Foreign relations of South Sudan
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The foreign relations of South Sudan are the relations between the Republic of South Sudan and sovereign states and international organizations. The establishment of the relationships followed the formation of the South Sudanese state on 9 July 2011. South Sudan's former parent country Sudan became the first state in the world to recognize South Sudan.
Contents
Foreign policy
In the immediate aftermath of the country's independence, South Sudan's foreign policy prerogative was seen as a challenge in the quest to balance relations between the West, other African states and the Arab states.[1] Since independence, South Sudan has sought to shed its reliance on Sudan, reportedly planning to introduce the Swahili language and orient itself toward East Africa.[2][3][4]
Chronology of relations
Sudan was the first country to recognise the independence of South Sudan on 8 July 2011, 1 day prior to independence. Four other states followed suit on 8 July. Over 25 countries had recognised the country on 9 July, including all permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[5][6][7][8][9]
On 14 July 2011, South Sudan was admitted as a member of the United Nations without a vote[10][11] or objections raised by its members.[12][13][14]
Both before and after South Sudan admission to the UN, many states have issued official explicit statements about its diplomatic recognition and some have established diplomatic relations with it. In less than half a year the number of recognitions reached over 115 and the number of relations established over 40.
United Nations member states
Country | Recognition of South Sudan[note 1] | Relations established[note 2] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1 Sudan | 8 July 2011 effective 9 July 2011[15][16] |
9 July 2011[17] | South Sudan – Sudan relations African Union (AU) member Arab League member Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) (OIC) member First state to recognise South Sudan.[15][16] |
2 Egypt | 8 July 2011 effective 9 July 2011[18][19] |
9 July 2011[20] | Egypt – South Sudan relations AU member Arab League member OIC member |
3 Germany | 8 July 2011 effective 9 July 2011[21] |
9 July 2011 | United Nations Security Council (UNSC) president at the time of declaration of independence [21] |
4 Kenya | 8 July 2011 effective 9 July 2011[22] |
9 July 2011[23] | AU member Commonwealth of Nations member[24] East African Community (EAC) member[25] |
5 Equatorial Guinea | 9 July 2011 [26] | ||
6 Albania | 9 July 2011[27][28] | OIC member | |
7 Mozambique | 9 July 2011[29][30] | 15 July 2011[31] | AU member Commonwealth of Nations member OIC member [29][30] |
8 People's Republic of China | 9 July 2011[32] | 9 July 2011[33] | UNSC permanent member [32] |
9 United Kingdom | 9 July 2011[9][34] | 9 July 2011 | Commonwealth of Nations member UNSC permanent member [9][35] |
10 Turkey | 9 July 2011[36] | October 2011[37] | OIC member |
11 Italy | 9 July 2011[38] | 23 May 2012[39] | |
12 Poland | 9 July 2011[40] | 31 January 2013[41] | |
13 United States | 9 July 2011[42] | 9 July 2011[43] | South Sudan–United States relations UNSC permanent member [42] |
14 Canada | 9 July 2011[44] | 22 December 2011[45] | Commonwealth of Nations member [44] |
15 Australia | 9 July 2011[46] | 24 September 2011[47] | Commonwealth of Nations member [46] |
16 Japan | 9 July 2011[48] | 9 July 2011[49] | [48] |
17 Ireland | 9 July 2011[50] | ||
18 France | 9 July 2011[51] | 9 July 2011[52] | UNSC permanent member [51] |
19 Cuba | 9 July 2011[53][54][55][56] | 10 July 2011[57] | |
20 Sweden | 9 July 2011[58] | 8 December 2011 | |
21 Norway | 9 July 2011[59] | 9 July 2011[60] | |
22 Uganda | 9 July 2011[61] | 9 July 2011 | South Sudan – Uganda relations AU member Commonwealth of Nations member EAC member OIC member |
23 Armenia | 9 July 2011[62] | ||
24 Russia | 9 July 2011[6][63] | 22 August 2011[64] | UNSC permanent member OIC observer [6][63] |
25 Brazil | 9 July 2011[65] | 9 July 2011[66] | UNSC non-permanent member Arab League observer |
26 Romania | 9 July 2011[67] | 17 April 2013[68] | |
27 Spain | 9 July 2011[69] | 21 September 2011[70] | |
