In human population genetics, mitochondrial (mtDNA) haplogroups define the major lineages of direct maternal (female) lines back to a shared common ancestor in Africa. Haplogroup I is largely found in Europe and West Asia, where it is believed to have originated.
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Origin
Haplogroup I is a descendant (subclade) of haplogroup N1e'I (Behar 2012b) and sibling of haplogroup N1e (Behar 2012b). It is believed to have arisen somewhere in Eurasia between 17,263 and 24,451 years before present (Behar 2012b). It has been suggested that its origin may be in Iran or more generally the Near East (Terreros 2011).
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It is noteworthy that, with the exception of its northern neighbor Azerbaijan, Iran is the only population in which haplogroup I exhibits polymorphic levels. Also, a contour plot based on the regional phylogeographic distribution of the I haplogroup exhibits frequency clines consistent with an Iranian cradle... Moreover, when compared with other populations in the region, those from the Levant (Iraq, Syria and Palestine) and the Arabian Peninsula (Oman and UAE) exhibit significantly lower proportions of I individuals... It should be noted that this haplogroup has been detected in European groups (Krk, a tiny island off the coast of Croatia (11.3%), and Lemko, an isolate from the Carpathian Highlands (11.3%)) at comparable frequencies to those observed in the North Iranian population. However, the higher frequencies of the haplogroup within Europe are found in geographical isolates and are likely the result of founder effects and/or drift... it is plausible that the high levels of haplogroup I present in Iran may be the result of a localized enrichment through the action of genetic drift or may signal geographical proximity to the location of origin.
Terreros 2011
A similar view puts more emphasis on the Persian Gulf region of the Near East (Fernandes 2012).
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Haplogroup I ... dates to ∼25 ka ago and is overall most frequent in Europe..., but the facts that it has a frequency peak in the Gulf region and that its highest diversity values are in the Gulf, Anatolia, and southeast Europe suggest that its origin is most likely in the Near East and/or Arabia...
Fernandes 2012
Distribution
Haplogroup I is found at moderate to low frequencies in East Africa, Europe, West Asia and South Asia (Fernandes 2012). The rare basal/paraphyletic clade I* has been observed in three individuals; two from Somalia and one from Iran (Olivieri 2013).
Africa
Outside of Europe, the highest frequencies of mitochondrial haplogroup I observed so far appear in the Cushitic-speaking El Molo (23%) and Rendille (>17%) in northern Kenya (Castrì 2008).
Asia
Haplogroup I is present across West Asia, Central Asia, and at trace frequencies in South Asia. Its highest frequency is perhaps in northern Iran (9.7%). Terreros 2011 notes that it also has high diversity there and reiterates past studies that have suggested that this may be its place of origin. Found in Svan population from Georgia(Caucasus) I* 4.2%."Sequence polymorphisms of the mtDNA control region in a human isolate: the Georgians from Swanetia."Alfonso-Sánchez MA1, Martínez-Bouzas C, Castro A, Peña JA, Fernández-Fernández I, Herrera RJ, de Pancorbo MM.[citation needed] The table below shows some of the populations where it has been detected.
Europe
Western Europe
In Western Europe, haplogroup I is most common in Northwestern Europe (Norway,[citation needed] the Isle of Skye, and the British Isles). The frequency in these areas is between 2 and 5 percent. Its highest frequency in Brittany, France where it is over 9 percent of the population in Finistere. It is uncommon and sometimes absent in other parts of Western Europe (Iberia, South-West France, and parts of Italy).
Eastern Europe
In Eastern Europe, the frequency of haplogroup I is generally lower than in Western Europe (1 to 3 percent), but its frequency is more consistent between populations with fewer places of extreme highs or lows. There are two notable exceptions. Nikitin 2009 found that Lemkos (a sub- or co-ethnic group of Rusyns) in the Carpathian mountains have the "highest frequency of haplogroup I (11.3%) in Europe, identical to that of the population of Krk Island (Croatia) in the Adriatic Sea".[Footnote 1][Footnote 2]
Historic and Pre-Historic Samples
Haplogroup I has so far been absent from ancient European samples found in Paleolithic and Mesolithic grave sites. One early example has been found in Neolithic Spain (c. 5000 cal BC in Paternanbidea) but its subclade was not determined. Haplogroup I displays a strong connection with the Indo-European migrations especially for its subclades I1, I1a1 and I3a which have been found in Poltavka and Srubnaya cultures in Russia (Mathieson 2015), among ancient Scythians (Der Sarkissian 2011), and in Corded Ware and Unetice Culture burials in Saxony (Brandt 2013). Haplogroup I (with undetermined subclades) has been noted at significant frequencies in more recent historic grave sites (Melchior 2008 and Hofreiter 2010).
