenced by ammuk "me" |
| *H₁me- "me (acc.)" |
me (< OE mē, mec < *H₁me-ge) |
mik "me (acc.)" |
mē(d) "me (acc.)" |
emé, me "me (acc.)" |
mām "me (acc.)" < *H₁mē-m, mā "me (acc. encl.)" |
Av mąm "me" |
OCS mę "me (acc.)" < *H₁mē-m |
Lith manè "me (acc.)" |
OIr me-sse, mé, W mi "I" |
is "me (acc.)" <? *H₁me-ge |
mua, mue "me (acc.)" < *H₁mē-m |
|
ammuk "me (acc., dat.)" < *H₁me-ge, -mu "me (acc. encl.)" |
| *H₁meǵhi "me (dat.)", *(H₁)moi "me (dat. encl.)" |
me (< OE mē) |
mis "me (dat.)" |
mihi "me (dat.)" |
moi "me (dat., gen. encl.)" |
máhya(m) "me (dat.)", mḗ, me "me (dat. encl.)" |
Av maibya "me (dat.)" (? not in Pokorny), me (Old Avestan moi) "me (dat. encl.)" |
OCS mi (dat enc.) < *(H₁)moi |
Lith man "for me", OPrus maiy "me (dat. encl.)" |
OIr infix -m- "me" |
inj "me (dat.)" |
meje |
|
ammuk "me (acc., dat.)" < *H₁me-ge, -mi "me (dat. encl.)" |
| *H₁meme-, *H₁mene- "of me, mine"; * H₁mo-yo-, * H₁me-yo- "my" |
my, mine (< OE mīn < *H₁mei-no-) |
meins "my"; meina "of me" |
meī "of me"; meus "my" < *H₁me-yo- |
emeĩo "of me"; emós "my" |
máma "of me"; ma/mā "my" < *H₁mo- |
Av mana, OPers manā "of me"; Av ma (m/n), mā (f) "my" |
OCS mene "of me", moj "my" |
Lith mana(s), OPrus mais/maia "my" |
W fyn "of me, my"; Breton ma "of me, my" |
im "of me, my" |
im "my" (article i + em) |
AB ñi "my" < Proto-Tocharian *mäñi |
miš "my" < *H₁me-yo- |
| *tu "you" (nom. sg.) |
thou (< OE þū "you") |
þu "you" |
tū "you" |
Doric tú (standard sú) |
t(u)vám "you"; |
Av tū "you" |
OCS ty "you" |
Lith tù, OPr tu "you" |
OIr tū, tu-ssu, tu-sso, W ti |
du "you" |
ti "you" |
A tu, B t(u)we "you" |
zik, zikka "you" < *tega < *te + *egō |
| *wei "we"; *n̥s-mé, encl. *nos "us" |
we (< OE wē), us (< OE ūs < PGerm *uns < *n̥s) |
weis "we", uns "us" |
nōs "we, us" |
hēm- "we, us";[3] Aeol ámme "us" < *asme < *n̥sme |
vay-ám "we" < *wei-óm, asmān "us" < *n̥sme + acc. -ān, encl. naḥ "us" < *nos |
Av vaēm "we", ahma "us", encl. nǝ̄, nā̊, nō "us" |
OCS gen. nasŭ "ours" < *nōs-sōm |
Lith mès "we"; OPr gen. nōuson "ours" < *nōs-sōm |
OIr ni "we, us" <? *s-nēs, gen. ar n- < *n̥s-rō-m; W ni, ny "we" < *nēs |
|
na "we" < *nŏs, ne "us" < *nōs |
A was, B wes "we" |
wēs "we" < *wei-es, anzāš "us", encl. naš "us" |
| *yū "you (nom. pl.)"; *us-wé, *us-mé,[4] encl. *wos "you (acc./dat. pl.)" |
ye (< OE gē "you (nom. pl.)"), you (< OE ēow[5] "you (acc./dat. pl.)") |
jūs "you (nom. pl.)", izwis[5] "you (acc./dat. pl.)" |
vōs "you (nom./acc. pl.)" |
hum- "you (pl.)"; Aeol úmme "you (acc. pl.)" < *usme |
yūyám "you (nom. pl.)", yuṣmā́n "you (acc. pl.)" < y- + *usme + acc. -ān, encl. vaḥ "you (obl. pl.)" |
Av yūžǝm, yūš "you (nom. pl.)", yūšmat̃ "you (abl. pl.)", encl. vā̊ "you (obl. pl.)" |
OCS vy "you (nom./acc. pl.)", vasŭ "yours (pl.)" |
Lith jũs "you (nom. pl.)", jũsų "yours (pl.)"; OPr iouson "yours (pl.)" |
OIr sī, sissi "you (nom. pl.)" < *sw-, uai-b "of you (pl.)" < *ō-swī, NIr far n- "your (pl.)"; W chwi "you (nom. pl.)" < *sw- |
|
ju "you (nom. pl.)" < *u < *vos |
A yas, B yes "you (nom. pl.)" |
sumes < *usme |
| *s(w)e- "oneself"; (reflexive pronoun) |
self (< OE self', seolf) |
swes (ref. gn. pn.), OHG sih (ref. pn.) |
sē (ref. pn.) |
hé (ref. pn.) |
sva- (ref. pn.) |
Avestan hva- (ref. pn.) |
OCS svoji (ref. gn. pn.) |
Lith sava(s), OPrus swajs "my own, myself" |
OIr fein (self, himself) |
ink῾s |
vetë |
A ṣn-i, B ṣañ "(one's) own" |
Lydian s'fa- (ref. pn.), Carian sfes (ref. pn.) |
| *kʷid, kʷod "what" |
what (< OE hwæt) |
ƕa "what" |
quid "what?", quod "what…, that…" |
tí "what?", tì "what…" |
kím "what" |
|
OCS čь-to "what?" |
Lith kàs "what?"; OPrus kawids "which, what a" |
OIr cid "what?" |
i "what?" |
si "what?" |
|
kuit (?) "what", kuit-ki "whatever"; Luvian kuit "what?" |
| *kʷis, kʷos, kʷei/kʷoi "who" |
who (< OE hwā < *kʷoi) |
ƕas "who?" |
quis "who?", quī "who..." |
tís, Thess kís, CyprArc sís "who?", tìs "who…" |
káḥ, kíḥ "who?" |
Av kō (ka-hyā, ča-hyā) "who?, which?", čiš "who" |
OCS kъ-to (česo) "who?" |
Lith kàs "who?"; OPrus kas "who" |
OIr cia, W pwy "who" |
о "who?" |
kë acc. "who?" |
A kus, B kuse "who, which" |
kuis "who, which" |
| *-kʷe "and; any" |
|
-(u)h "and", ƕaz-uh "whoever" |
-que "and", quis-que "each one, whoever"; Venetic -ke "and"; South Picenian -p "and" |
-te "and", tís te, hós-te "whoever" |
-ca "and", káś-ca "whoever" |
Av ča, OPers čā "and"; Av čiš-ca, OPers čiš-čiy "whoever" |
Bulg če "but, and, because"; Old Czech a-če, ač "if" |
|
OIr na-ch, MW nac "not" < "*and not";[6] Lepontic -pe "and" |
o-k` "whoever" |
|
|
Lydian -k "and"; Hitt kuis-ki, Lycian ti-ke "whoever" |
| *n̥- "not, un-" |
un- (< OE un-) |
un- "un-" |
in- (archaic en-) "un-" |
a-, an- "un-" |
a-, an-, na- "un-" |
Av, OPers a-, an- "un-" |
OCS ne- "not" < *ne- |
Lith ne- < *ne-, OPrus ni- "not" |
OIr in-, ē-, an-, W an- "un-" |
an- (?) "un-" |
|
AB a(n)-, am-, e(n)-, em-, on- "un-" |
|
| PIE |
English |
Gothic |
Latin |
Ancient Greek |
Sanskrit |
Iranian |
Slavic |
Baltic |
Celtic |
Armenian |
Albanian |
Tocharian |
Hittite |
| *sem- "one, together" |
same (< ON samr); OE sam- "together" |
sama "same" |
sem-el "once", sem-per "always", sim-plex "single, simple", sin-gulī "one each, single" |
heĩs, hén, mía "one" < *sems, *sem, *smiH₂ |
sam- "together", samá "same, equal, any" |
Av hama-, OPers hama- "any, all" |
OCS samŭ "self, alone, one" |
Lith sam-, są- "with"; OPrus sa-, sen- "with, dividing" |
OIr samlith "at the same time"; W hafal "similar" |
mi "one" |
|
A sas, B ṣe "one" < *sems |
|
| *ói-nos, ói-wos "one" |
one (< OE ān) |
ains "one" |
ūnus (archaic oinos) |
oĩnos "one (on a die)", oĩ(w)os "alone" |
(ēka- < *oi-ko-; Late Proto-Indic aika-vartana "one turn (around a track)") |
Av aēva-, OPers aiva- "one, only, alone" |
OCS inŭ "one, another" |
Lith víenas, OPrus ains "one" |
OIr ōen, W un "one" |
andr-ēn "right there", ast-ēn "right here" |
? Gheg tânë, Tosk tërë "all" < PIE *tod-oino-; ??? një "one" < *ňân < PIE *eni-oino-[7] |
B -aiwenta "group" < "*unit" |
|
| *dwóH₁ , neut. *dwóy(H₁) "two" |
two (< OE twā) |
twái (fem. twōs, neut. twa) "two" |
duo "two" |
dúō "two" |
dvā́(u) "two" |
Av dva, fem. neut. baē "two" |
OCS dŭva "two" |
Lith dù, OPrus dwai "two" |
OIr da, W dau (fem. dwy) "two" |
erku "two" |
dy "two" |
A wu, B wi "two" |
dā-, Lycian cbi-/tbi- "two" |
| *tréyes (fem. *tisres,[8] neut. *tríH₂) "three" |
three (< OE þrīe) |
þreis "three" |
trēs "three" |
treĩs "three" |
tráyaḥ (fem. tisráḥ) "three" |
Av ϑrayō, ϑrayas (fem. tisrō, neut. ϑri), OPers çi-, Parth hrē "three" |
OCS trĭje "three" |
Lith trỹs, OPrus tris, Latg treis "three" |
OIr trí (fem. téoir), W tri (fem. tair, teir) "three" |
erekʻ "three" |
tre "three" |
A tre, B trai "three" |
tri- "three" |
| *kʷetwóres (fem. *kʷétesres, neut. *kʷetwṓr) "four" |
four (< OE fēower) |
fidwor "four" (In Germanic influenced by pénkʷe "five") |
quattuor "four" |
téssares "four" |
masc. catvā́raḥ (acc. catúraḥ), neut. catvā́ri, fem. cátasraḥ "four" |
Av masc. čaϑwārō (acc. čaturąm), fem. čataŋrō "four"; NPers čahār "four" |
OCS četyre "four" |
Lith keturì, OPrus ketturei "four" |
OIr ceth(a)ir (fem. cethēoir, influenced by fem. tēoir "three") "four"; W pedwar (fem. pedair) "four" |
