Comcast Cable

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search
Comcast Cable Communications, LLC
Xfinity
Division of Comcast[1]
Industry Telecommunications
Founded April 2, 1981; 43 years ago (1981-04-02)[2]
Key people
 Brian L. Roberts (Chairman)
Neil Smit (CEO)
Products Cable television, broadband internet, VoIP phone, Home Security
Parent Comcast
Subsidiaries Comcast Business
Comcast Spotlight
Comcast Wholesale
Slogan Change the Way You Experience TV
Change the Way You Experience Sports (sporting events only)
Website www.xfinity.com

Comcast Cable Communications, LLC (d/b/a Xfinity) is the cable division of Comcast.[3] Comcast Cable's CEO is Neil Smit, its chairman is Brian L. Roberts, and its CFO is Catherine Avgiris.[4] Comcast Cable went from $23.7 billion in revenue in 2007[5] to $48.1 billion in 2013.[6]

Branding

Previous Comcast logos
Comcast logo from 1969 to 1999 before it was replaced with the crescent logo
A variation of the Comcast logo used between 1999 and 2011. Still used on Comcast SportsNet channels.

In 2010, Comcast began promoting Xfinity, the company's rebranded trademark for triple play services in Comcast's largest markets, including the company's digital cable, cable Internet access, and cable telephone services and radio.[7] Comcast Digital Cable was renamed "Xfinity TV", Comcast Digital Voice became "Xfinity Voice", and Comcast High Speed Internet became "Xfinity Internet". Business Services remains under the "Comcast" name.[8] A marketing push involving the new Xfinity brand took place during the 2010 Winter Olympics coverage on NBC, which was in the early stages of a merger with Comcast.[9]

The Xfinity rebranding has been controversial as a purported effort to sidestep the negativity of the Comcast brand.[10][11][12] In February 2010, TIME listed Xfinity at number 2 in their Top 10 Worst Corporate Name Changes list.[13]

Internet provider

Comcast is the largest provider of cable internet access in the US, servicing 40% of the market in 2011.[14] As of June 30, 2013, Comcast has 19.986 million high-speed internet customers.[15] According to the Comcast High Speed Internet terms of service, residential customers are provided with dynamic IP addresses.[16]

Comcast began offering internet services in late 1996, when it helped found the @Home Network, which sold internet service through Comcast's cable lines. The agreement continued after @Home's merger with Excite.[17] When the combined company Excite@Home filed for bankruptcy in 2002, Comcast moved their roughly 950,000 internet customers completely onto their own network.[18]

Available Comcast High-Speed Internet Plans: (pricing and local availability varies slightly)

Name Download Speed Upload Speed (maximum) DOCSIS Version Price (excluding promotions) Notes
Internet Essentials 5.0 Mbit/s 1.5 Mbit/s 3.0[19] $9.95/mo.[20] Only for families with at least one child that qualifies for the free school lunch program.[21]
Economy Plus 3.0 Mbit/s 768 kbit/s 3.0[19] $39.95/mo.[22]
Performance Starter 6 Mbit/s 1 Mbit/s 3.0[19] $49.95/mo.[20]
Performance 20-25 Mbit/s 4-5 Mbit/s 3.0[19] $66.95/mo.[22]
Blast! 50 Mbit/s 10 Mbit/s 3.0[19] $76.95/mo.[22] In some areas, "Blast!" customers have been upgraded to Extreme 105 speeds.[23]
Blast! 75 Mbit/s 10 Mbit/s 3.0[19] $76.95/mo.[22] In most service areas Blast! (50 Mbit/s) customers have been upgraded to Blast! (75 Mbit/s) Speeds.
Extreme 105 105 Mbit/s 20 Mbit/s 3.0[19] $114.95/mo.[22] In some areas, Extreme 105 customers have been upgraded to Extreme 150 speeds.[23]
Extreme 150 150 Mbit/s 20 Mbit/s 3.0[19] $114.95/mo.[22] Not available in all areas.
Extreme 250 250 Mbit/s 20 Mbit/s 3.0[19] $149.95/mo.[22] Not available in all areas.
Extreme 505 505 Mbit/s 105 Mbit/s Metro ethernet[24] $399.95/mo.[25] Not available in all areas.