Samples with determined subclades
| Culture |
Country |
Site |
Date |
Haplogroup |
Source |
| Unetice |
Germany |
Esperstedt |
2050-1800 BC |
I1 |
Adler 2012; Brandt 2013 |
| Srubnaya |
Russia |
Rozhdestveno I, Samara Steppes, Samara |
1850-1600 BC |
I1a1 |
Mathieson 2015 |
| Unetice |
Germany |
Eulau |
1979-1921 BC |
I1a1 |
Brandt 2013 |
| Unetice |
Germany |
Plotzkau 3 |
2200-1550 BC |
I1a1 |
Brandt 2013 |
| Scythian |
Russia |
Rostov-on-Don |
500-200 BC |
I3 |
Der Sarkissian 2011 |
| Unetice |
Germany |
Benzingerode-Heimburg |
1653-1627 BC |
I3a |
Brandt 2013 |
| Unetice |
Germany |
Esperstedt |
2131-1979 BC |
I3a |
Adler 2012; Brandt 2013; Haak 2015; Mathieson 2015 |
| Unetice |
Germany |
Esperstedt |
2199-2064 BC |
I3a |
Adler 2012; Brandt 2013; Haak 2015 |
| Poltavka |
Russia |
Lopatino II, Sok River, Samara |
2885-2665 BC |
I3a |
Mathieson 2015 |
| Karasuk |
Russia |
Sabinka 2 |
1416-1268 BC |
I4a1 |
Allentoft 2015 |
| Minoan |
Greece |
Ayios Charalambos |
2400-1700 BC |
I5 |
Hughey 2013 |
| Minoan |
Greece |
Ayios Charalambos |
2400-1700 BC |
I5 |
Hughey 2013 |
| Minoan |
Greece |
Ayios Charalambos |
2400-1700 BC |
I5 |
Hughey 2013 |
| Late Bronze Age |
Armenia |
Norabak |
1209-1009 BC |
I5c |
Allentoft 2015 |
| Mezhovskava |
Russia |
Kapova cave |
1598-1398 BC |
I5c |
Allentoft 2015 |
Samples with unknown subclades
| Populations |
N |
Frequency |
Source |
Roman Iron Age sites
Bøgebjerggård (AD 1–400)
Simonsborg (AD 1–200)
Skovgaarde (AD 200–400) |
3/24 |
12.5% |
Melchior 2008a, Hofreiter 2010 |
Viking Age burial sites
Galgedil (AD 1000)
Christian cemetery Kongemarken (AD 1000–1250)
medieval cemetery Riisby (AD 1250–1450) |
4/29 |
13.79% |
Melchior 2008, Hofreiter 2010 |
Anglo-Saxon burial sites
Leicester:6
Lavington:6
Buckland:7
Norton:12
Norwich:17 |
1/48 |
2.08% |
Töpf 2006 |
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We have previously observed a high frequency of Hg I's among Iron Age villagers (Bøgebjerggård) and individuals from the early Christian cemetery, Kongemarken [16], [17]. This trend was also found for the additional sites reported here, Simonsborg, Galgedil and Riisby. The overall frequency of Hg I among the individuals from the Iron Age to the Medieval Age is 13% (7/53) compared to 2.5% for modern Danes [35]. The higher frequencies of Hg I can not be ascribed to maternal kinship, since only two individuals share the same common motif (K2 and K7 at Kongemarken). Except for Skovgaarde (no Hg I's observed) frequencies range between 9% and 29% and there seems to be no trend in relation to time. No Hg I's were observed at the Neolithic Damsbo and the Bronze Age site Bredtoftegård, where all three individuals harboured Hg U4 or Hg U5a (Table 1).
Hofreiter 2010
The frequency of haplogroup I may have undergone a reduction in Europe following the Middle Ages. An overall frequency of 13% was found in ancient Danish samples from the Iron Age to the Medieval Age (including Vikings) from Denmark and Scandinavia compared to only 2.5% in modern samples. As haplogroup I is not observed in any ancient Italian, Spanish [contradicted by the above, "early examples have been found in Neolithic Spain (c. 5000 cal BC in Paternanbidea)"], British, central European populations, early central European farmers and Neolithic samples, according to the authors "Haplogroup I could therefore have been an ancient Southern Scandinavian type “diluted” by later immigration events" (Hofreiter 2010).