čʻorkʻ "four" |
katër "four" |
A śtwar, B śtwer "four" |
|
| *pénkʷe "five" |
five (< OE fīf) |
fimf "five" |
quīnque "five" |
pénte "five" |
páñca "five" |
Av panča "five" |
OCS pętĭ "five" |
Lith penkì, OPrus penkei "five" |
OIr cóic, W pum(p) "five" |
hing "five" |
pesë "five" |
A päñ, B piś "five" |
|
| *swéḱs "six" |
six (< OE siex) |
sáihs "six" |
sex "six" |
héx, dial. wéx "six" |
ṣáṣ "six" |
Av xšvaš "six" |
OCS šestĭ "six" |
Lith šešì, OPrus uššai "six" |
OIr sé, W chwe(ch) "six" |
vec̣ "six" |
gjashtë "six" |
A ṣäk, B ṣkas "six" |
|
| *septḿ̥ "seven" |
seven (< OE seofon) |
sibun "seven" |
septem "seven" |
heptá "seven" |
saptá "seven" |
Av hapta "seven" |
OCS sedmĭ "seven" |
Lith septynì, OPrus septinnei "seven" |
OIr secht, W saith "seven" |
evt`n "seven" |
shtatë "seven" |
A ṣpät, B ṣukt "seven" |
sipta- "seven" |
| *H₁oḱtō(u) "eight" |
eight (< OE eahta) |
ahtáu "eight" |
octō "eight" |
oktṓ "eight" |
aṣṭā́(u) "eight" |
Av ašta "eight" |
OCS osmĭ "eight"[9] |
Lith aštuonì, OPrus astonei, Latg ostoni "eight" |
OIr ocht n- "eight";[10] W wyth "eight" |
ut` "eight" < *optō, influenced by *septḿ̥ "seven" |
tetë "eight" < *H₁oḱtō-t- |
A okät, B okt "eight" |
|
| *(H₁)néwn̥ "nine" |
nine (< OE nigon) |
niun "nine" |
novem "nine" |
ennéa "nine" |
náva "nine" |
Av nava "nine" |
OCS devętĭ "nine" < *newn̥-ti- (Influenced by dékm̥t "ten") |
Lith devynì (influenced by dékm̥t "ten"), OPrus newinei "nine" |
OIr noí n-, W naw "nine" |
inn /inən/ "9" < *enwn̥ |
nëntë "nine" < *newn̥-ti- |
AB ñu |
|
| *déḱm̥t "ten" |
ten (< OE tien) |
taíhun "ten" |
decem "ten" |
déka "ten" |
dáśa "ten" |
Av dasa "ten" |
OCS desętĭ "ten" |
Lith dẽšimt, OPrus desimtan "ten" |
OIr deich, W deg, deng "ten" |
tasn "ten" |
dhjetë "ten" < *déḱm̥t-i- |
A śäk, B śak "ten" |
|
| *wī́ḱm̥̥tiH₁ "twenty" < *dwi-dḱm̥̥t-iH₁ "two tens" |
(remodelled) |
(remodelled) |
vīgintī "twenty" |
eíkosi "twenty" |
viṁśatí "twenty", dviṁśatí "twenty" |
Av vīsaiti, Ossetian insäi "twenty" |
(remodelled) |
Lith dvidešimt "twenty" |
OIr fiche (fichet), OW uceint "twenty" |
k`san "twenty" |
zet "twenty" |
A wiki, B ikäṃ "twenty" |
|
| *ḱm̥tóm "hundred" < *dḱm̥tóm |
hundred (< OE hund, hund-red) |
hunda (pl.) "hundred" |
centum "hundred" |
he-katón "hundred" |
śatám "hundred" |
Av satǝm "hundred" |
OCS sŭto "hundred" |
Lith šim̃tas, OPrus simtan "hundred" |
OIr cét, W can(t) "hundred" |
|
|
A känt, B kante "hundred" |
|
| PIE |
English |
Gothic |
Latin |
Ancient Greek |
Sanskrit |
Iranian |
Slavic |
Baltic |
Celtic |
Armenian |
Albanian |
Tocharian |
Hittite |
| *(d)ákru- "tear" |
tear (< OE tēar, tæhher) |
tagr "tear" |
lacruma "tear" |
dákru "tear" |
áśru "tear" |
Av asrū- "tear" |
|
OPrus assara "tear", Lith ašara "tear |
OIr dēr, W deigr "moist"; Cornish dagr "tear" |
artawsr "tear" < *draḱur |
|
A ākär "tear", B pl. akrūna "tears" |
isḫaḫru "tear" |
| *dn̥ǵhuH₂-, *dn̥ǵhwéH₂ "tongue" |
tongue (< OE tunge) |
tuggō "tongue" |
lingua "tongue" (archaic dingua) |
|
jihvā́ "tongue" < *ǵiǵhwā |
Av hizvā < *ǵiǵhwā, OPers hizān, Parth ezβān "tongue"[11] |
OCS języ-kŭ "tongue" < *n̥ǵhū-k- |
OPrus inzuws "tongue", Lith liežuvis "tongue" |
teng "tongue" |
lezu "tongue" < *leǵhwā (after *leiǵh- "lick") |
|
A käntu, B kantwo "tongue" (*kantwa < *tankwa) |
|
| *ésH₂r̥, *esH₂nés "blood" |
|
|
archaic aser "blood" |
éar "blood" |
ásr̥k, ásr̥t (asnáḥ) "blood" |
|
|
Lat asins, Ltg asnis (gen. ašņa) "blood" |
|
ariun "blood" < *ésH₂r̥- |
|
A ysār "blood" |
ēsḫar (esḫanas) "blood" |
| *ǵénu, ǵnéus; ǵ(o)nH₂dhos "jaw, cheek, chin" |
chin (< OE c̣inn) |
kinnus "cheek" |
gena "cheek" |
génus (génuos) "chin, jaw"; gnáthos, gnathmós "jaw" < *ǵnH₂dh- |
hánu-ṣ "jaw" < *ǵhenu-s |
Av zānu- "jaw-" < *ǵhenu-s, OPers danūg < *danu-ka-, Parth zanax "chin, jaw" |
|
OPrus żauna "jaw", Lith žiauna "jaw" |
OIr gi(u)n "mouth"; W gen, pl. geneu "cheek, chin"; Old Cornish pl. genau < *genewes "cheeks, chins" |
?cnaut "jaw, cheek" |
|
A śanwe-m "jaw" |
|
| *ǵénu, ǵnéus "knee" |
knee (< OE cnēo) |
kniu "knee" |
genū "knee" |
gónu (Hom gen. gounós < *gonwós) "knee", pró-khnu "with outstretched knee" < *pró-gnu |
jā́nu "knee", pra-jñuḥ "bow-legged" |
Av acc. žnūm, dat./abl. pl. žnubyō "knee", fra-šnu- "holding the knee forward"; Parth zānūk, NPers zānū "knee" |
|
|
|
cunr, pl. cunk-k`, gen. cng-ac̣ "knee" |
gjuni "knee" < Post-PIE *ǵnu-n(o)- |
A kanweṃ, B keni "two knees" |
genu "knee" |
| *H₁dónt-, *H₁dn̥t- "tooth" |
tooth (< OE tōþ < *H₁dont-) |
tunþus "tooth" < *H₁dn̥t- |
dēns (dentis) "tooth" < *H₁dn̥t- |
odṓn (odóntos) "tooth" < Proto-Greek *edónt-, cf. Aeol. édontes "teeth" |
dan (acc. dántam, gen. datáḥ) "tooth" |
Av dantan-, dātā "tooth" |
Russian desná "gum" < *H₁dent-sn- |
OPrus dants "tooth", Lith dantis "tooth" |
OIr dēt "tooth", W dant "tooth" |
atamn "tooth" < *H₁dn̥t-mn̥ |
|
|
|
| *H₂óst- "bone" |
|
|
os (ossis) "bone" |
ostéon "bone" |
ásthi (asthnáḥ) "bone" |
Av ast-, asti- (gen. pl. astąm, instr. pl. azdbīš) "bone" |
OCS kostĭ "bone" |
|
OIr asil "limb", MIr asna "rib" <? *astonyo-; MW ass-en, asseu "rib", W asgwrn "bone" < *ost-ko- |
oskr "bone" < *ost-ko- |
asht, ahstë "bone" |
B āy, pl. āsta "bone" |
ḫastāi- "bone" |
| *H₂ous- "ear" |
ear (< OE ēare) |
áusō "ear" |
auris "ear" |
oũs "ear" |
|
Av uši "both ears"; NPers hoš "ear" |
OCS ucho (ušese) "ear" |
OPrus auss "ear", Lith ausis "ear" |
OIr āu, ō "ear" |
unkn "ear" < *us-on-ko-m |
vesh "ear" < *ōus, *ōs- |
|
|
| *H₃okʷ- "eye" |
eye (< OE ēage) |
áugō "eye" |
oculus "eye" < *ōkʷelo-s |
ósse "both eyes"; ómma "eye" < *óp-mn̥ |
ákṣi (akṣṇáḥ) "eye" |
Av aši "both eyes" |
OCS oko "eye" |
OPrus aks "eye", Lith akis "eye" |
OIr enech, W enep "face" |
akn "eye", ač-k` "eyes" |
sy "eye" |
A ak, B ek "eye" |
|
| *ḱerd- "heart"; *ḱred-dhē- "to believe" |
heart (< OE heorte) |
haírtō "heart" |
cor (cordis) "heart"; crēdō "I believe" < *krezdō- < *ḱred-dhē- |
kardíā, Homeric kradíē, Cypriot korízdā "heart" < *ḱr̥d(y)ā; poetic kẽr (kẽros) "heart" < *ḱērd |
hṛd "heart" < post-PIE *ǵhr̥d; hṛdaya "heart"; śrad-dadhāti "(he) trusts, believes" |
Av zǝrǝd "heart" < post-PIE *ǵhr̥d; zrazdā- "to believe" < *srazdā[12] |
OCS srŭdĭce "heart" |
OPrus siran "heart", serds "core", Lith širdis "heart", šerdis "core" |
OIr cride "heart"; W craidd "center"; Old Irish cretim, W credaf "I believe" |
sirt "heart" |
|
A kri "will", B pl. käryāñ "hearts" |
karz (kardias) "heart" |
| *nas- "nose" |
nose (< OE nosu) |
ON nǫs "nose" |
nāris "nose" |
|
nas- "nose" |
Av nāh-, nā̊ŋhan-, OPers acc. sg. nāham "nose" |
OCS nosŭ "nose" |
OPrus nasi "nose", Lith nosis "nose" |
|
|
|
|
|
| *pōds, *ped- "foot" |
foot (< OE fōt) |
fōtus "foot" |
pēs (pedis) "foot" |
poús (podós) "foot" |
pāt (padáḥ) "foot" |
Av pad-, OPers pād, Parth pāδ "foot" |
OCS pěšǐ "on foot", podǔ "floor" |
OPrus pida "foot", Lith pėda "foot" |
OIr īs "below" < PIE loc. pl. *pēd-su |
ot-n "foot" |
poshtë "below" |
A pe "foot", B paiyye "foot" |
pata-, Luvian pata- "foot" |
| *yḗkʷr̥, yekʷnés "liver" |
|
|
jecur (jecinoris) "liver" |
hẽpar (hḗpatos) "liver" |
yákr̥t (yaknáḥ) "liver" |
Av yākarǝ, NPers ǰigar, Pashto yī̆na "liver" |
