Frank Knox

Frank Knox
46th U.S. Secretary of the Navy
In office July 11, 1940 – April 28, 1944
President	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Preceded by	Charles Edison
Succeeded by	James V. Forrestal
Personal details
Born	William Franklin Knox January 1, 1874 Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Died	Washington, D.C., United States
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Annie Reid Knox
Alma mater	Alma College
Profession	Publisher
Religion	Congregationalist
Military service
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1898, 1917–1919
Rank	Major
Battles/wars	Spanish–American War Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill World War I

William Franklin "Frank" Knox (January 1, 1874 – April 28, 1944) was an American newspaper editor and publisher. He was also the Republican vice presidential candidate in 1936, and Secretary of the Navy under Franklin D. Roosevelt during most of World War II.

Life and career

William Franklin Knox was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His parents were both Canadian: his mother, Sarah C. (Barnard), was from Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, and his father, William Edwin Knox, was from New Brunswick. When he was nine, his family moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan, where his father ran a grocery store. He attended Alma College in Michigan, where he was a member of the Zeta Sigma fraternity.

During the Spanish–American War, he joined the Army, and served in Cuba with Theodore Roosevelt's famous Rough Riders, the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry Regiment. He was a member of Troop D commanded by Captain Robert Huston. As a member of D Troop, Knox fought in Cuba at the Battle of Las Guasimas, and the Battle of San Juan Hill.

After the war, Knox became a newspaper reporter in Grand Rapids. This was the beginning of a career that included ownership of several papers.

He changed his first name to Frank around 1900. In 1912 as founding editor of New Hampshire's Manchester Leader, forerunner to the New Hampshire Union Leader, he supported Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive ticket. However, with that exception, he adhered to the Republican Party.

During World War I, Knox was an advocate of U.S military preparedness and then of participation in the war. When the U.S. declared war on Germany, he rejoined the Army. He reached the rank of Major and served as an artillery officer in France. After the war he returned to the newspaper business.

Admiral Harold R. Stark and Secretary Knox reading on a train in the United Kingdom in 1943

In 1930, Frank Knox became publisher and part owner of the Chicago Daily News. In the 1936 election, he was the Republican nominee for vice president under Alf Landon. Landon, Knox and former President Herbert Hoover were the only supporters of Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 to be later named to a Republican ticket. They lost in a landslide, winning just Maine and Vermont against the Democratic ticket of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Vice President John Nance Garner.

During World War II, Knox again was an advocate of preparedness. As an internationalist, he supported aid to the Allies and opposed isolationism. In July 1940, he became Secretary of the Navy under Franklin D. Roosevelt, part of the Democratic president's effort to build bi-partisan support for his foreign and defense policies following the defeat of France. Knox had called for the internment of Japanese Americans as early as 1933, and he continued to do so in his new position. Shortly after Pearl Harbor, he visited Hawai'i to investigate the sabotage he believed to have taken place there; upon his return, he issued a public statement that "the most effective Fifth Column work of the entire war was done in Hawaii with the exception of Norway," and accused Japanese Hawaiians of impeding U.S. defense efforts in a report to the President. Although the FBI and military intelligence later disproved these claims, Knox continued to push for the incarceration of Japanese Americans and barred them from service in the navy during the war.

When a new naval officer on Knox's staff told him "I'm no New Dealer", Knox replied "I fought the President with every resource at my command. But now I've squared my politics with my conscience and I'm proud to serve under such a great man. At that", Knox added, "it's a good thing to have a couple of fellows around here who aren't New Dealers!" Knox carried out Roosevelt's plan to expand the Navy into a force capable of fighting in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. He traveled extensively to Navy installations worldwide.

Following a brief series of heart attacks, Secretary Knox died in Washington, D.C. on April 28, 1944 while still in office. He was buried on May 1, 1944 in Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors.

Posthumous honors and memorials

The Gearing-class destroyer USS Frank Knox (DD-742), commissioned in December 1944, was named in his honor.

On May 31, 1945 he received posthumously the Medal for Merit from President Harry S. Truman.

It seems probable that his Canadian roots led his widow, Annie Reid Knox in 1948 to endow several fellowships in his name—the Frank Knox Memorial Fellowships—which allow scholars from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom to pursue graduate study at Harvard University or allow recent graduates of Harvard University to travel and research in commonwealth countries.

Quotation

After the German massacre of civilians in the Czech village of Lidice in June 1942 in reprisal for the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, Knox said

"If future generations ask us what we are fighting for [in World War Two], we shall tell them the story of Lidice."

See also

• List of U.S. political appointments that crossed party lines
• Frank Knox Memorial Fellowships
• Ed J. Davenport, handled public relations for Frank Knox, 1929–32

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the United States Department of the Navy.

• Jordan, Jonathan W., American Warlords: How Roosevelt's High Command Led America to Victory in World War II (NAL/Caliber 2015).
• Frank Knox: Roughrider in FDR's War Cabinet, by Christopher D. O'Sullivan (forthcoming, 2015).

External links

Party political offices
Preceded by Charles Curtis	Republican vice presidential nominee 1936	Succeeded by Charles L. McNary
Government offices
Preceded by Charles Edison	United States Secretary of the Navy 1940–1944	Succeeded by James V. Forrestal