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup I subclades with time estimates is based on the paper (van Oven 2008) and subsequent published research (Behar 2012b).
| Hg (April 2012) |
Time estimate (years) |
SD (years) |
| N1eI |
28'881 |
6'095 |
| I |
20'857 |
3'594 |
| I1 |
15'231 |
3'402 |
| I1a |
11'726 |
3'306 |
| I1a1 |
5'294 |
2'134 |
| I1a1a |
3'327 |
2'720 |
| I1a1b |
2'608 |
2'973 |
| I1a1c |
1'523 |
3'384 |
| I1a1d |
1'892 |
1'863 |
| I1b |
11'135 |
4'818 |
| I1c |
8'216 |
3'787 |
| I2-3 |
11'308 |
4'154 |
| I2 |
6'387 |
2'449 |
| I2a |
3'771 |
2'143 |
| I2a1 |
2'986 |
1'968 |
| I2b |
1'267 |
4'539 |
| I2c |
2'268 |
2'693 |
| I2d |
3'828 |
3'795 |
| I2e |
2'936 |
3'454 |
| I3 |
8'679 |
3'410 |
| I3a |
6'091 |
3'262 |
| I3a1 |
5'070 |
3'017 |
| I3b |
5'596 |
3'629 |
| I4 |
14'913 |
5'955 |
| I4a |
2'124 |
6'113 |
| I5 |
18'806 |
4'005 |
| I5a |
15'116 |
4'128 |
| I5a1 |
11'062 |
4'661 |
| I6 |
- |
- |
| I6a |
- |
- |
Distribution
I1
| Haplogroup I1 |
| Possible time of origin |
15,231 ± 3,402 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I |
| Defining mutations |
455.1T, G6734A, G9966A, T16311C! (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I1a
| Haplogroup I1a |
| Possible time of origin |
11,726 ± 3,306 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I1 |
| Defining mutations |
T152C!, G207A (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I1a1
| Haplogroup I1a1 |
| Possible time of origin |
5,294 ± 2,134 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I1a |
| Defining mutations |
G203A, C3990T, G9947A, A9966G!, T10915C! (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I1a1a
| Haplogroup I1a1a |
| Possible time of origin |
3,327 ± 2,720 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I1a1 |
| Defining mutations |
G9053A (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I1a1b
| Haplogroup I1a1b |
| Possible time of origin |
2,608 ± 2,973 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I1a1 |
| Defining mutations |
T14182C (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I1a1c
| Haplogroup I1a1c |
| Possible time of origin |
About 1,523 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I1a1 |
| Defining mutations |
T6620C (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I1a1d
| Haplogroup I1a1d |
| Possible time of origin |
About 1,892 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I1a1 |
| Defining mutations |
A1836G, T4023C, T13488C, T16189C! (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I1b
I1c
| Haplogroup I1c |
| Possible time of origin |
8,216 ± 3,787 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I1 |
| Defining mutations |
G8573A, C16264T, G16319A, T16362C (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I2'3
| Haplogroup I2'3 |
| Possible time of origin |
11,308 ± 4,154 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I |
| Defining mutations |
T152C!, G207A (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
Examples of this ancestral branch have not been documented.
I2
| Haplogroup I2 |
| Possible time of origin |
6,387 ± 2,449 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I2'3 |
| Defining mutations |
A15758G (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I2a
| Haplogroup I2a |
| Possible time of origin |
3,771 ± 2,143 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I2 |
| Defining mutations |
A11065G, G16145A (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I2a1
| Haplogroup I2a1 |
| Possible time of origin |
2,986 ± 1,968 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I2a |
| Defining mutations |
T3398C (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
Current available data indicates that this may be a Northwestern European branch.
I2b
| Haplogroup I2b |
| Possible time of origin |
About 1,267 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I2 |
| Defining mutations |
T6515C, 8281-8289d, A16166c (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I2c
| Haplogroup I2c |
| Possible time of origin |
About 2,268 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I2 |
| Defining mutations |
T460C, G9438A (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I2d
I2e
I3
I3a
| Haplogroup I3a |
| Possible time of origin |
6,091 ± 3,262 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Oldest sample from Poltavka culture (Russia-Lopatino II, Sok River, Samara, 2885-2665 BC) (Mathieson 2015) |
| Ancestor |
I3 |
| Defining mutations |
T16086C (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I3a1
| Haplogroup I3a1 |
| Possible time of origin |
5,070 ± 3,017 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I3a |
| Defining mutations |
G2849A (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I3b
I4
I4a
I5
I5a
| Haplogroup I5a |
| Possible time of origin |
15,116 ± 4,128 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I5 |
| Defining mutations |
T5074C, C16148T (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I5a1
| Haplogroup I5a1 |
| Possible time of origin |
11,062 ± 4,661 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I5a |
| Defining mutations |
8281-8289d, A12961G (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I6
| Haplogroup I6 |
| Possible time of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I |
| Defining mutations |
T3645C (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I6a
| Haplogroup I6a |
| Possible time of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I6 |
| Defining mutations |
(G203A), G3915A, A6116G, A7804G, T15287C, (A16293c) (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
See also
Genetics
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3
Backbone mtDNA Tree
References
- ↑ Nikitin 2009: 6/53 in Lemkos
"Lemkos shared the highest frequency of haplogroup I ever reported and the highest frequency of haplogroup M* in the region."
- ↑ Cvjetan 2004: 15/133
Works Cited
Journals
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Websites
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Further reading
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External links