?ChSl ikra "fish roe" |
OPrus jakna, Lat aknas "liver", Lith jeknos |
?MIr i(u)chair (i(u)chrach) "fish roe" |
|
|
|
|
| PIE |
English |
Gothic |
Latin |
Ancient Greek |
Sanskrit |
Iranian |
Slavic |
Baltic |
Celtic |
Armenian |
Albanian |
Tocharian |
Hittite |
| *éḱwos "horse" |
OE eoh "horse" |
aíƕa- "horse"[13] |
equus "horse" |
híppos "horse" |
áśvaḥ "horse" |
Av aspa-, OPers asa- "horse"; Ossetian yäfs "horse" < *yéḱwos |
|
OPrus kaiwi "mare", Lith ašva "mare |
OIr ech; MW ebawl "horse" < PBryth *ep-ālos |
|
|
A yuk, B yakwe "horse" |
Luwian ásùwa "horse" |
| *gʷōus[14] "cattle" |
cow (< OE cū) |
Old Saxon kō, OHG chuo "cow" |
bōs (bovis) "cattle";[15] Umbrian acc. bum "cow" |
boũs, Dor bõs (bo(w)ós) "cattle, cow" |
gáuḥ (gṓḥ)[14] "cow" |
Av gāuš (gāuš)[14] "cow" |
Croatian gòvedo "cattle" < PSlav *govędo; OCS gu-mǐno "threshing floor" |
Latvian gùovs "cow", Lith karvė "cow", galvijas "a cattle" |
OIr bó (bóu/báu)[16] "cow"; OW buch "cow" < *boukkā, bu-gail "cowherd" < *gʷou-kʷolyos |
kov "cow" |
gak "boar" |
A ko "cow", B keu "cow" |
HierLuv wawa-, Lycian wawa-, uwa- "cow" |
| *H₂ówi- "sheep " |
ewe (< OE ēow "sheep", ēowu "ewe") |
awistr "sheepfold"; OHG ouwi, ou "sheep" |
ovis "sheep" |
ó(w)is "sheep" |
ávi- "sheep" |
Wakhi yobc "ewe" < PIran *āvi-či- |
OCS ovĭ-ca "ewe" |
OPrus awwins "ram", Lith avis "female sheep" avinas "ram" |
OIr ōi "sheep"; W ewig "deer" |
hov-iw "shepherd" < *owi-pā- |
|
B eye "sheep", ā(u)w "ewe" |
Luvian hāwa/i-, Lycian χawa- "sheep" |
| *H₂rtḱos "bear" |
|
|
ursus "bear" |
árktos "bear" |
ŕ̥kṣaḥ "bear" |
YAv arša, Ossetian ars "bear" , NPers xers "bear" |
|
Lith urgzti "to growl" |
MIr art, W arth "bear" |
arǰ "bear" |
arí "bear" |
|
ḫartaqqas (name of a beast of prey) |
| *ḱwon- "hound, dog" |
hound (< OE hund "dog") |
hunds "dog" |
canis "dog" |
kúōn (kunós) "dog" |
śvan(śunaḥ) "dog" |
Av spā (acc. spānǝm, pl. gen. sū̆nam), MPers sak, Kurdish sah, Wakhi šač "dog" |
OCS suka "bitch (female dog)" |
OPrus sunnis "dog", Lith šuo "dog" |
OIr cu (con), W ci "dog" |
šun (šan) "dog" |
possibly qen (disputed, possible Latin loan) |
AB ku "dog" (acc. A koṃ, B kweṃ) |
kun- "dog" |
| *muH₁s- "mouse" |
mouse (< OE mūs) |
ON mús "mouse" |
mūs "mouse" |
mũs "mouse" |
mū́ṣ- "mouse" |
OPers muš "mouse" (? not in Pokorny; Pokorny has NPers mūš "mouse") |
OCS myšĭ "mouse" |
|
|
mowk "mouse" |
mi "mouse" |
|
|
| *suHs- "pig" |
sow (< OE sū) |
ON sýr "sow" |
sūs "pig" |
hũs, sũs "pig" |
sū-kara "pig"; Hindi sūvar "pig" |
Av hū (gen. sg.) "pig" , NPers xuk "pig" |
|
Latvian suvẽns, sivẽns "piglet" |
OIr socc sáil "sea pig"; W hwch "pig" |
|
thi "pig" |
B suwo "pig" |
|
| *wl̥kʷos "wolf" |
wolf (< OE wulf) |
wulfs (wulfis) "wolf" |
lupus "wolf" |
lúkos "wolf" |
vŕ̥kaḥ "wolf" |
Av vǝhrka- "wolf" , NPers gorg "wolf" |
OCS vlĭkŭ "wolf" |
OPrus wilks "wolf", Lith vilkas "wolf" |
OIr olc (uilc) "evil" |
|
ujk < OAlb ulk "wolf" |
B walkwe "wolf" |
ulippana "wolf" |
| *ǵhans- "goose" |
goose (< OE gōs) |
OHG gans "goose" |
(h)ānser "goose" |
khḗn "goose" |
haṁsáḥ "goose" |
Av zāō "goose" (? not in Pokorny); Sogdian z’γ "kind of bird" , NPers ɣaz "goose" |
OCS gǫsǐ "goose" |
OPrus zansi "goose", Lith žąsis "gooose" |
OIr gēiss "swan" |
|
gatë "heron" |
|
|
| *H₂enH₂-t(i)- "duck" |
Scot ennet "duck" (< OE ened) |
OHG enita "duck" |
ānas "duck" |
nessa, netta "duck" |
ātí- "waterfowl" |
Ossetic acc "Wild duck" , NPers ordak "duck" , NPers ɣu "Swan" |
Russian utka "duck" |
OPrus ants "duck", Lith antis "duck" |
|
|
|
|
|
| PIE |
English |
Gothic |
Latin |
Ancient Greek |
Sanskrit |
Iranian |
Slavic |
Baltic |
Celtic |
Armenian |
Albanian |
Tocharian |
Hittite |
| *ǵr̥H₂-no- "grain" |
corn (< OE corn "grain") |
kaúrn "corn" |
grānum "grain" |
|
|
|
OCS zrŭno "grain" |
OPrus zirni "grain", Lith žirnis "pea", girna "millstone" |
OIr grān, W grawn "grain" |
|
grurë "grain" |
|
|
| *H₂éǵros "field" |
acre (< OE æcer "field") |
akrs "field" |
ager (agrī) "field" |
agrós "field" |
ájraḥ "meadow" |
|
|
|
|
art "soil" |
|
|
|
| *H₂erH₃- "to plow" |
OE erian "to plow" |
arjan "to plow" |
arō (arāre) "to plow", arātrum "plow" |
aróō "I plow" < *H₂erH₃-oH₂, árotron "plow" |
|
|
OCS orjǫ (orati) "to plow", ralo < *ar(ə)dhlom "plow" |
OPrus artun "to plow", Lith arti "to plow" |
MIr airim "I plow", W arddu "to plow" < *arj-; MIr arathar, W aradr "plow" < *arətrom < *H₂erH₃-trom |
araur "plow" < *arātrom |
arë "arable land" < *H₂r̥H₃-uer- |
AB āre "plow" |
|
| *H₂melǵ- "to milk" |
milk (< OE meolc, mioluc) |
miluks (miluks) "milk" |
mulgeō (mulgēre) "to milk" |
amélgō "I milk" |
mā́ršti, mā́rjati, mr̥játi "(he) wipes, cleans" |
Av marǝzaiti, mǝrǝzaiti "(he) grazes (barely touches)" |
Russ CS mŭlzu (mlěsti) "to milk" |
OPrus milztun "to milk", Lith melžti "to milk" |
MIr bligim "I milk" < *mligim, melg "milk" |
|
miel, mil "I milk" |
A malke B malk-wer "milk" |
|
| *melH₂- "to grind" |
meal (< OE melu) |
malan "to grind" |
molō (molere) "to grind" |
múllō "I grind" |
mr̥ṇāti, mr̥nati "(he) grinds" |
Av mrāta- "tanned soft" |
OCS meljǫ (mlětĭ) "to grind" |
OPrus maltun "to grind", Lith malti "to grind" |
OIr melim "I grind"; W malu "grind" |
malem "I crush" |
mjell "flour" |
A malywët "you press"; B melye "they trample" |
mallai "grinds" |
| *meli-t, *mel-nés "honey" |
mildew (< OE mele-dēaw "honeydew") |
miliþ "honey" |
mel (mellis) "honey" |
méli (mélit-) "honey" |
milinda "honey-bee" |
|
|
|
OIr mil, W mel "honey" |
mełr (mełu) "honey" |
mjal, mjaltë "honey" |
|
milit "honey" |
| *médʰu "honey", "mead"" |
mead (< OE medu) |
midus "mead" |
|
méthu "wine" |
mádhu "sweet drink, honey" |
Av mađu |
OCS medŭ "honey" |
OPrus meddu "honey", Lith medus "honey", Ltg mads "honey" |
OIr mid "mead" |
|
|
B mit "honey" |
|
| *sal- "salt" |
salt (< OE sealt) |
salt "salt" |
sāl (salis) "salt" |
háls (halós) "salt" |
sal-ilá- "salty" |
|
OCS solǐ "salt" |
OPrus sals "salt", saldus "sweet |
OIr salann, W halen "salt" |
ał "salt" |
ngjel-bëtë, ngjel-mëtë "salty", njel-m "to be salty" |
A sāle, B salyiye "salt" |
|
| *seH₁- "to sow (seed)", *séH₁mn̥ "seed" |
sow (< OE sāwan) |
saian "to sow"; OHG sāmo "seed" |
serō (serere) "to sow" < *si-sH₁-oH₂, sēmen "seed" |
|
sī́ra- "Saatpflug" (seed plow?) |
|
OCS sějǫ (sějati) "to sow", sěmę "seeds" |
OPrus situn "to sow", simen "seed", Lith sėti "to sow", sekla "seed", semenis "linseed" |
OIr sīl, W hil "seed" < *seH₁-lo- |
|
|
|
isḫūwāi "(he) sows" |
| *yugóm "yoke" |
yoke (< OE ġeoc) |
juk "yoke" |
iugum "yoke" |
zugón "yoke" |
yugám "yoke" |
Av yaoj-, yuj- "to harness" |
OCS igo "yoke" |
OPrus jugtun "yoke", Lith jungas "yoke" |
W iau "yoke" |
luc "yoke" |
|
A yokäm "door" |
yugan "yoke" |
| PIE |
English |
Gothic |
Latin |
Ancient Greek |
Sanskrit |
Iranian |
Slavic |
Baltic |
Celtic |
Armenian |
Albanian |
Tocharian |
Hittite |
| *H₂enH₁- "to breathe" |
OE ōþian "breathe hard" < PGerm *anþōjanã |
*uz-anan "to expire", ON anda "to breathe" |
anima "breath" |
ánemos "wind" |
ániti "(he) breathes" |
Av ā̊ntya, parā̊ntya (gen.) "breathing in and out" |
OCS vonja "smell" < *H₂en-yeH₂[17] |
|
OIr anāl "breath" < *H₂enH̥₁-tlo- |
