Bistrița

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This article is about a city in Romania. For other uses, see Bistrița (disambiguation).

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Bistrița
County capital
Skyline of Bistrița
Coat of arms of Bistrița
Coat of arms
Location of Bistriţa
Location of Bistriţa
Coordinates: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Country  Romania
County Bistriţa-Năsăud County
Status County capital
Government
 • Mayor Ovidiu Creţu (PSD)
Population (2012)
 • Total 70,493
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
 • Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Website http://www.primariabistrita.ro/

Bistrița (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈbistrit͡sa] ( listen); German: Bistritz, archaic Nösen;[1] Hungarian: Beszterce) is the capital city of Bistriţa-Năsăud County, in northern Transylvania, Romania. It is situated on the Bistriţa River. The city has a population of approximately 70,000 inhabitants, and it administers six villages: Ghinda (Windau; Vinda), Sărata (Salz; Sófalva), Sigmir (Schönbirk; Szépnyír), Slătiniţa (Pintak; Pinták), Unirea (Wallendorf; Aldorf) and Viişoara (Heidendorf; Besenyő).

Etymology

The town was named after the Bistriţa River, whose name comes from the Slavic word bystrica meaning "fast-moving water".

History

The earliest sign of settlement in the area of Bistriţa is in Neolithic remains. The Turkic Pechenegs settled the area in 12th century following attacks of the Cumans. Transylvanian Saxons settled the area in 1206 and called the region "Nösnerland".[citation needed] A large part of settlers were fugitives, convicts and poor people looking for lands and opportunities.[2] The destruction of Markt Nosa ("Market Nösen") under the Mongols of central Europe is described in a document from 1241. Situated on several trade routes, Bistriţa became a flourishing medieval trading post.

Bistriţa became a free royal town in 1330. In 1353 it gained the right to organize an annual 15-day fair, as well as a seal containing the coat of arms of an ostrich with a horseshoe in its beak. In 1465, the city's fortifications had 18 defensive towers and bastions defended by the local guilds. It was also defended by a Kirchenburg, or fortified church. The town was badly damaged by fire five times between 1836 and 1850.[3] The church suffered from fire in 1857, when the tower's roof and the bells were destroyed. The roof was rebuilt after several years. Fires in the nineteenth century also destroyed much of the city's medieval citadel.

A Jewish community developed in Bistriţa after the prohibition on Jewish settlement there was lifted in 1848. The community was Orthodox with a strong Hasidic section, but there were also Jews who adopted German and Hungarian culture. A Zionist youth organization, Ivriyah, was founded in Bistriţa in 1901 by Nissan Kahan, who corresponded with Theodor Herzl and there was significant support for the Zionist movement in the town between the two world wars. A large yeshivah flourished under the direction of the rabbi of Bistriţa, Solomon Zalman Ullmann, in the first part of the twentieth century.[4]

The city was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until 1918. On December 1 that year, Transylvania united with Romania, and Romanian Army troops entered Bistrița on December 5.[5] The city reverted to Hungarian control between 1940 and 1944 and was reintegrated, with all of Northern Transylvania, into Romania after World War II.[4]

World War II

During World War II, the Hungarian authorities deported several dozen Jewish families in 1941 from Bistriţa to Kamenets-Podolski in the Ukraine, where they were killed by Hungarian soldiers. The Jews of Bistriţa, as elsewhere in Hungary, were subjected to restrictions, and Jewish men of military age were drafted for forced labor service. In May 1944, the Jewish population was forced into the Bistrița ghetto, set up at Stamboli Farm, about two miles from the city. The ghetto consisted of a number of barracks and pigsties. At its peak, the ghetto held close to 6,000 Jews, including those brought in from the neighboring communities in Beszterce-Naszód County. Among these were the Jews of Borgóbeszterce, Borgóprund, Galacfalva, Kisilva, Marosborgó, Nagyilva, Nagysajó, Naszód, Óradna, and Romoly. The ghetto was liquidated with the deportation of its inhabitants to Auschwitz in two transports on June 2 and 6, 1944.[4][6]

Recent events

On June 11, 2008, the tower and roof of the church caught fire when three children who went to steal copper set it on fire while playing.[7] The main part of the church suffered just a little damage and is not in much danger, the interior being intact. It is speculated that both bells residing in the tower (one dating from the 15th century, the other from the 17th) might have melted.