28 Austria | 9 July 2011[71] | 21 September 2011 [72] | |
29 Switzerland | 9 July 2011[73] | ||
30 Netherlands | 9 July 2011[74] | 9 September 2011[75] | Date given as that of establishment of diplomatic relations is that of the nomination of first Dutch ambassador to South Sudan, since no previous announcement of bilateral relations being established had until then been made by either side |
31 Belgium | 14 July 2011[76] | 14 October 2011[77] | |
32 South Africa | 9 July 2011[78] | 22 September 2011[79] | AU member Commonwealth of Nations member UNSC non-permanent member [78] |
33 Tanzania | 9 July 2011[80] | AU member Commonwealth of Nations member EAC member |
|
34 Ethiopia | 9 July 2011[81] | AU member | |
35 Zimbabwe | 9 July 2011[82][83][84][85] | AU member | |
36 Central African Republic | 9 July 2011[86] | AU member OIC observer |
|
37 Togo | 9 July 2011[87] | AU member OIC member |
|
38 Mali | 9 July 2011[88] | AU member OIC member |
|
39 Algeria | 9 July 2011[89][90] | AU member Arab League member OIC member |
|
40 Libya | 9 July 2011[91] | 23 October 2011 | AU member Arab League member OIC member |
41 Rwanda | 9 July 2011[92] | AU member Commonwealth of Nations member EAC member |
|
42 Latvia | 9 July 2011[93] | ||
43 Greece | 9 July 2011[94] | ||
44 Jordan | 9 July 2011[95] | Arab League member OIC member |
|
45 India | 9 July 2011[96] | March 2012[97] | India – South Sudan relations Commonwealth of Nations member UNSC non-permanent member Arab League observer |
46 Luxembourg | 9 July 2011[98] | 14 December 2011[99] | [100] |
47 Chile | 9 July 2011[101] | ||
48 Cambodia | 9 July 2011[102] | 22 July 2011[103] | [102] |
49 South Korea | 9 July 2011[104] | 9 July 2011[105] | [104] |
50 Qatar | 9 July 2011[106] | Arab League member OIC member |
|
51 Maldives | 9 July 2011[107] | Commonwealth of Nations member OIC member |
|
52 Portugal | 9 July 2011[108] | UNSC non-permanent member |
|
53 Slovakia | 9 July 2011[109] | ||
54 Ghana | 9 July 2011[110][111] | AU member Commonwealth of Nations member |
|
55 Nigeria | 9 July 2011[112] | UNSC non-permanent member AU member Commonwealth of Nations member OIC member |
|
56 Malta | 9 July 2011[113] | Commonwealth of Nations member | |
57 Denmark | 9 July 2011[114] | ||
58 Botswana | 9 July 2011[115] | AU Member Commonwealth of Nations member |
|
59 Seychelles | 9 July 2011[116] | 23 July 2013 | AU Member Commonwealth of Nations member |
60 Angola | 10 July 2011[117][118] | AU Member | |
61 Israel | 10 July 2011[119][120] | 28 July 2011 | South Sudan – Israel relations [119][120] |
62 Somalia | 10 July 2011[121] | AU member Arab League member OIC member |
|
63 Cape Verde | 10 July 2011[122] | AU member | |
64 Bahrain | 10 July 2011[123] | 30 September 2012[124] | Arab League member OIC member |
65 Vietnam | 10 July 2011[125] | ||
66 Kuwait | 10 July 2011[126] | Arab League member OIC member |
|
67 Burkina Faso | 10 July 2011[127] | AU member OIC member |
|
68 Estonia | 11 July 2011[128][129][130][131] | ||
69 United Arab Emirates | 11 July 2011[132] | Arab League member OIC member |
|
70 Czech Republic | 11 July 2011[133] | ||
71 Eritrea | 11 July 2011[134] | 24 July 2011[135] | AU member Arab League observer |
72 Saudi Arabia | 11 July 2011[136] | Arab League member OIC member |
|
73 Costa Rica | 11 July 2011[137][138] | ||
74 Indonesia | 12 July 2011[139] | OIC member | |
75 Timor-Leste | 12 July 2011[140] | 13 October 2011[141] | [140] |
76 Namibia | 12 July 2011[142] | 12 July 2011 [143] | AU member Commonwealth of Nations member[144] |
77 Senegal | 12 July 2011[145] | AU member OIC member |
|
78 Slovenia | 12 July 2011[146] | 23 September 2011[147] | [146] |
79 Democratic Republic of the Congo | 13 July 2011[148] | AU member | |
80 Liberia | 13 July 2011[149] | AU member | |
81 Mauritania | 13 July 2011[150] | AU member Arab League member OIC member |
|
82 Djibouti | 13 July 2011[151] | 11 February 2012[152] | AU member Arab League member OIC member |
83 Uruguay | 13 July 2011[153][154] | ||
84 Guinea | 14 July 2011[155] | AU member OIC member |
|
85 Guyana | 14 July 2011[156] | Commonwealth of Nations member OIC member |
|