Speeds are given in megabits per second, where 1 megabit = 0.125 megabytes = 125000 bytes.

Along with the price of internet subscriptions, Comcast charges users an additional $10.00/month to rent a cable modem.[26] This fee has been seen by some as unfair,[26][27] but is waived for customers who buy their own modems.[28] Comcast charges $20 for internet installation,[29] but the fee is waived for customers who opt to install themselves.[30]

In 2011, Comcast launched its "Internet Essentials" program, which offers low-cost internet service to families with children who qualify for free or reduced price school lunches. The plan launched at $10 per month, with discounts on a computer and free training are also provided.[31][32] The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) required this budget service as a condition for allowing Comcast's acquisition of NBCUniversal in January 2011.[31] Of an estimated 2.60 million households eligible for the program, about 220,000 households participate in the program as of June 2013.[33][34][35] A similar program is available from other internet providers through the non-profit Connect2compete.org.[35][36] Comcast has stated that the program will accept new customers for a total of three years.[31] In March 2014, as he met with FCC concerning the Time Warner Cable merger, Comcast vice president David Cohen told reporters that the internet essentials program will be extended indefinitely.[37]

XFINITY WiFi

In early 2013, Comcast began broadcasting hotspot services using XFINITY branded equipment from customer's homes. Specifically this XFINITY branded equipment is the combination cable modem and router that the customer needs to access the internet. This is the situation for every customer unless they provide their own equipment. These combination cable modem/routers are used to provide other Comcast subscribers with free WiFi access at over 500,000 locations across the United States.

XFINITY WiFi is available at no additional charge to XFINITY Internet customers that subscribe to at least Performance Tier or Business Starter. Non-customers may purchase an access pass for $2.95/hour, $7.95/day, $19.95/week or $54.95/month. Each user is given two 60-minute sessions each month.

XFINITY WIFI has been an issue because the cable modem/router equipment that Comcast provides to residential customers in their homes not only provides WiFi access to the customer, but also transmits a separate WiFi channel labeled "xfinitywifi". It is this "xfinitywifi" channel that provides the XFINITY WIFI to other Comcast subscribers. Because the XFINITY modem/router equipment in the customer's home is now supporting both the customer's private WiFi capability, and, a public hot spot there are both security, privacy, and performance concerns. Comcast claims customers' internet speeds are not affected by the hotspot feature being enabled on their equipment and may opt-out of the program anytime.

Customers can begin using XFINITY WiFi before installation of their service.

Data cap

Initially, Comcast had a policy of terminating broadband customers who use "excessive bandwidth", a term the company refused to define in its terms of service, which once said only that a customer's use should not "represent (in the sole judgment of Comcast) an overly large burden on the network".[16] Company responses to press inquiries suggested a limit of several hundred gigabytes per month.[38][39] In September 2007, Comcast spokesman Charlie Douglas said the company defined "excessive use" as the equivalent of 30,000 songs, 250,000 pictures or 13 million emails in a month.[40] Other company statements have said the limit varied from month to month, depending on the capacity of specific CMTS's, and that it affected only the top one-thousandth of high-speed Internet customers.