Climate

Climate data for Bistrița
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.2
(55.8)		 17.8
(64)		 25.3
(77.5)		 27.9
(82.2)		 31.1
(88)		 34.0
(93.2)		 35.2
(95.4)		 34.9
(94.8)		 32.0
(89.6)		 27.1
(80.8)		 21.6
(70.9)		 15.1
(59.2)		 35.2
(95.4)
Average high °C (°F) −0.1
(31.8)		 3.0
(37.4)		 9.3
(48.7)		 15.7
(60.3)		 20.7
(69.3)		 23.2
(73.8)		 24.7
(76.5)		 24.6
(76.3)		 21.0
(69.8)		 15.4
(59.7)		 8.0
(46.4)		 1.8
(35.2)		 13.9
(57)
Daily mean °C (°F) −5.0
(23)		 −2.1
(28.2)		 3.1
(37.6)		 9.1
(48.4)		 14.3
(57.7)		 17.0
(62.6)		 18.3
(64.9)		 17.6
(63.7)		 13.5
(56.3)		 8.0
(46.4)		 3.2
(37.8)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 7.9
(46.2)
Average low °C (°F) −9.6
(14.7)		 −6.1
(21)		 −1.6
(29.1)		 3.5
(38.3)		 7.9
(46.2)		 11.0
(51.8)		 12.2
(54)		 11.7
(53.1)		 8.0
(46.4)		 3.0
(37.4)		 −0.4
(31.3)		 −5.2
(22.6)		 2.9
(37.2)
Record low °C (°F) −33.8
(−28.8)		 −33.2
(−27.8)		 −22.0
(−7.6)		 −5.7
(21.7)		 −3.0
(26.6)		 0.3
(32.5)		 3.2
(37.8)		 2.4
(36.3)		 −4.6
(23.7)		 −9.0
(15.8)		 −24.0
(−11.2)		 −26.6
(−15.9)		 −33.8
(−28.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 46
(1.81)		 31
(1.22)		 34
(1.34)		 57
(2.24)		 76
(2.99)		 97
(3.82)		 87
(3.43)		 68
(2.68)		 43
(1.69)		 41
(1.61)		 47
(1.85)		 50
(1.97)		 677
(26.65)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 13.9
(5.47)		 14.3
(5.63)		 9.8
(3.86)		 2.0
(0.79)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 3.5
(1.38)		 3.8
(1.5)		 7.2
(2.83)		 54.5
(21.46)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9 8 7 9 11 12 10 8 7 6 9 11 107
Mean monthly sunshine hours 67.3 92.8 147.9 171.1 225.9 232.5 259.6 258.0 196.3 167.5 78.3 48.8 1,946
Source: NOAA[8]

Demographics

Historical population
Year Pop. ±%
1891 9,100 —    
1900 12,155 +33.6%
1912 13,236 +8.9%
1930 14,128 +6.7%
1941 16,282 +15.2%
1948 15,801 −3.0%
1956 20,292 +28.4%
1966 25,519 +25.8%
1977 44,339 +73.7%
1992 87,710 +97.8%
2002 81,467 −7.1%
2004 82,400 +1.1%
2011 70,493 −14.5%
Source: Census data, Encyclopedia Judaica

The population of the city numbered 9,100 in 1891, of whom 718 (8%) were Jews; 12,155 in 1900, of whom 1,316 (11%) were Jews; 14,128 in 1930, of whom 2,198 (16%) were Jews; and 16,282 in 1941, of whom 2,358 (14%) were Jews.

