Gheg Albanian
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Gheg (or Geg) (Albanian: Gegë) is one of the two major varieties of Albanian. The other one is Tosk, on which standard Albanian is based. The geographic dividing line between these two varieties is the Shkumbin River, which winds its way through central Albania.
Gheg is spoken in Northern Albania, Kosovo, northwestern Republic of Macedonia, southeastern Montenegro and southern Serbia, by the ethnographic group known as Ghegs.
Gheg does not have any official status as a written language in any country. Publications in Kosovo and Macedonia are in standard Albanian, which is based on Tosk. However, some authors continue to write in Gheg.
Contents
History
The Ghegs speak "Gheg Albanian", one of the two main Albanian dialects. The Albanian communist regime based the standard Albanian language mostly on Tosk Albanian. This practice has been criticized, notably by Arshi Pipa, who claimed that this decision deprived the Albanian language of its richness at the expense of the Ghegs,[8] and referred to the literary Albanian language as a "monstrosity" produced by the Tosk communist leadership that conquered anti-communist northern Albania militarily, and imposed their Tosk Albanian dialect on the Ghegs.[9] Although Albanian writers in former Yugoslavia were almost all Ghegs, they chose to write in Tosk for political reasons.[10] This change of literary language has significant political and cultural consequences because the language is the main criterion for self-identification of the Albanians.[11]
Dialects
Gheg has several dialects, notably:
Southern Gheg
Southern Gheg is spoken in Albania (Durrës, Elbasan, Tiranë) and western Macedonia.[12]
A subdialect is Central Gheg, spoken in Tiranë, Krujë and Burrel.[12]
Northern Gheg
- Middle Gheg (Peshkopi, Debar, Tetovo, Kičevo, Gostivar, Veles, Kruševo, Prilep)[citation needed]
- Northeastern Gheg (Skopje, Kumanovo, Kačanik, Dragaš, Gnjilane, Preševo, Bujanovac, Pristina, Kosovska Mitrovica, Podujevo, Medveđa and formerly Albanian-populated territories of Niš Sanjak (Niš, Vranje, Toplica District)).[citation needed]
- Northwestern Gheg (Shkodër, Vermosh, Selcë, Vukël, Lëpushë, Nikç, Tamarë, Tuzi, Ulcinj, Bar, Plav, Gusinje, Peć, Đakovica, Prizren)[citation needed]
The Italian linguist Carlo Tagliavini puts the Gheg of Kosovo and Macedonia in Eastern Gheg.[13]
Phonology
Assimilations are common in Gheg, but are not part of the Albanian literary language, which is a standardized form of Tosk Albanian.[14]
Vowels
Oral
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| IPA | Written as |
|---|---|
| [ə] | ë (nër: 'under') |
| [a] | a (mas: 'after') |
| [ɑ] | â (prâpë: 'back') |
| [ɒ] | ä (knäqët: 'having fun') |
| [e] | e (dere: 'door') |
| [ɛ] | ê (mênôj: 'I think') |
| [i] | i (dritë: 'light') |
| [o] | o (kos: 'yoghurt') |
| [u] | u (kur: 'when') |
| [y] | y (ylli: 'star') |
| [ɔ] | ô (dôrë: 'hand') |
Nasalized
| IPA | Written as[15] |
|---|---|
| [ĩ] | ĩ (hĩna: 'I entered') |
| [ɛ̃] | ẽ (mrẽna: 'within') |
| [ɑ̃] | ã (hãna: 'moon') |
| [ɔ̃] | õ (some dialects) |
| [ỹ] | ỹ (gjỹs: 'half') |
| [ũ] | ũ (hũna: 'nose') |
See also
References
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External links
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Gheg Albanian test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator |
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See Also: Minority languages of Kosovo
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- ↑ Figure for Serbia appears to be taken from 2000 figure for Serbia and Montenegro.
Gheg Albanian at Ethnologue (15th ed., 2005) - ↑ Gheg at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
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- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Carlo Tagliavini (1942), Le parlate albanesi di tipo Ghego orientale: Dardania e Macedonia nord-occidentale
- ↑ Camaj 1984, p. 4
- ↑ Fialuur i voghel Sccyp e ltinisct [sic] (Small Dictionary of Albanian and Latin), 1895, Shkodër