Comcast introduced a 250 GB monthly bandwidth cap to its broadband service on October 1, 2008,[41] combining both upload and download towards the monthly limit. If a user exceeded the cap three times within six months, the customer's residential services may have been terminated for one year.[42] A spokesperson stated that this policy had been in place for some time, but was the first time Comcast has announced a specific usage limit.[43]

As the cap provoked a strongly negative reaction from some,[44] Comcast decided to modify its policy in 2012. Under the new system, the cap was increased to 300GB in some markets, and consumers who exceed this limit are charged $10 for every 50 GB above the limit.[45][46][47] Customers could purchase a $30 add-on for "unlimited" data.[48]

On April 27, 2016, Comcast announced that it would raise its data cap to 1 TB; the company stated that "more than 99 percent of our customers do not come close to using a terabyte." The decision to raise the cap came following an implication of increased scrutiny surrounding them by the FCC: in its approval of Charter Communications' purchase of Time Warner Cable, the Commission stipulated that Charter must not implement caps. As previously, a $10 overage fee is charged for every 50 GB above the limit, and customers can purchase an add-on for "unlimited" data, but its price was increased to $50.[48]

Network management and peering

In September 2007, a rumor emerged among tech blogs that Comcast was throttling or even blocking internet traffic transmitted via the BitTorrent protocol.[49] Comcast vehemently denied the accusations of blocking traffic, stating that "Comcast does not, has not, and will not block any Web sites or online applications, including peer-to-peer services", and that "We engage in reasonable network management".[50] After more widespread confirmation that Comcast was throttling BitTorrent traffic,[51] Comcast said it occasionally delayed BitTorrent traffic in order to speed up other kinds of data, but declined to go into specifics.[52] Following the announcement of an official investigation by the FCC,[53] Comcast voluntarily ended the traffic discrimination.[54] The FCC investigation concluded that Comcast's throttling policies were illegal.[55] However, after filing a lawsuit in September 2008,[56] Comcast overturned the illegality of its network management in 2010, as the court ruled that the FCC lacked the authority to enforce net neutrality under the FCC's then current regulatory policy. The court suggested instead of its current framework, the FCC move to a common carrier structure to justify its enforcement.[57] As of February 2014, the FCC has announced a new justification,[58] but avoided the more extensive regulation required by the common carrier framework.[59]

In 2010, Netflix signed an agreement with Level 3 Communications to carry its data. Shortly after, Level 3 entered a heated dispute concerning whether Level 3 would have to pay Comcast to bridge their respective networks, in an agreement known as peering.[60] The disagreement continued as Netflix's current carrier, Cogent Communications, explicitly placed blame for Netflix bottlenecks on Comcast and several other ISPs.[61] In February 2014, after rumors surfaced that Comcast and Netflix had reached an unspecified agreement,[62] the companies confirmed that Netflix was paying Comcast to connect to its network.[63] The details of the agreement are not public,[64] and speculation disagrees about whether the agreement is a precedent against net neutrality, or a continuation of normal peering agreements.[65]

Land line telephone

Comcast Digital Voice, now known as Xfinity Voice, is a telephone product offered by Comcast Corporation. Comcast offers CDV in both residential and business class and is packaged with Xfinity. The service was launched in 2005 in select markets, before being extended to all of Comcast's markets.[66]

Xfinity Voice allows communication over the internet using VoIP, but uses a private network instead of a public IP address, which allows Comcast to prioritize the voice data during heavy traffic. In technical terms, on Comcast's Hybrid Fiber Coaxial network, calls are placed into individual Unsolicited Grant Service flows, based on DOCSIS 1.1 Quality of service standards. For the customer, this has the benefit of preventing network congestion from interfering with call quality. However, this separation of traffic into separate flows, or Smart pipe, has been seen by some as a violation of net neutrality, who call instead for equal treatment of all data, or dumb pipe.[67] Other, non-Comcast VoIP services on Comcast's network must use the lower priority public IP addresses. The practice was questioned by the FCC in 2009.[68] In their response, Comcast stated that services that use telecommunications are not necessarily telecommunications services, and noted the FCC's current designation of Comcast Digital Voice as an information service exempted it from telecommunications service regulations. Comcast also said that because Comcast Voice was a separate service, it was unfair to directly compare the data for Comcast Voice with the data for other VoIP services.[69][70]

Because telephone services over VoIP are not automatically tied to a physical address, Xfinity Voice utilizes E911 to help 911 service operators to automatically locate the source of the 911 call.[71] Voice calls are delivered as a digital stream over the Comcast network, signal is converted to analog plain old telephone service lines at the cable modem, which outputs on standard analog RJ-11 jacks.