holm "wind" ; henchel to annunciate or make a loud sonic event; hov wind. hnchoum pronouncement. "sHnchel" (to breath) "SHounCH" = breath. |
Gheg âj Tosk ēnj "I swell" |
AB āñm- "spirit", B añiye "breath", B anāsk- "breathe in" |
|
| *swep- "to sleep", *swepnos "sleep (n.)" |
archaic sweven "dream, vision" (< OE swefn); NoEng sweb "to swoon" (< OE swebban "to put to sleep, lull") |
ON sofa "sleep (v.)" |
somnus "sleep (n.) |
húpnos "sleep (n.)" |
svápnaḥ "dream (n.)" |
Av xᵛafna- "sleep (n.)" |
OCS spěti "sleep (v.)", sŭnŭ "sleep (n.), dream (n.)" |
OPrus supnas "dream", Lith sapnas "dream" |
OIr sūan, W hun "sleep (n.)" |
k`un (k`noy) "sleep (n.)" |
gjumë "sleep (n.)" |
A ṣpäṃ, B. ṣpane "sleep (n.), dream (n.)" |
sup-, suppariya- "to sleep" |
| *sweid- "sweat" |
sweat (< OE swǣtan "to sweat") |
ON sveiti |
sūdor "sweat (n.)" |
(e)ĩdos "sweat (n.)" |
svḗda- "sweat (n.)" |
Av xᵛaēda- "sweat (n.)" |
|
Latvian sviêdri (pl.) "sweat (n.)" |
W chwys "sweat (n.)" < *swidso- |
k`irt-n (k`irt-an) "sweat (n.)" |
dirsë, djersë "sweat (n.)" < *swí-drōxty- |
B syā-lñe "sweating" < *swid-yé- |
|
| *H₁ed- "to eat" |
eat (< OE etan) |
itan "to eat" |
edō (ēsse) "to eat", ēst "(he) eats" |
édō "I eat", Homeric athematic infinitive édmenai "to eat" |
ádmi "I eat", átti "(he) eats" |
Av subj. aδāiti "(he) should eat" |
OCS jamĭ "I eat" < *H₁ēd-mi, jastŭ "(he) eats" |
OPrus istun "to eat", ėsti, Lith "to eat", ėdmi "I eat" |
OIr ci-ni estar "although he doesn't eat"; W ys "eats" < *H₁ed-ti |
owtem "I eat" < *ōd- |
ha "to eat" |
|
ēdmi "I eat" |
| *peH₃- "to drink" |
|
|
bibō (bibere) "to drink", pōtus "drink (n.)" |
pī́nō, pépomai "I drink" |
pā́ti, píbati "(he) drinks" |
Av vispo-pitay- "alltränkend" drunk? |
OCS pijǫ (piti) "to drink" |
OPrus putun "to drink", puja "a party", Lith puota "party" |
OIr ibid "drinks" < *pibeti; W iben "we drink" |
əmpem "I drink" |
pī "I drink" |
|
pāsi "he swallows" |
| *ǵenH₁-, *gi-ǵnéH₁(-sḱ)-, *ǵn̥-néH₁- "to give birth" |
kind (< OE (ġe)cynd); OE cennan "produce" |
-kunds "born"; OHG kind "child" |
gignō (gignere) "to produce" (OLat. genō); nā-scor (nāscī) "to be born" < *ǵn̥H₁-skṓ-r |
gígnomai "I become" |
jánati "(he) gives birth", jajanti "they give birth" |
Av zīzǝnti, zīzanǝnti "they give birth" |
|
OPrus gamintun "to give birth", gimdyti "to give birth" |
OIr -gainethar "who is born" < *ǵn̥-ye-tro;[17] W genni "to be born" |
cnanim "is born, bears" < *ǵnH̥₁-n-, cnay (aor.) "was born, bore" |
dhëndër, dhândër "son-in-law, bridegroom" < *ǵenH̥₁-tr-[18] |
AB kän- "to come to pass (of a wish), be realized" |
|
| *H₂eug-, H₂weg- "to grow, increase" |
eke (< OE ēacian "to increase"); wax (of the moon) (< OE weaxan "to grow") |
aukan, auknan "to increase (intr.)", wahsjan "to grow" < orig. caus. *H₂wog-s-éy-onom |
augeō (augēre) "to increase (tr.)" |
a(w)éksō "I increase (intr.)", aúksō, auksánō "I increase (tr.)" |
úkṣati "(he) becomes stronger", vakṣáyati "(he) causes to grow" |
Av uxšyeiti "(he) grows", vaxšaiti "(he) causes to grow" |
|
OPrus augtwei "to grow", Lith augti " to grow" |
OIr fēr, W gwair "fat" < *weg- |
Huge (W. Armenian) Hsgah |
|
A oksiṣ "(he) grows"; A okṣu, В aukṣu "grown" |
|
| *gʷiH₃wo- "alive", *gʷiH₃wo-teH₂ "life" |
quick (< OE cwicu "alive") |
qius "alive" |
vīvus "alive"; vīta "life" |
bíos, bíotos "life", zoo "animal" |
jīvá-, jīvaka- "alive", jīvitam, jīvā́tuḥ, jīvathaḥ "life" |
Av gayō, acc. ǰyātum "life", -ǰyāiti- "life-"; Av ǰva-, OPers ǰīva- "alive" |
OCS živŭ "alive", žitĭ, životŭ "life" |
OPrus giws "alive", giwata "life", Lith gyvas "alive", gyvatė "snake" |
OIr biu, beo, W byw "alive"; OIr bethu (bethad), W bywyd "life" < Proto-Celtic *bivo-tūts |
keam "I live" < *gʷi-yā-ye-mi[17] |
|
B śai- "to live" < *gweiH₃-ō |
|
| *mer- "to die" |
murder (< OE morþor < *mr̥-tro-m) |
maúrþr "murder" |
morior (morī) "to die" < *mr̥-yōr, mortalis "mortal" |
brotós (< *mrotós) "mortal" |
marati, máratē, mriyátē "(he) dies", mṛtá- "dead" |
Av merə- "to die", miryeite "dies"; OPers martiya- "man" |
OCS mĭrǫ, mrěti "to die" |
Lith miŕštu (miŕti) "to die", merdėti "to die slowly" |
OIr marb, W marw "dead" < mr̥-wós |
meṙanim "I die", meṙaç "dead" |
|
|
mert "died" |
| PIE |
English |
Gothic |
Latin |
Ancient Greek |
Sanskrit |
Iranian |
Slavic |
Baltic |
Celtic |
Armenian |
Albanian |
Tocharian |
Hittite |
| *ḱleu-(s)- "to hear" |
listen (< OE hlystan), loud (< OE hlūd) |
hliuma "hearing, ears (in pl.)" |
clueō (cluēre) "to be named" |
ékluon "I heard" |
śr̥ṇóti "(he) hears" < *ḱl̥-neu- |
Av surunaoiti "(he) hears" < *ḱlu-n- |
OCS slyšati "to hear" |
OPrus klausytun "to hear", Lith klausyti "to listen" |
OIr ro-clui-nethar "hears"; W clywed "to hear" |
lsem "I hear", aor. luaj "I heard" < *ḱlu-ḱe |
Old Tosk kluaj (standard quaj) "to call, to name" < *ḱlu(H)-eH₁- |
A klyoṣ-, B klyauṣ- "to hear" |
|
| *weid- "to see, to find" |
|
|
videō (vidēre) "to see" |
é(w)ide "he saw" |
vindáti "(he) finds", ávidat "found" |
Av vī̆δaiti, vī̆nasti "(he) finds" |
OCS viždǫ (viděti) "to see" |
OPrus widatun "to see", Lith veidas "face" |
W gweld "to see" |
gtanem "I find", egit "he found" |
|
|
|
| *weid- "to know" |
wit (< OE wit "intelligence", witan "to know" < PIE perfect tense) |
witan "to know" |
|
perf. oĩda "I know" |
vetti, vēdate, vidáti "(he) knows", perf. véda "I know" |
Av perf. vaēδa "I know", vīdarǝ "they know" |
OCS věmĭ (věděti) "to know" |
OPrus waistun "to know", Lith vaistas "medicine", vyda "he sees, knows" |
OIr find, W gwynn "(I) know" |
gitem "I know" |
|
B ūwe "learned" < PToch *wäwen- < *wid-wo- |
|
| *ǵénH₃-, *ǵnéH₃-sḱ-, *ǵn̥-né-H₃- "to recognize, know" |
can (< OE cann "I know, he knows"), know (< OE cnāwan < *ǵnēH₃-yo-nom), Scot ken "to know" (< OE cennan "to cause to know" < PGerm *kann-jan) |
kunnan "to know" < *ǵn̥-n-H₃-onom, kann "I know" |
(g)nōscō ((g)nōscere) "to recognize", nōvī "I know" |
gignṓskō (aorist égnōn) "I recognize" |
jānā́mi "I know" < *janā́mi < *ǵn̥-nH₃-mi |
Av zanā-ṯ, zanąn, Afghan. pē-žanī "(he) understands, recognizes" < *ǵn̥-ne-H₃-ti; OPers a-dānā (impf.) "he knew" < *ǵn̥-ne-H₃-mi, xšnāsātiy (subj.) "he should know" < *ǵneH₃-sḱe-eti |
OCS znajǫ (znati) "to know" < *ǵneH₃-yoH₂ |
OPrus zinatun "to recognize, know", Lith žinoti "to know |
OIr itar-gninim, asa-gninaim "I am wise" |
aorist caneay "I recognized" |
njoh "I know" < *ǵnēH₃-sḱoH₂ |
A knā-, e.g. knānmaṃ "knowing" < *ǵneH₃-, kñas-äṣt "you have become acquainted" < *ǵnēH₃-s- |
|
| *n̥- + *ǵneH₃-tos "not" + "to know" |
uncouth (< OE uncūþ "unknown, strange") |
unkunþs "unknown" |
ignōtus, ignōrāntem "unknown, ignorant" |
agnṓs (agnõtos) "unknown" < *n̥- + *ǵnéH₃-ts |
ajñāta- "unknown" |
|
|
OPrus nezinatun "not to know", Lith nežinoti " not to know" |
OIr ingnad "foreign" |
an-can "unknown" |
|
A ā-knats, B a-knātsa "ignorant" |
|
| *men- "to think" |
mind (< OE (ġe)mynd "memory" < *mn̥t-ís); OE munan "to think" |
munan "to think"; muns (pl. muneis) "thought" < *mn̥-is; gamunds (gamundáis) "remembrance" < *ko(m)-mn̥t-ís |
meminī "I remember"; mēns (mentis) "mind" < *mn̥t-is |
mémona "I think of"; maínomai "I go mad" |
mányate "(he) thinks" |