86 Singapore | 14 July 2011[157] | Commonwealth of Nations member | |
87 Montenegro | 14 July 2011[158] | 21 November 2011 [159] | [158] |
88 Kyrgyzstan | 14 July 2011[160] | OIC member | |
89 Peru | 14 July 2011[161] | ||
90 Mexico | 14 July 2011[162] | 26 September 2011[163] | [162] |
91 Gabon | 15 July 2011[164] | UNSC non-permanent member AU member OIC member |
|
92 North Korea | 15 July 2011[165] | 18 November 2011 [166] | [165] |
93 Kazakhstan | 15 July 2011[167] | OIC member | |
94 Hungary | 15 July 2011[168][169] | 24 September 2011 [170] | |
95 Colombia | 16 July 2011[171] | UNSC non-permanent member | |
96 Iran | 16 July 2011[172] | OIC member | |
97 Cyprus | 18 July 2011[173] | Commonwealth of Nations member | |
98 Lebanon | 18 July 2011[174] | UNSC non-permanent member Arab League member OIC member |
|
99 Bulgaria | 19 July 2011[175][176] | 19 July 2011[177] | |
100 Bangladesh | 20 July 2011[178] | Commonwealth of Nations member OIC member |
|
101 Suriname | 20 July 2011 [179][180] | ||
102 Finland | 22 July 2011[181] | 29 June 2012[182] | |
103 Pakistan | 22 July 2011[183] | Commonwealth of Nations member OIC member |
|
104 Croatia | 27 July 2011[184] | ||
105 Philippines | 1 August 2011[185] | 13 March 2013[186] | |
106 Argentina | 2 August 2011[187][188] | ||
107 Panama | 18 August 2011[189] | ||
108 Serbia | 18 August 2011[190] | 4 January 2012 | |
109 Belarus | 18 August 2011[191] | 14 September 2013[192] | |
110 Yemen | 6 September 2011 [193] | 9 October 2011 [194] | |
111 Thailand | 6 September 2011 [195] | ||
112 Macedonia | 14 September 2011 [196] | ||
113 Lithuania | 14 September 2011 [197][198] | 14 September 2011[199] | |
114 Bosnia and Herzegovina | 20 September 2011 [200] | ||
115 Vanuatu | 28 September 2011 [201] | Commonwealth of Nations member | |
116 Jamaica | 6 October 2011 [202] | Commonwealth of Nations member | |
117 Mongolia | 20 December 2011 | 20 December 2011[203] | [204] |
118 Syria | 26 December 2011 [205] | ||
119 Venezuela | 26 December 2011 [205] | ||
120 Ukraine | 11 January 2012[206] | 25 September 2012[207] | |
120 Georgia | 15 June 2012[208] | 15 June 2012[208] | |
121 Turkmenistan | 17 August 2012[209] | 17 August 2012[209] | |
122 Fiji | 25 September 2012 | 5 October 2012[210] | Commonwealth of Nations member |
123 Azerbaijan | 27 October 2012[211] | 27 October 2012[211] | |
124 Benin | 29 January 2013 | 30 January 2013[212] |
Non-members of the UN
Country | Recognition | Relations established | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Holy See (Vatican City) | 8 July 2011 effective 9 July 2011[213][214] |
22 February 2013[215] | Diplomatic relations on ambassadorial level[215] |
Republic of China (Taiwan) | 9 July 2011[216] | South Sudan does not recognize the Republic of China. It only recognizes the People's Republic of China. | |
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | 9 July 2011[217] | 9 July 2011[218] | African Union (AU) member [217] |
Somaliland | 10 July 2011[219] | ||
Transnistria | 12 July 2011[220] | ||
Palestinian Authority | 14 July 2011[221] | Arab League member Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) (OIC) member |
Representation in South Sudan
The United States upgraded its Juba consulate to an embassy on 9 July 2011,[222] as did France.[223] Also Sudan has announced that it plans to open an embassy in Juba, upon independence,[224] while Egypt has announced it intends to convert its existing consulate in Juba into a full embassy.[18][225] The United Kingdom has opened an embassy in South Sudan, as well.[226]
On 16 September 2011, the ambassadors of the United Kingdom and Norway presented their credentials, the first to do so.[227] Credentials were presented on 15 November of that year by Chinese, German and Kenyan ambassadors.[228]
According to Indian officials, the country will upgrade its consulate in Juba to an embassy and appoint an ambassador to South Sudan.[229][230]
International organisations
South Sudan became a member of the United Nations on 13 July 2011.[231] It joined the African Union on 27 July 2011.[232] It's also a member in: the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), and the International Organization for Migration (IOM).