After trial runs in 2005, Comcast rolled out its Digital Voice service to all its markets in 2006. Comcast's older service, Comcast Digital Phone, continued to offer service for a brief period, until Comcast shut it down around late 2007.[72] In 2009, after completing transition from their old service, Comcast had 7.6 million voice customers.[73] As of the end of 2013, Comcast Digital Voice had reached 10.7 million subscribers.[74]

At the start of 2012, Comcast stood as the United States' third-largest residential telephone provider.[75] At that time the company supplied 9.34 million residential telephone lines.[75]

Cable television

Comcast's cable television customers peaked in 2007, with about 24.8 million customers.[76] Since then, Comcast has lost customers every year, with the first quarterly gain in customers since their peak occurring in the fourth quarter of 2013.[77] As of the end of 2013, Comcast serves a total of 21.7 million cable customers.[78] The average cost Comcast's Digital Basic cable subscription has increased from $39.04 in 2003 to $67.49 in 2012.[79]

In addition to the prices of subscriptions, since July 2012, Comcast charges a Regulatory Recovery Fee of varying size in order to "recover additional costs associated with governmental programs."[80] Beginning in January 2014, Comcast also charges a $1.50 Broadcast TV Fee to “defray the rising costs of retransmitting broadcast television signals.”[81]

Retransmission fees

Beginning in the mid-2000s, television stations increasingly required cable companies like Comcast to pay retransmission fees in exchange for permission to broadcast their content.[82] (Historically, TV broadcasters made money almost exclusively through advertising.) These fees have been the subject of heated negotiation between broadcasters and distributors, with a few high profile blackouts prompting the U.S. Federal Communications Commission to publicly express serious concern in 2011.[83] Comcast has ten year agreements with CBS[84] and Disney,[85] as well as deals with Fox[86] and others, but the financial details of these deals are not public. Based on professional estimates, ESPN charges $5.06 to transmit their channel per viewer. However, most channels charge much less.[87]

Since the rise of retransmission fees, distributors like Comcast pay substantial fees for retransmitting broadcast television, which is free over the air for consumers. Comcast has instated a $1.50 Broadcast TV Fee to cover part of the cost of getting permission from stations to retransmit the free stations, itemized separately for consumers. Comcast's subsidiary, NBCUniversal, was one of several broadcasters party to American Broadcasting Cos. v. Aereo, Inc., over the question of whether Aereo is a retransmitter (which would require it to pay retransmission fees).[88] The case was decided on June 25, 2014 in favor of the broadcasters in a 6-3 decision.[89]

Home security and automation

Comcast offers a home security and home automation service known as Xfinity Home, in some of its service areas. This service provides residential customers a monitored burglar and fire alarm, surveillance cameras, and home automation.[90] Once the customer receives a delivery box, they will find a kit of tablets, cameras, and cables to set the alarm and manuals (might not have). The cameras include a plug to connect and put the camera somewhere. The camera is linked to a Xfinity Account that has full access to the Xfinity Home service. They have their own application on both Android and iOS and is named "XFINITY Home."