Av mainyeite "(he) thinks"; OPers mainyāhay "I think" |
OCS mĭněti "to mean" |
OPrus mintun "to guess", minisna "memory", mints "riddle", mentitun "to lie", Lith mintis " thought", minti "to guess", minėti "to mention" |
OIr do-moiniur "I believe, I mean" |
i-manam "I understand" |
mendoj "I think" |
A mnu "thought"; B mañu "demand (n.)" |
memmāi "says" |
| *sekʷ- "to see, to say" |
see (< OE sēon); say (< OE sec̣gan < PGerm *sag(w)jan < *sokʷéyonom) |
saíƕan "to see"; OHG sagen "say" < *sokʷē- |
īnseque "declare!" |
énnepe "tell!" |
śacate "(he) says" |
|
OCS sočiti "to announce" |
Lith sakyti "to say", sekti "to tell a story, to follow" |
OIr insce "I talk"; OIr rosc "eye" < *pro-skʷo-; OW hepp "(he) said" |
|
sheh "(he) sees" |
A ṣotre, B ṣotri "sign" |
sakuwāi- "to see" |
| *wekʷ- "to say" |
OE wōma "noise" < *wōkʷ-mō(n) |
OHG giwahanen "mention" < PGerm *gawahnjan (denom. built on *wokʷ-no-) |
vocō (vocāre) "to call", vōx (vōcis) "voice" |
eĩpon (aor.) "spoke" < *e-we-ikʷ-om < *e-we-ukʷ-om, (w)épos "word" |
vákti, vívakti "(he) says", vāk "voice", vácas- "word" |
Av vač- "speak, say", vāxš "voice", vačah "word" |
OCS vikǫti "to call, to scream" |
OPrus enwackēmai "we call" |
OIr foccul "word", W gwaethl "fight" < * wokʷ-tlo-m |
gočem "I call" |
|
A wak, B wek "voice" |
ḫuek-, ḫuk- to swear to" |
| *preḱ-, *pr̥-sḱ- < *pr̥ḱ-sḱ- "to ask" |
Scot frain "to ask" (< OE freġnan) |
fraíhnan "to ask"; OHG forscōn "to ask, to research" |
precor (precārī) "to pray", poscō (poscere) "to demand, ask" |
|
pr̥ccháti "(he) asks" |
Av pǝrǝsaiti "(he) asks, desires" < *pr̥-sḱ-; OPers aor.? aparsam "(he) asked" |
OCS prositi "to pray" |
OPrus prasitun "to ask", Lith prašyti "to ask" |
OIr imm-chom-arc "mutual questions, greetings"; NIr arco, W archaf "I ask" |
harc̣anem (aor. e-harc̣) "I ask" |
|
A prak-, B prek- "to ask" |
|
| *H₁neH₃mn̥ or *H₁nomn̥- "name" |
name (< OE nama) |
namō (acc. pl. namna) "name" |
nōmen "name" |
ónoma "name" |
nā́ma (instrumental sg. nā́mnā) "name" |
Av nāma "name" |
OCS imę "name" < Proto-Slavic *inmen < *n̥men' |
OPrus emnes, emmens "name" < *enmen- |
OIr ainmm n-, OW anu "name" |
anown "name" |
Gheg emër, Tosk emën "name" < *enmen- |
A ñem, B ñom "name" |
lāman- "name" |
| PIE |
English |
Gothic |
Latin |
Ancient Greek |
Sanskrit |
Iranian |
Slavic |
Baltic |
Celtic |
Armenian |
Albanian |
Tocharian |
Hittite |
| *H₂ster- "star" |
star (< OE steorra) |
staírnō "star" |
stēlla "star" |
astḗr "star" |
stṛ inst. pl. stŕ̥bhiḥ, nom. pl. tāraḥ, fem. nom. sg. tarā "star" |
Av acc. stā̆rǝm (ablauting)[19] "star" |
OCS gvězda "star" |
|
MIr ser, W seren, Breton sterenn "star" |
astł "star" |
|
pl. A śreñ, B ściriñ "stars" |
ḫasterza "star" |
| *dyēus, déiwos[20] "sky, day, god" |
Tues-day (< OE Tīwes-dæġ lit. "day of Tīw"[21]) |
ON tīvar "gods", Týr "Tīw" (the war god) |
Iuppiter (Iovis), Old Latin Diū-piter (Diovis) "Jupiter"; diēs "day", deus, dīvus "god"[22] |
Zdeús (Di(w)ós)[20] "Zeus" |
d(i)yāúḥ (diváḥ, dyōḥ)[20] "heaven", dēváḥ "god" |
Av daēva- "demon" |
(OCS dĭnĭ (dĭne) "day" < *din-is), Russian divo "miracle" Dava-ti, dav "to give, giver" |
OPrus deina "day", deiws "god", Lith diena "day", dievas "god" |
OIr dīe, W dydd "day"; OIr dia (dē), OW duiu- "God" |
tiv "day" Asdovadz Astwadz "God" |
(gdhinj "I make day"(? mache Tag) < *-di-n-yoH₂) |
|
|
| *seH₂wol-, *sH₂un- "sun" |
sun (< OE sunne) |
sauil, sunnō "sun" |
sōl "sun" |
Homeric hēélios "sun" < *sāwélios |
súvar (súraḥ) "sun, light, heavens", sūra-, sūrya "sun" |
Av hvarǝ (hūrō) "sun, light, heavens" |
OCS slĭnŭce "sun" < *sulnika-, Russian po-solon' "sunwise" |
OPrus sauli "sun", sawaiti "week", Lith saulė "sun", savaitė "week" |
OIr sūil "eye"; W haul "sun" |
Armenian, arev Sun, tsolk reflection, shoghal shine, glare; shogh շող "gleen." |
ylli "star" < *sūlo- or *sūli- |
|
|
| *meH₁ns- "moon, month" |
moon (< OE mōna), month (< OE mōnaþ) |
mēna "moon", mēnoþs "month" |
mēnsis "month" |
Att mḗn, Ion meis, Dor mḗs "month", mḗnē "moon" |
mā́s "moon"; mā́sa "month" |
Av mā̊ (mā̊ŋhō) "moon"; NPers māh "moon, month" |
OCS měsęcĭ "moon, month" < *mēs-n̥-ko- |
OPrus miniks "moon", mins "month", Lith mėnulis "moon", mėnesis "month" |
OIr mī (mīs) "month" < *mēns;; W mis "month" |
amis (amsoy) "month" < *mēnsos |
muai "month" |
A mañ B meñe "month"; A mañ ñkät B meṃ "moon" |
|
| *dheǵhom- "earth" |
|
|
humus "earth" |
khthṓn (khthonós) "earth", khamaí "on the earth" |
kṣā́ḥ (acc. kṣā́m, gen. jmáḥ) "earth" |
Av zā̊ (acc. ząm, gen. zǝmō) "earth" |
OCS zemĭ, zemlja "earth" |
OPrus zemê "earth", Lith žemė " earth" |
OIr dū "place"; Welsh dyn "man" |
degh "place", hogh "earth, soil, land", tsekh "mud, wet soil" |
dhe "earth" |
A tkaṃ (tkanis), B keṃ "earth" |
tēkan (tagnās) "earth" |
| *wódr̥ (udéns) pl. *wédōr (udnés) "water" |
water (< OE wæter) |
watō (watins) "water" |
Umbrian utur "water", Latin unda "wave" |
húdōr (húdatos) "water" |
udakám (loc. udán(i), pl. udá), udra "water" |
Av aoδa- "spring", vaiδi- "stream" |
OCS voda "water", Russian vedro "bucket", |
OPrus undan "water", Lith vanduo "water" |
OIr u(i)sce "water" < *udeskyo- |
get "river" < *wedō, tchur water; terchel to wet |
ujë "water" |
A wär, B war "water" |
wātar (wetenas) "water" |
| *doru, *dreu- "wood, tree" |
tree (< OE trēo) |
triu "tree, wood" |
|
dóru "spear" |
dā́ru (drṓs) "wood" |
Av dāru- "tree, wood" |
OCS drěvo "tree" |
OPrus drawê "hole in a tree, hollow tree", Lith drevė "hole in a tree", dirva "soil" |
OIr daur "oak", W derwen "oak" |
tram "firm", Western Armenian dzar "tree" |
dru "tree" |
AB or "wood" |
taru "tree" |
| *H₂weH₁n̥to- "wind", *H₂weH₁- "to blow" |
wind (< OE wind); OE wāwan "to blow" |
winds "wind"; waian "to blow" |
ventus "wind" |
áenta (acc.) "wind", áēsi "(he) blows" |
vā́taḥ (vānt-)[23] "wind", vāti "(he) blows" |
Av vātō "wind", vāiti "(he) blows" |
OCS vějǫ (vějetŭ) "to blow" |
OPrus witra "wind", Lith vėjas "wind", vėtra "heavy wind" |
W gwynt "wind" |
Armenian hov wind |
|
A want, B yente "wind" |
ḫūwanz[24] "wind" |
| *sneigʷh- "to snow" |
snow (< OE snāw < *snoigʷhos, snīwan "to snow" < *sneigʷhonom) |
snáiws "snow" |
nix (nivis) "snow", ninguō (ninguere) "to snow" |
nípha (acc.) "snow", neíphei "it snows" |
sneha- "snow" |
Av snaēža-' "to snow"; Shughni žǝnij "snow" < *snaiga- |
OCS sněgŭ "snow" |
OPrus snaigs "snow", Lith snigti "to snow" |
OIr snecht(a)e, W nyf "snow"; OIr snigid "it rains" |
W. Armenian, tseun or tsouyn "snow" |
|
|
|
| *péH₂wr̥, pH₂unés "bonfire"[25] |
fire (< OE fȳr < *fuïr[25]) |
fōn (funins)[25] "fire"; OHG fuïr[25] (two syllables) < *puwéri |
Umbrian pir "fire" < *pūr, acc. purom-e "into the fire" < *pur- |
pũr (purós) "fire" |
pāru (pēru) "sun, fire" |
|
Czech pýř "glowing ash" |
OPrus pannu "fire" |
|
hur (hroy) "fire" < *pū̆r-, hn-oc̣ "furnace" < *pū̆n- |
|
A por, B puwar, puwār, pwār "fire" |
paḫḫur "fire" |
| *gʷʰerm- "warm" |
?warm (< OE wearm); OE ġierwan "to prepare, cook" < PGerm *garwjan |
?warmjan "to warm" |
formus "warm" |
thermós "warm" |
gharmáḥ "heat" |
Av garǝma- "hot, heat"; OPers Garma-pada-, name of the fourth month, corresponding to June/July, orig. (?) "entrance of the heat" |
