Haplogroup K2b (Y-DNA)

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Haplogroup K2b (P331)
Possible time of origin About 3,000 years younger than K-M9 40,000-50,000 years old
Possible place of origin Probably Southeast Asia, possibly South Asia if an extinction event took place.
Ancestor K2 (also known as KxLT)
Descendants K2b1 (P397, P399), previously known as MS and P (K2b2). (K2b1 is ultimately the ancestor of Haplogroups M and S; Haplogroup P is ultimately the ancestor of Haplogroups Q and R.)
Defining mutations P331, CTS2019/M1205, PF5990/L405, PF5969,[1][2]

Haplogroup K2b (P331), also known as MPS [1] is a human y-chromosome haplogroup that is thought to be less than 3,000 years younger than K, and less than 10,000 years younger than F, meaning it probably is around 50,000 years old, according to the age estimates of Tatiana M. Karafet et al. 2014.[3]

It is not clear at present whether the basal paragroup K2b* is carried by any living males. All known cases of K2b are either K2b1 (P397/P399), known previously as Haplogroup MS; or Haplogroup P, also known as K2b2 (P295). P is estimated to be 2,000 years younger than K2 (P331).

Phylogenetic structure

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Main article: Structure of Y-DNA Haplogroup K
  • K2b (P331), also known as MPS.
    • K2b1 (P397, P399), similar to the previous Haplogroup MS.
      • K2b1a (CTS5650/F3744/P405) – descendant subclades include Haplogroup S, also known as K2b1a4.
      • K2b1b (P336)
      • K2b1c (P378)
      • Haplogroup M (P256) – also known as K2b1d.
    • Haplogroup P (P295/PF5866/S8) – also known as K2b2.
      • P1 (M45) – also known as K2b2a; descendant subclades include the major Haplogroups Q and R

Distribution

While basal K2b* has not yet been identified, populations with living members of the immediate subclades K2b1* and P* (K2b2) appear to be polarized between Oceania, South Asia and eastern Siberia.

K2b1

K2b1 is found in 83% of males of Papua New Guinea, and up to 60% in the Aeta people of the Philippines.[4] It is also found among other Melanesian populations, as well as indigenous Australians, and at lower levels amongst Polynesians.[4]

Major studies published in 2014 and 2015 suggest that about 27% of Aboriginal Australian males carry the subclade K2b1a1 (P60, P304, P308), which has also been referred to as "S-P308".[4][5] (The other Y-DNA haplogroups found in indigenous Australians included two distantly-related subclades of Haplogroup K2 at low levels: basal K2* [M526] and Haplogroup M1 [M4]), as well as C1b2b [M347; previous Haplogroup C4] and basal C* [M130].

Population K2b1
Papua New Guinea 82.76%
New Zealand 03.82% (1.95% ) 51% of Maori have native y-dna
Fiji 60.75%
Solomon Islands 71.9%
French Polynesia 08%
Vanuatu 76.5%
New Caledonia  ?
Guam 33.3% (small sample size)
Samoa 08.04%
Kiribati 0% (small sample size)
Tonga 20.69%
Micronesia FDR 66.67%
Marshall Islands 63.64%
American Samoa  ?
Northern Mariana Islands  ?
Palau 61.5% small sample size
Cook Islands 03.9%
Wallis and Futuna 26%
Tuvalu 36%
Nauru 28.6% (small sample size)
Norfolk Island  ?
Niue 0% (small sample size)
Tokelau 50% (small sample size)
Hawaii 20% (small sample size from FTDNA)
Aboriginal Australians 12% [5]
Timor 25%
Aeta 60%
Filipino Austronesian 04.0%
Malay 06.4%
Flores 35%
Sulawesi 11.3%
East Indonesia 25.9%
Java Indonesia 0%
Bali Indonesia 0.9%
Sumatra Indonesia 0%
Borneo Indonesia 05.8%
West Papua Province 52.6%
Papua Province 82.6%
Sumba Indonesia 25.2%
Chukkese people Micronesia 76.5%
Pohnpeian people Micronesia 70% (small sample size)

P (K2b2)

P (K2b2) is widely distributed among males of Western European, Central Asian, and Native American ancestry.

Apart from the basal paragroup P*, it has only one subclade: P1 (M45), also known as K2b2a – which is also the parent of the major haplogroups Q (K2b2a1) and R (K2b2a2).