Comcast Business

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Main article: Comcast Business

In addition to residential consumers, Comcast also serves businesses as customers, targeting small businesses with fewer than 20 employees and mid-sized businesses of 20–500 employees.[91] In 2009, Minneapolis–Saint Paul became the first city in which Comcast Business Class offered 100 Mbit/s Internet service, which includes Microsoft Communication Services.[92] Comcast Business Class Internet service does not have a bandwidth usage cap.[93][94]

Comcast Business services used to be sold exclusively through direct sales employees. In March 2011, Comcast created an indirect sales channel called the Solution Provider Program, a comprehensive indirect channel program that enables telecommunications consultants and system integrators to sell Comcast’s services such as Business Class Internet, Voice, and high-capacity Ethernet services to small and mid-market businesses. The program offers recurring commissions for sales partners based on monthly revenue, and Comcast will provide, install, manage and bill for these services. For the initial launch of the Solutions Provider Program, Comcast enlisted three national master representatives—Telarus, based in Salt Lake City, Utah; Intelisys, based in Petaluma, California; and Telecom Brokerage Inc (TBI), based in Chicago. Sub-agent sales partners must work with one of these three partners in the early stages of the program.[95] The head of the Comcast Business indirect sales channel is Craig Schlagbaum, former head of the Level 3 Communications channel.[96]

Official sponsors

MLB

<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>

NFL

<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>

NBA

<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>

NHL

<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>

MLS

<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>

Motorsports

College sports

<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>

References

  1. ↑ http://seekingalpha.com/pr/15618616-comcast-shareholders-approve-the-reclassification-of-each-share-of-class-a-special-common-stock-into-one-share-of-class-a-common-stock
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Fernandez, Bob. "Comcast unveils new brand name and logo". philly.com, February 3, 2010. Accessed March 15, 2010. Archived April 11, 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ ''Comcast seeks reputation change with Xfinity brand'', Yinka Adegoke, Reuters, February 9, 2010. Reuters.com. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
  11. ↑ Comcast Xfinity Rebranding Largely Laughed At, DSLreports.com, February 8, 2010. Dslreports.com. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
  12. ↑ Gregory, Sean. (February 7, 2010) Comcast's New Name: Rated X?, Sean Gregory, Time Magazine, February 7, 2010. Time.com. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
  13. ↑ Suddath, Claire. (February 8, 2010) Top 10 Worst Corporate Name Changes, Claire Suddath, Time Magazine, February 8, 2010. Time.com. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Comcast, ''Comcast High-Speed Internet Acceptable Use Policy''. Comcast.net. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 http://customer.xfinity.com/help-and-support/internet/end-of-life-devices
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ https://www.internetessentials.com/
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 http://corporate.comcast.com/news-information/news-feed/comcast-increases-internet-speeds-in-california-kansas-missouri-and-texas
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Homepage InterentEssentials.Com, accessed January 21, 2013
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Homepage connect2compete.org accessed January 21, 2013
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Carolyn Y. Johnson, "Not so fast, broadband providers tell big users", The Boston Globe
  39. ↑ "Say Good Night, Bandwidth Hog", The New York Times
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Comcast 250GB Cap Goes Live October 1. Broadbandreports.com (August 28, 2008). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
  42. ↑ Comcast.net Frequently Asked Questions about Excessive Use. Help.Comcast.net (October 1, 2008). Retrieved on July 8, 2011. Archived March 3, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ Comcast sues FCC over network management finding. Multichannel.com. Retrieved on February 9, 2013.
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  67. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  70. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  72. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  73. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  74. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 Leichtman Research Group, "Research Notes," First Quarter 2012, pg. 5. The company first gained status as the USA's third largest phone company in 2009. See: Comcast Now Third Largest Phone Company, DSLreports.com, March 11, 2009.
  76. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  77. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  78. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  79. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  80. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  81. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  82. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  83. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  84. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  85. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  86. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  87. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  88. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  89. ↑ American Broadcasting Companies v. Aereo, 573 U. S., (slip op.)
  90. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  91. ↑ Comcast Speeds Up Business High-Speed-Data Offering, Glen Dickson, Broadcasting & Cable, April 29, 2008.
  92. ↑ Comcast Launches 100 Mbps High-Speed Internet Service for Businesses in the Twin Cities, Business Wire press release, September 8, 2009.
  93. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  94. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  95. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  96. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Comcast_Cable&oldid=723108450"