Russian žar "heat", goret' "to warm" < *gʷʰer |
OPrus garmê "heat, glowing", Lith žarijos "cinders", žėrėti "to glow" |
OIr gorn "fire" < *gʷʰor-nos |
ǰerm "warm" |
Gheg zjarm "fire, heat" |
A śärme "heat (of summer)" |
|
| *leuk- "light, brightness" |
light (< OE lēoht) |
liuhaþ (liuhadis) "light" |
lūceō (lūcēre) "to shine", lūx "light" |
leukós "bright, shining, white" |
rócate "(he) shines", roká- "light", loka- "world, place" |
Av raočant- "shining", raočah "light"; OPers raučah "light" |
OCS luča "ray, flash" < *loukyā |
OPrus lauk "bright", lauksna "star", laukas "field", Lith laukas "outside, field" |
OIr luchair "shine"; W llachar "bright", llug "shimmer" |
lois (lusoi) "light" |
|
AB lyuk/luk- "to shine" |
luk(k)- "to shine" |
| PIE |
English |
Gothic |
Latin |
Ancient Greek |
Sanskrit |
Iranian |
Slavic |
Baltic |
Celtic |
Armenian |
Albanian |
Tocharian |
Hittite |
| *per- "through, across, beyond" |
far (< OE feorr) |
faírra "far"; faír- "around; (intensifier)" |
per "through" |
perí, pér "forward" |
pári "forward" |
Av pairi, OPers pariy "forward" |
OCS prě- "forward" |
OPrus pro-, pra- "trough, across", Latvian pāri "across", Lith per "across", pra- "to start and finish doing something", pro- "through" |
OIr ir-, W er "forward" |
heṙow "far" |
për, pej, pe "forward" |
|
parā, Lycian pri "forth" |
| *upér(i) "over, above" |
over (< OE ofer) |
ufar "over, above, beyond" |
super "over" (influenced by sub "under") |
hupér "over" |
upári "over, above, beyond" |
Av 'upairi, OPers "over, above, beyond" |
OCS po-verh - "above" |
OPrus uppin "cloud", |
OIr for, W gor, gwar "over, on" |
|
i ver "up" |
epër "over, above" |
|
| *H₂ents "forehead", *H₂entí, *H₂entá "in front of" |
and (< OE and) |
and "along, throughout, towards, in, on, among"; OHG enti "previously" < PGerm *andiaz |
ante "in front of" |
antí "instead of" |
anti "opposite to it" |
|
|
Lith añt "on" antai "there" |
OIr étan "forehead" < *antono- |
and "there", ənd "for" < *H₂enti |
|
A ānt, B ānte "surface, forehead" |
ḫānz, ḫanti "in front" |
| *en "in" |
in (< OE in) |
in "in, into, towards" |
in "in" |
en "in" |
án-īka- "face" < ?*eni-Hkʷ |
Av ainika "face" < ?*eni-Hkʷ |
OCS on-, vŭn-, vŭ "in" |
OPrus en "in", Lith į "in" |
OIr in- "in" |
i "in" |
inj "until" |
AB y-, yn-, B in- "in" |
an-dan "inside" |
| *apó "away" |
of, off (< OE of) |
af "from, of, by" (ab-u "from ...?") |
ab "away" |
apó "from" |
ápa "away" |
Av apa, OPers apa "away" |
OCS ot, "from, apart of" |
Lith apačià "bottom" < *apotyā |
|
|
prapë "back" < *per-apë |
|
āpa "behind, back" (or ? < *epi) |
| PIE |
English |
Gothic |
Latin |
Ancient Greek |
Sanskrit |
Iranian |
Slavic |
Baltic |
Celtic |
Armenian |
Albanian |
Tocharian |
Hittite |
| *medhyo- "mid, middle" |
mid, middle (< OE mid, middel) |
midjis "middle" |
medius "middle" |
més(s)os "middle" |
mádhya- "middle" |
Av maiδya- "middle" |
OCS meždu "between", Russian meža "boundary" |
OPrus meddin "forest" (between villages), Lith medis "tree" |
OIr mid- "middle" < *medhu-; MW mei- "middle" < *medhyo- |
mēǰ "middle" |
mijdis,mes "in between,middle" |
|
|
| *meǵ- "big" |
much (< OE myc̣el "big, many") |
mikils "big" |
magnus "big" |
mégas "big" |
mahā́nt- "big" |
Av mazant- "big" |
OCS moguchiy "powerful, big", |
OPrus mazs "smaller", Lith mažas "small" |
OIr mochtae, MIr mag-, maige "big" |
meç "big" |
madh, madhi "big" |
A mak, B makā "much" |
mekkis "big" |
| *gʷerH₂- "heavy" |
|
kaúrus "heavy" |
grāvis "heavy" |
barús "heavy" |
gurúḥ "heavy" |
Av gouru- "heavy-", NPers girān "heavy" < *grāna- (influenced by *frāna "full") |
OCS gromada "big size, huge", gruz "a load, something heavy", |
OPrus garrin "tree", Lith geras "good" |
MIr bair "heavy (?)", W bryw "strong" |
|
|
A kra-marts "heavy (?)", B krā-mär "burden" < *gʷroH₂-mVr- |
|
| *H₁le(n)gʷh-, *H₁ln̥gʷh-ro-, *H₁ln̥gʷh-u-[26] "light (in weight)" |
light (< OE lēoht) |
leihts "light" < *H₁lengʷh-tos; OHG lungar "fast" < *H₁ln̥gʷh-ros |
levis "light" < *H₁legʷh-us |
elakhús "small" < *H₁ln̥gʷh-us, elaphrós "light, quick" < *H₁ln̥gʷh-ros |
laghú-, raghú- "quick, light, small" |
Av ragu-, fem. rǝvī "fast", superl. rǝnjišta- "fastest" |
OCS lŭgŭkŭ "light" |
OPrus langus "light", langsta "window", lankewingis "flexible", linktwei "to bend", Lith lengvas "light", lankstus "flexible", langas "window", lenkti "to bend" |
OIr laigiu, laugu, MW llei "smaller" |
|
Illyr lembus "light vehicle" < *H₁lengʷh-os |
B lankutse "light" |
|
| *H₁reudh-, *H₁roudh-os, *H₁rudh-rós[26] "red" |
red (< OE rēad < *H₁roudh-os) |
rauþs (raudis) "red" < *H₁roudh-os |
ruber "red" < *H₁rudh-rós |
eruthrós "red" < *H₁rudh-rós |
rudhirá- "red" < *H₁rudh-rós mixed with *H₁rudh-i-; rṓhita- "red"; lōhá- "reddish" < *H₁roudh-os |
Av raoiδita- "red" |
OCS rudŭ "red" |
Lith raũdonas "red", rudas "brown" |
OIr rúad, W rhudd "red", rhwd "rust" |
|
|
A rtär, B ratre "red" < *H₁rudh-rós |
|
| *alyos, *anyos "other"; *anteros "second" |
else (< OE elles); other (< OE ōþer) |
aljis, anþar "other" |
alius "other" |
állos "other" |
anyá-, ántara- "other" |
Av anya-, ainya-, OPers aniya- "other"; Ossetian ändär "other"; East Iranian hal-ci "whoever" |
Old Sorbian wutory "other" < PSlav *ǫtorŭ |
OPrus antars "second", Lith antras "second" |
OIr aile, W ail "other" |
ayl "other" |
|
A ālya-kə, B alye-kə "another" |
Lydian aλa- "other" |
| *néwo- "new" |
new (< OE nīwe) |
niujis "new" |
novus "new" |
né(w)os "new" |
náva- "new" |
Av nava- "new" |
OCS novŭ "new" |
OPrus nawas "new", Lith naujas "new" |
OIr nūë, W newydd "new" |
nor "new" < *nowero- |
|
A ñu, B ñune "new" |
newa- "new" |
| *H₂yuHn̥- "young" |
young (< OE ġeong < *H₂yuHn̥ḱós) |
juggs "young" |
juvenis "young" |
|
yúvan- (yū́naḥ) "young" |
Av yvan-, yavan- (yūnō) "youth, young man" |
OCS junŭ "young" |
Lith Jaunas "young" |
OIr ōac "young", W ieuanc "young" < *H₂yuHn̥ḱós |
|
|
|
|
| *sen- "old" |
|
sineigs "old (person)" |
senex "old" |
enos "old" |
sanah "old" |
Av hana- "old" |
OCS sedyi "grey-headed" |
OPrus sentwei "to get old", Lith senas "old" |
OIr sen "old", Old Welsh hen "old" |
hin "old" |
|
|
|
| *nogw- "naked" |
naked (< OE nacod "naked") |
naqaþs "naked" |
nudus "naked" |
gymnós "naked" |
nagnah "naked" |
|
OCS nagŭ "naked" |
OPrus nags "naked", Lith nuogas "naked" |
OIr nocht "naked" |
|
|
|
nekumant- "naked, bare" |
| PIE |
English |
Gothic |
Latin |
Ancient Greek |
Sanskrit |
Iranian |
Slavic |
Baltic |
Celtic |
Armenian |
Albanian |
Tocharian |
Hittite |
| *dhwer- "door, doorway, gate" |
door (< OE dor, duru) |
daúr, daúrō "door" |
forēs (pl.) "door" |
thurā "door" |
dvā́r, dvā́raḥ (pl.) "door" |
Av dvarǝm (acc.) "gate, court"; OPers duvarayā "at the gate" |
OCS dvĭri "door" |
OPrus dwarris "gate, goal",dwars "estate", Lith durys "door", dvaras "estate", vartai "gate", Latg durovys "door", vuorti "gate" |
OIr dorus "door" < Proto-Celtic *dworestu-, W dor "door" < *dhureH₂ |
dowṙ "door" |
derë "door" |
B twere "doors" |
an-durza "within" |
| *domo-, *domu- "house", "home" |
timber (< OE timber "house, building material") |
timrjan "to build, erect" |
domus (domūs) "house" |
dómos "house" |