Basal P* (K2b2*)

P* (or "pre-P") is found among 28% of males among the Aeta, as well as in Timor at 10.8%, and one case may have been found in Papua New Guinea (Kaysar et al. 2006) although this has not been verified.[4]

Population P* %
Papua New Guinea 0.69 (assumed from Kayser et al. 2006 1 P* found)
New Zealand 0
Fiji 0
Solomon Islands 0
French Polynesia 0
Vanuatu 0
New Caledonia  ?
Guam 0
Samoa 0
Kiribati  ?
Tonga 0
Micronesia FDR 0
Marshall Islands 0
American Samoa  ?
Northern Mariana Islands  ?
Palau  ?
Cook Islands 0
Wallis and Futuna 0
Tuvalu 0
Nauru  ?
Norfolk Island  ?
Niue 0 (small sample size)
Tokelau 0 (small sample size)
Hawaii 0 (small sample size from FTDNA)
Australia 0
Timor 10.8
Aeta 28
Filipino Austronesian 0
Malay 0
Flores 0
Sulawesi 0.6
East Indonesia 0
Java Indonesia 0
Bali Indonesia 0
Sumatra Indonesia 0
Borneo Indonesia 0
West Papua Province 0
Papua Province 0
Sumba Indonesia 03.2

P1 (K2b2a)

P1 (M45/PF5962), also known as K2b2a, is hundreds of times more common than P* (K2b2; PxM45), as it includes haplogroups Q and R, is estimated as being 14,300 years younger than K2b.[4]

Many ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1 are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altaian Kizhi,[6] and 35% among Nivkh males.

Modern South Asian populations also feature P1 at low to moderate frequencies.[7] In South Asia it is most frequent among the Muslims of Manipur (33%), but this may be due to a very small sample size (nine individuals). Cases of P1 (M45) reported in South Asia may be unresolved cases or R2 or Q.[7]

Population group (with ethnolinguistic affiliation) Paper N Percentage SNPs Tested
Tuvinian (Turkic) Darenko 2005 113 35.40 P-M45
Nivkh (isolate) Lell 2001 17 35 P-M45
Altai-Kizhi (Altaians) (Turkic) Darenko 2005 92 28.3 P-M45
Todjin (Turkic) Darenko 2005 36 22.2 P-M45
Chukchi (Chukotkan) Lell 2001 24 20.8 P-M45
Koryak (Chukotkan) Lell 2001 27 18.5 P-M45
Yupik (Eskimo-Aleut) Lell 2001 33 18.2 P-M45
Uighur (Turkic) Xue 2006 70 17.1 P-M45
Kalmyk (Mongolic) Darenko 2005 68 11.8 P-M45
Turkmen (Turkic) Wells 2001 30 10 P-M45
Soyot (Turkic) Darenko 2005 34 8.8 P-M45
Uriankhai (Mongolic) Katoh 2004 60 8.3 P-M45
Khakas (Turkic) Darenko 2005 53 7.6 P-M45
Kazakh (Turkic) Wells 2001 54 5.6 P-M45
Uzbek (Turkic) Wells 2001 366 5.5 P-M45
Khasi-Khmuic (Austro-Asiatic) Reddy 2009 353 5.40 P-M45(xM173) §
Mundari (Austro-Asiatic) Reddy 2009 64 10.90 P-M45(xM173) §
Nicobarese (Mon-Khmer) Reddy 2009 11 0.00 P-M45(xM173) §
Southeast Asia (Austro-Asiatic) Reddy 2009 257 1.60 P-M45(xM173) §
Garo (Tibeto-Burman) Reddy 2009 71 1.40 P-M45(xM173) §
India (Tibeto-Burman) Reddy 2009 226 3.10 P-M45(xM173) §
East Asia (Tibeto-Burman) Reddy 2009 214 0.00 P-M45(xM173) §
Eastern India (Indo-European) Reddy 2009 54 18.50 P-M45(xM173) §
Iran (Southern Talysh) Nasidze 2009 50 4.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Azerbaijan (Northern Talysh) Nasidze 2009 40 5.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Mazandarani (Iranian) Nasidze 2009 50 4.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Gilaki (Iranian) Nasidze 2009 50 0.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Tehran (Iranian) Nasidze 2004 80 4.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Isfahan (Iranian) Nasidze 2004 50 6.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Bakhtiari (Iranian) Nasidze 2008 53 2.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Iranian Arabs (Arabic) Nasidze 2008 47 2.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
North Iran (Iranian) Regueiro 2006 33 9.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
South Iran (Iranian) Regueiro 2006 117 3.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
South Caucacus (Georgian) Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 77 3.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
South Caucacus (Armenian) Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 100 2.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Hvar (Croatian) Barać et al. 2003 14
Korčula (Croatian) Barać et al. 2003 6

§ These may include members of haplogroup R2.