South Sudan has also either applied or is in the process of applying to the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa,[233] the Commonwealth of Nations,[234] the East African Community,[235] the Intergovernmental Authority on Development,[233] the International Monetary Fund,[236] and the World Bank.[237] South Sudan has also been assured membership in the Arab League,[238] should it decide to pursue membership, though it could also opt for observer status.[239] it may also seek membership in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, which has expressed interest in giving South Sudan admission[240] despite not being a majority Muslim state.
On 24 July 2011, President Salva Kiir told the Speaker of the East African Legislative Assembly that he hoped the EAC will consider expediting South Sudan's accession to the supranational organisation. South Sudan is considered very likely to join the EAC, but an exact timetable for admission has not yet been mooted publicly.[241]
International organisation | Status |
---|---|
African Union (AU) | The African Union welcomed South Sudan as its 54th member state.[citation needed] |
Arab League | The Arab League wishes South Sudan to become a member state.[242] However, South Sudan does not have a majority Arab population and in South Sudan there is strong opposition to joining.[243] |
East African Community (EAC) | South Sudan's membership in the EAC is favoured by all members.[244] |
International Olympic Committee (IOC) | South Sudan does not as yet have a National Olympic Committee. A South Sudanese marathon runner competed as an Independent Olympian at the 2012 London Olympics.[original research?] |
United Nations (UN) | On 14 July, South Sudan became 193rd UN Member State.[245] |
FIFA (FIFA) | On 25 May 2012, South Sudan became the 209th member of FIFA.[246] |
Individual states
Bangladesh
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Bangladesh recognizes the independence of South Sudan on July 20, 2011.
China
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China recognizes the independence of South Sudan on July 9, 2011.[247]
Egypt
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Essam Sharaf, Prime Minister of Egypt after the Arab Spring-inspired revolution in 2011 made his first foreign visit to Khartoum and Juba in the lead-up to South Sudan's secession.[248] Egypt was one of four countries to recognise South Sudan as an independent state on the first day.
Israel
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Relations between the two states commenced with Israel's recognition of South Sudan a day after its independence[249] and South Sudan announcing the following week its intention to establish full diplomatic relations with Israel.[250] On 28 July 2011, it was announced that full diplomatic ties had been established between the two countries.[251] This is considered a significant boon to Israel, as Sudan does not have diplomatic relations with Israel and does not recognise Israeli sovereignty.[250]
Economic ties show the most potential. As of 23 July 2011, several Israeli companies are already in talks for various business deals.[252] Israel is host to thousands of refugees from South Sudan, who are now ready to return to their native country.[253]
South Korea
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The Republic of Korea government is providing for the South Korean [254] military to South Sudan in UN Mission (UNMISS) in South Sudan.[255][better source needed]
Sudan
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Since independence relations with Sudan have been under negotiation. Sudan's President Omar al-Bashir first announced, in January 2011, that dual citizenship in the North and the South would be allowed,[256] but upon the independence of South Sudan he retracted the offer. He has also suggested an EU-style confederation.[257] In February 2012, an agreement was reached by which citizens of both countries could live, work, and own property in both countries, and freely travel between the two.[258]
Uganda
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Prior to independence relations between the two states were fostered through cultural contacts such as the presence of South Sudanese students in Uganda. As independence approaches the two states started to enhance their economic ties. However, the Lord's Resistance Army's presence in South Sudan was a stumbling block.
South Sudan and the Commonwealth of Nations
South Sudan has applied for full membership of the Commonwealth. If and when it is accepted, South Sudan will become the newest Commonwealth republic.
See also
Notes
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References
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- ↑ The Foreign Minister welcomes diplomatic relations with South Sudan (Kingdom of Bahrain Government)
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- ↑ Указ Президента «О признании Республики Южный Судан»
- ↑ Україна встановила дипломатичні відносини з Південним Суданом
- ↑ 208.0 208.1 Georgia and South Sudan establish diplomatic relations
- ↑ 209.0 209.1 States with which Turkmenistan established diplomatic relations
- ↑ South Sudan and Fiji establish Diplomatic relations
- ↑ 211.0 211.1 Azerbaijan recognizes South Sudan: "Azerbaijan and the Republic of South Sudan have concluded an official deal on establishing diplomatic relations."
- ↑ Benin, South Sudan Sign Bilateral Agreement
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