dámaḥ "house" |
Av dąm, dąmi "in the house"; dǝmā̆na-, nmāna- "house" < *dm-ā̆na- |
OCS domŭ "house" |
OPrus dimstis "porch", Lith dimstis "entryway" |
MIr dom-liacc "house of stones" |
town "house" |
dhomë "room" |
?A tem-, B tam- "be born" |
|
| *kʷekʷlo- "wheel" |
wheel (< OE hwēol, hweogol < PGerm *hweg(w)ulaz < *kʷekʷlós) |
ON hjōl, hvēl "wheel" < PGerm *hweh(w)ulaz < *kʷékʷlos |
|
kúklos "circle", (pl.) "wheels" |
cakrá- "wheel" |
Av čaxra- "wheel" |
OCS kolo "wheel" |
OPrus kellin "wheel", Lith kaklas "neck" |
W cylch "circle" |
|
|
A kukäl, B kokale "wagon" |
kugullas "donut" |
| *s(y)uH- "to sew" |
sew (< OE sēowan) |
siujan "to sew" |
suō (suere) "to sew" |
humḗn "sinew" |
sī́vyati "(he) sews", syūtá- "sewn" |
|
OCS šijǫ (šiti) "to sew" |
OPrus šutun "to sew", Lith siūti "to sew", Latg šyut "to sew" |
|
|
|
|
sum(m)anza(n), šuel (?), šuil (?) "thread" |
| *teks- "to fashion, construct" |
OE þeox "spear" |
OHG dehsa, dehsala "hatchet" |
texō (texere) "to weave" |
téktōn "carpenter", tíktō "I give birth" |
takṣati, tā́ṣṭi "(he) fashions" |
Av tašaiti "(he) cuts out, manufactures"; OPers us-tašanā "stairway" < "*construction"; MPers tāšīδan "to do carpentry" |
OCS tešǫ (tesati) "to hew", |
OPrus tesatun "to hew", Lith tašyti "to hew" |
OIr tāl "axe" < *tōkslo- |
|
|
|
takkeszi "puts together" |
| *webh- "to weave" |
weave (< OE wefan), web (<P.Gmc. *wabjan) |
OHG weban "to weave" |
|
huphaínō "I weave" |
ubhnā́ti "ties together" |
Av ubdaēna- "made of cloth"; NPers bāfad "(he) weaves" |
viti "weave" |
Lith vyti "to twist" |
W gwau "knit,weave" |
|
venj "I weave" < *webhnyō |
B wāp- "to weave" |
|
| *werǵ- "to work" |
work (< OE weorc, wyrc̣an) |
waúrkjan "to work" |
urgeō (urgēre) "to push, drive" |
(w)érgon "work", érdō, hrézdō "I work" < *wérǵ-yoH₂, *wréǵ-yoH₂ |
varcaḥ "activity" (? not in Pokorny) |
Av varəza- "work, activity", vərəzyeiti "(he) works"; NPers varz, barz "field work, husbandry" |
vrǔšiti "to act, to do" |
OPrus wargs "bad, evil, malicious, vicious", wargtwei "to torment oneself, to suffer", Lith vargas "the state of going through bad/unlucky events" |
MW gwreith "deed" < *wreǵ-tu- |
gorç "work " |
rregj "to clean" |
A wärk-, B wārk- "to shear" |
|
| *wes- "to clothe, wear clothes" |
wear (< OE werian) |
wasjan "to clothe" |
vestis "clothing" |
héstai "gets dressed" |
váste "(he) gets dressed" |
Av vaste, vaŋhaiti "(he) gets dressed" |
veshch "thing, cloth", veshchi "cloth items" Serbian veš "underwear" |
OPrus westi "corset", wesseli "wedding", Lith vestuvės "wedding", vesti "to lead" |
W gwisg "clothing" |
z-genum "I put on (clothes)" < *wes-nu- |
vesh "dress"
veshje "clothing" |
B wastsi, wästsi "clothing" |
wassezzi "(he) clothes" |
| PIE |
English |
Gothic |
Latin |
Ancient Greek |
Sanskrit |
Iranian |
Slavic |
Baltic |
Celtic |
Armenian |
Albanian |
Tocharian |
Hittite |
*H₁es- "to be", *H₁es-ti "is"
Cf. Indo-European copula |
is (< OE is) |
ist "is" |
est " is" |
estí "is,"; Dorian Greek entí "(they) are" <- *H₁s-enti |
ásti "is," |
Av asti "is"; Persian hast "is" |
OCS jestŭ "is" |
OPrus ast "is", ēst "almost", Lith esti "is" |
OIr is "is"; Old Welsh hint "(they) are" <- *H₁s-enti |
ē "is" |
është "is" |
B ste "is" |
ēszi "is" |
*bhuH₂- "to become"
Cf. Indo-European copula |
be (< OE bēon); OE būan "to dwell" |
bauan "to dwell" |
fuī "I was" |
phúomai "I become", éphū "became" |
bhávati "become, is", ábhūt "became, was" |
Av bavaiti, OPers bavatiy "(he) becomes" |
OCS byti "to become, be" |
OPrus butwei "to be", Lith būti "to be" |
OIr buith "being", W bod "to be" |
busanim "sprout up" |
buj, bûj "I dwell, stay overnight" < *bunjō |
|
|
| *sed-, *si-zd- "to sit" |
sit (< OE sittan < *sed-yo-nom) |
sitan "to sit" |
sedeō (sedēre) "to sit", sīdō "I sit down" < *si-zd-oH₂ |
hézdomai "I sit" < *sed-yo-, hizdō "I set" < *si-zd-oH₂ |
sátsi "(he) sits", aor. ásadat "sat"; sī́dati "(he) sits" < *si-zd-eti |
Av ni-šaŋhasti "(he) sits down", opt. hazdyā-t "(he) should sit", hiδaiti "(he) sits" < *si-zd-eti; OPers caus. niya-šād-ayam "I set" |
OCS sěždǫ (sěděti) "to sit" |
OPrus sistwei "to sit down", Lith sedėti "to be sitting", sėstis "to sit down" |
OIr sa(i)did "sits"; W seddu "to sit" |
nstim "I sit" <? *ni-zdyō, hecanim "I sit on, I ride" |
|
|
|
| *legh- "to lie down" |
lie (< OE lic̣gan) |
ligan "to lie down" |
lectus "bed" |
lékhomai "I lie down" |
leṭyati "(he) lies down" |
NPers ley "lie down" |
OCS ležǫ (ležati) "to lie down" |
OPrus laztwei "to lie down" |
OIr laigid "lies down" |
|
lagje "city quarter" |
A läk- "to lie", B lyśalyñe "(act of) lying down" |
lagari "(he) lies down" |
| *ḱei- "to lie (down); bed, cozy, dear, familiar" |
home (< OE hām "village, home" < *ḱoi-mos) |
háims (háimáis) "village, town" < *ḱoi-mis |
cīvis "city dweller, citizen" < *ḱei-wis |
keĩtai "lies" |
śētē (older śáyē) "(he) lies", śērē "they lie" |
Av saēte "(he) lies", sōire "they lie" |
OCS sěmija "family" |
OPrus seimi "family", kaims "village", Lith šeima "family", kaimas "village" |
OIr cōim, cōem, OW cum "dear" |
sirem "I love" < *ḱeiro- |
|
|
kitta, kittari "lies"; Luwian ziyari "lies" |
| *steH₂- "to stand (i.e. be standing)" |
stand (< OE standan) |
standan "to stand"; OHG stān, stēn "to stand" |
stō (stāre) "to stand", sistō (sistere) "to cause to stand" |
Doric hístāmi "I stand" |
tíṣṭhati "(he) stands" |
Av hištaiti "(he) stands"; OPers impf. a-ištata "(he) stood" |
OCS stajǫ (stati) "to stand up" |
OPrus stalitwei "to stand", Lith stovėti "to stand" |
OIr tair-(ṡ)issiur "I stand" |
|
mbështet, pshtet "I support" |
B stäm- "to stand", ste "is", "stare" "(they) are" |
istanta- "to stay, delay" |
| *H₁ei- "to go" |
OE ēode "went" |
iddja "went" |
eō (īre) "to go" |
eĩmi "I (will) go" |
éti "(he) goes", yánti "(they) go" |
Av aēiti "(he) goes", yeinti "(they) go"; OPers aitiy "goes" |
OCS hoditi "to go, to walk, to move", hod "move" |
OPrus eitwei "to go", Lith eiti "to walk" |
W wyf "I am"; OIr ethaid "goes" < *it-āt- |
iǰanem (aorist ēǰ) "I climb down" < *i-gh- |
ik "to go" <? *H₁(e)i-K- |
A yā "he went", B yatsi "to go" < *yā- |
īt "go!" |
| *gʷem- "to come" |
come (< OE cuman) |
qiman "to come" |
veniō (venīre) "to come" |
baínō "I go" |
gámati "(he) goes", aor. ágan, gan "(he) went" |
Av ǰamaiti "goes"; OAv inj. uz-ǰǝ̄n "(he) goes", pl. gǝmǝn "they go" |
|
OPrus gimtwei "to be born", Lith gimti "to be born" |
|
kam "I stand", ekn "(he) came" |
ngā "I walk" < *ga-nyō |
A käm-, kum-, B käm-, kam-, śem "to come" |
|
| *sekʷ- "to follow" |
OE sec̣g "follower, companion, man" |
ON seggr "hero" |
sequor (sequī) "to follow" |
hépomai "I follow" |
sácate "(he) follows" |
Av hačaitē, hačaiti "(he) follows" |
shagati "to walk" |
OPrus sektwei "to shallow [To breath lightly]", Lith sekti "to follow" |
OIr sechithir "follows" |
|
|
|
|
| PIE |
English |
Gothic |
Latin |
Ancient Greek |
Sanskrit |
Iranian |
Slavic |
Baltic |
Celtic |
Armenian |
Albanian |
Tocharian |
Hittite |
| *bher- "to carry" |
bear (< OE beran) |
baíran "to carry" |
ferō (ferre) "to carry" |
pherō "I carry" |
bharati "(he) carries" |
Av baraiti "(he) carries"; OPers barantiy "they carry" |