Population group N P (xQ,xR) Q R Paper
Count  % Count  % Count  %
Gope 16 1 6.4 Sahoo 2006
Oriya Brahmin 24 1 4.2 Sahoo 2006
Mahishya 17 3 17.6 Sahoo 2006
Bhumij 15 2 13.3 Sahoo 2006
Saora 13 3 23.1 Sahoo 2006
Nepali 7 2 28.6 Sahoo 2006
Muslims of Manipur 9 3 33.3 Sahoo 2006
Himachal Pradesh Rajput 15 1 6.7 Sahoo 2006
Lambadi 18 4 22.2 Sahoo 2006
Gujarati Patel 9 2 22.2 Sahoo 2006
Katkari 19 1 5.3 Sahoo 2006
Madia Gond 14 1 7.1 Sahoo 2006
Kamma Chowdary 15 0 0 1 6.7 12 80 Sahoo 2006

See also

  • Ancient populations haplogroups are assumed from small ancient sample sizes.
    • † Stands for assumed extinction (no living sample of the same haplogroup)
      • [8] Entire Phlogeny except for Hg X + distribution of K2b1 clades K2* clades and K2c+K2d, as well as P(xm45)

[15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22][23][24][25] Modern Populations+Ancient Basques

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 http://www.phylotree.org/Y/tree/index.htm
  2. ↑ Karafat 2014
  3. ↑ Tatiana M. Karafet et all. Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia, 2014
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Karafet 2014
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Nagle and colleagues assumed 56% of the samples taken to be non-indigenous. (Nagle, N. et al., 2015, "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes", American Journal of Physical Anthropology (epub ahead of print version; abstract).
  6. ↑ Miroslava Derenko et al 2005, Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ejhg2014106a.html
  9. ↑ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v505/n7481/full/nature12736.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20140102
  10. ↑ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v506/n7487/full/nature13025.html
  11. ↑ http://www.fsigenetics.com/article/S1872-4973(14)00116-1/abstract
  12. ↑ http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-9-181.pdf
  13. ↑ http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0041252
  14. ↑ http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/journals/journal/ca.html
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Genetic Structure in Contemporary South Tyrolean Isolated Populations Revealed by Analysis of Y-Chromosome, mtDNA, and Alu Polymorphisms
  19. ↑ Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from continental Greece, and the islands of Crete and Chios
  20. ↑ http://www.krepublishers.com/06-Special%20Volume-Journal/T-Anth-00-Special%20Volumes/T-Anth-SI-03-Anth-Today-Web/Anth-SI-03-31-Trivedi-R/Anth-SI-03-31-Trivedi-R-Tt.pdf
  21. ↑ http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/11443
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ yhrd.org
  25. ↑ http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/717.long
  26. ↑ http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2013/12/13/000802

Notes

[Assuming B70 ky for the TMRCA of M168 chromosomes,10 we estimate the interval of time between the diversification of K-M9 and that of K-P331 to be <3 ky. This rapid diversification has also been assessed using whole Y-chromosome sequence data.22 In addition, we estimate the total time between the common ancestor of K-M9 and that of P-P295 to be <5 ky, and the time between the common ancestor P-P295 and that of P-P27 to be 12.3 ky (95% CI: 6.6–20 ky).http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ejhg2014106a.html]

Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1[χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1 F2 F3 GHIJK
G HIJK
H IJK
IJ K
I J LT [χ 5]  K2
L T NO [χ 6] K2b [χ 7]   K2c K2d K2e [χ 8]
N O K2b1 [χ 9]    P
M S [χ 10] Q R
  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
  3. ↑ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A0'1'2'3'4.
  4. ↑ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
  5. ↑ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
  6. ↑ Haplogroup NO (M214) is also known as Haplogroup K2a (although the present Haplogroup K2e was also previously known as "K2a").
  7. ↑ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
  8. ↑ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a, also known as Haplogroup NO).
  9. ↑ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is similar to the former Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
  10. ↑ Haplogroup S (S-M230) was previously known as Haplogroup K5.
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