OCS berǫ (bĭrati) "to carry" |
Lith berti "to pour non liquid" |
OIr biru "I carry" |
berem "I carry" |
bie "I carry" |
|
|
| *weǵh- "to convey" |
weigh (< OE wegan "carry"); way (< OE weġ); wain "wagon" (< OE wæġn)[27] |
ga-wigan "to move, shake" |
vehō (vehere) "to convey" |
Pamphylian wekhétō "he should bring"; Cypriot éwekse "brought there" |
váhati "(he) drives" |
Av vazaiti "(he) leads, carries" |
OCS vezǫ (vesti) "to drive" |
OPrus weztun "to ride", Lith vežti "to drive" |
OIr fēn, W gwain (type of wagon) < *weǵh-no-; W ar-wain "to lead" |
|
vjedh "I steal" |
|
Hier Luw wa-zi/a- "drive" |
| *H₂eǵ- "to lead, drive" |
|
ON aka "to drive" |
agō (agere) "to drive, do" |
ágō "I lead" |
ájati "(he) drives" |
Av azaiti "(he) drives" |
ehati "to drive" |
|
OIr ad-aig "compels"; OW agit, hegit "goes" |
acem "I lead" |
|
A ak-, B āk- "go, lead" |
|
| *dheH₁-, dhH̥₁- "to place, put" |
do (< OE dōn) |
deds "deed" |
faciō (facere) "to do" < *dhH̥₁-k-yoH₂; con-ditus "built" (orig. "put together"), ab-ditus "removed" (orig. "put away") < Proto-Italic *-θatos < *dhH̥₁-tos |
títhēmi "I put" < *dhí-dheH₁-mi |
dádhāti "(he) puts" < *dhé-dheH₁-ti |
Av daδāiti "(he) puts"; OPers impf. adadā "(he) established" |
OCS děti "to lay" |
OPrus ditun "to put", Lith dėti "to put" |
Gaulish dede "he put (pt.)"; OIr -tarti "he gives" < Proto-Celtic *to-ro-ad-dīt < *-dheH₁-t |
ed "he put (past)" |
dhatë "place, location" < *dhH̥₁-teH₂ |
A tā-, täs-, tas-, B tes- "to lay" < *dheH₁-s- |
dāi "puts" |
| *deH₃-, dhH̥₃- "to give" |
|
|
dō (dare) "to give" |
dídōmi "I give" |
dádāti "(he) gives" |
Av dadāiti "(he) gives"; OPers impv. dadātuv "let him give" |
OCS damĭ "I will give" |
OPrus datun "to give", Lith duoti "to give" |
OIr dān, W dawn "gift" |
ta-m "I give" |
dhashë "I gave" < *dH̥₃-sm̥ |
|
dāi "takes" |
| *kap- "to grab" |
have (< OE habban), heave (< OE hebban) |
haban "to have", hafjan "to lift" |
capiō (capere) "to take" |
káptō "I snatch, swallow" |
kapaṭī "two handfuls" |
NPers časpīdan, čapsīdan, cafsīdan "to grasp, seize" |
|
OPrus kaps "grave", Lith kapas "grave", kapt "expression to indicate grabbing. |
OIr cacht "female slave", W caeth "slave" < *kap-tos "taken" |
|
kap "I grasp, grab", kam "I have" |
|
|
| *ghabh- "to seize, take" |
give (< OE ġiefan) |
giban "to give" |
habeō (habēre) "to have" |
|
gábhastiḥ "forearm, hand" |
|
Polish gabać "seize" |
OPrus gabtun "to catch", Lith gauti " to get" |
OIr gaibid "takes" |
|
|
|
|
| *gʷʰen- "to strike, kill" |
bane (< OE bana "murderer") |
banja "blow, wound, ulcer" |
dē-fendō (dēfendere) "to ward off, defend", of-fendō (offendere) "to bump, offend" |
theínō "I kill" < *gʷʰen-yoH₂, épephnon "I killed" < redup. + *gʷʰn-om |
hánti "(he) strikes, kills" < *gʷʰen-ti, ghnánti "they strike, kill" |
Av ǰainti "(he) strikes, kills", ni-γne (mid.) "I strike down"; OPers impf. ajanam "I struck down" |
OCS ženǫ (gŭnati) "drive (animals to pasture)", žĭnjǫ (žęti) "reap" |
OPrus gintun "to defend", Lith ginti " to defend", ganyti "to drive animals to pasture" |
OIr gonim "I wound, kill" |
ǰnem "I strike" < *gʷʰen-oH₂, ǰnǰem "I destroy" < *gʷʰen-yoH₂ |
gjanj "I hunt" < *gʷʰen-yoH₂ |
B käsk- "to scatter to destruction" < *gʷʰn̥-sk- |
kuēnzi "kills" < *gʷʰen-ti |
| *leikʷ-, *li-ne-kʷ- "to leave behind" |
OE lēon "to lend" |
leiƕan "to lend" |
linquō (linquere) "to leave behind" |
leípō, limpánō "I leave behind" |
riṇákti "(he) leaves behind", 3rd. pl. riñcanti "they leave behind" |
Av -irinaxti "(he) frees"; NPers rēxtan "to pour out" |
OBulg otŭ-lěkŭ "something left over", lišiti "to rob" < *leikʷ-s- |
OPrus palaistun "to leave behind", Lith likti "to stay" |
OIr lēicid "(he) leaves behind, releases" |
lk`anem "I leave behind" |
|
|
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| PIE |
English |
Gothic |
Latin |
Ancient Greek |
Sanskrit |
Iranian |
Slavic |
Baltic |
Celtic |
Armenian |
Albanian |
Tocharian |
Hittite |
| *dhĝhyés "yesterday" |
yesterday (< OE ġeostra) |
gistra- "tomorrow (?)" |
heri "yesterday" |
khthés "yesterday" |
hyáḥ "yesterday" < *ghyés |
Av zyō, Old Persian diya(ka) "yesterday" |
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OIr in-dē, W doe "yesterday" |
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dje "yesterday" |
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| *nokʷts (nekʷts) "night" |
night (< OE neaht, niht < *nokʷtis) |
nahts (nahts) "night" < *nokʷts |
nox (noctis) "night" |
núks (núktos) "night" |
nák (instr. pl. náktīḥ) "night" |
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OCS noštĭ "night" |
OPrus nakts "night", Lith naktis "night" |
OIr i-nnocht, OW henoid "on this night" |
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natë "night" |
A n[a]ktim "nightly", B nekciye "in the evening" |
nekuz (gen. sg.) "of evening" |
| *H₂eusōs "dawn", *H₂eus-tero- "east", *H₂euso- "gold" |
eastern (< OE ēasterne) |
ON austr "east" |
aurōra "dawn", aurum "gold" |
Doric āṓs "dawn" |
uṣā́ḥ (uṣásaḥ), acc. uṣā́sam "dawn" |
Av ušā̊ (ušaŋhō), acc. ušā̊ŋhǝm "dawn" |
OCS (j)utro "morning", vŭstokŭ "east" |
OPrus austra "dawn", auss "gold", Lith aušra "dawn", auksas "gold" |
OIr fāir "sunrise", W gwawr "dawn" < *wōsri- |
?os-ki "gold" |
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?A wäs "gold" |
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| *ǵhyem-, ǵheim- "winter" |
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ON gói "winter month" |
hiems "winter" |
kheĩma "winter" |
híma "winter" |
Av zyā̊ (acc. zyąm, gen. zimō) "winter" |
OCS zima "winter" |
OPrus zeima "winter", Lith žiema "winter" |
OIr gam "winter", gem-adaig "winter night"; OW gaem "winter" |
jiun "snow" |
Gheg dimën, Tosk dimër(ë) "winter" |
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gimmanza "winter" |
| *wés-r̥, wes-n-és "spring" |
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ON vár "spring" |
vēr "spring" |
(w)éar "spring" |
vasan-tá- "spring" |
Av vaŋri "in spring";; OPers ϑūra-vāhara- |
OCS vesna "spring" |
OPrus wassara "spring", Lith vasara "summer", pavasaris "spring", vėsu "cool" |
OIr errach "spring"< *ferrach < *wesr-āko-; OW guiannuin "in spring" < *wes-n̥t-eino- |
garun (garnan) "spring"< *wesr- |
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| *wet- "year", *per-ut- "last year" |
wether "castrated male sheep" (< OE weþer), |
OHG widar "male sheep", MHG vert "last year" <- *per-ut-, ON fjorð "last year" <- *per-ut- |
vetus (veteris) "old" |
(w)étos "year", pérusi "last year" |
vatsá-, vatsará- "year", par-út "last year" |
Sogdian wtšnyy (read wat(u)šanē) "old" |
OCS vetŭchŭ "old" |
OLith vẽtušas "old" |
MIr feis, Cornish guis "sow" < *wet-si- |
heru "last year" |
vit (pl. vjet) "year" |
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witt- "year" |
| *yeH₁r- "year" |
year (< OE ġēar) |
jēr "year" |
hōrnus "this year's" < *hōyōr- |
hōra "time, year" < *yoH₁r- |
?paryāríṇĪ "only calving after a year" |
Av yārə "year" |
Russ CH jara "spring" |
OLith Jórė "spring festival" |
W iar "hen", MIr eir-īn "fowl" |
tari "year" |
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