In 1947 1,300 Jews resettled in Bistriţa, including survivors from the extermination camps, former residents of neighboring villages, and others liberated from the Nazi concentration camps. Given continuing discrimination and unfavorable political conditions, the Jewish population declined steadily as a result of emigration to Israel, the United States, and Canada. By 2002, only about 15 Jews lived in the city.[4]

According to the last census, from 2011, there were 70,493 people living within the city of Bistriţa,[9] making it the 30th largest city in Romania. The ethnic makeup was as follows:

Bistrița in 1911

Main sights

The renovated Evangelical Church, whose roof was heavily damaged in a fire in 2008
The Synagogue

The main attraction of Bistriţa's central square is the Lutheran church, which was built by the Transylvanian Saxons and originally constructed in the 14th century in Gothic style. Between 1559–1563 it was altered by Petrus Italus and given Renaissance features. It was renovated in 1998.

The Bistriţa-Năsăud County Museum, located in a former barracks, contains Thracian, Celtic, and German artifacts.

Popular culture

In Bram Stoker's novel Dracula, the character Jonathan Harker visits Bistriţa (rendered as "Bistritz", the German name for the city, in the original text) and stays at the Golden Krone Hotel (Romanian: Coroana de Aur); although no such hotel existed when the novel was written, a hotel of the same name has since been built for tourists.

In the PlayStation 2 game Shadow Hearts, Bistriţa (where it is spelled "Biztritz") was a major place and home to the role-playing character Keith Valentine.

Transportation

The major cities directly linked by trains to this city are Bucharest via a night train, and Cluj-Napoca via several trains. Access from Bistriţa to major railway lines is generally through connections in Dej or Beclean, although some other trains stop at the nearby railway junction of Sărăţel.

Bistriţa also serves as a midway point for C&I, a transport service, and is a changing point for people traveling between Suceava, Satu Mare, Cluj-Napoca, Sibiu, Sighişoara, Târgu Mureş, and Braşov.

Nearest airport is Cluj-Napoca Airport, which is located 110 kilometres (68 miles). from Bistriţa.

Tourism

Natural reservations

  • National park in the Rodna Mountains (37,429 ha in Bistriţa – Nasaud county)
  • Piatra Corbului – "Raven's Rock" – (geological and vegetal park, situated in Calimani Mountains)
  • The Salt Mount in Saratel
  • Tăușoare Cave (the deepest cave in Romania – 478.5 m)

Resorts

  • Sângeorz–Băi (balneo – climatic resort, situated in the Rodna Mountains, approx. 55 km (34 mi) from Bistriţa)
  • Colibița (approx. 50 km (31 mi) from Bistriţa)
  • Piatra Fântânele (approx. 60 km (37 mi) from Bistriţa, at an altitude of 1,100 m (3,608.92 ft) – Tihuta Pass)
  • Valea Vinului – Wine Valley – (approx. 90 km (56 mi) from Bistriţa)

Museums and exhibitions

  • Transylvanian Saxons' Museum – Livezile
  • Museum of Contemporary Art – Sângeorz-Băi
  • Andrei Mureșanu Memorial House – Bistriţa
  • Liviu Rebreanu Memorial House – Liviu Rebreanu village
  • Silversmith's House – Bistriţa
  • George Coșbuc Memorial House – Coșbuc village
  • Ion-Pop Reteganul Memorial House – Reteag village

Natives

Sport

Teams

  • Gloria Bistriţa playing in Romania's LIGA 2 soccer league, Liga II
  • CSH 2009 Bistriţa playing in Romania's Divizia A Masculin Seria B, Romanian Handball Federation
  • CSM Bistriţa playing in Romania's Divizia A Feminin Seria B, Romanian Handball Federation

Natives

International relations

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania

Twin towns – sister cities

Bistriţa is twinned with:

References

  1. ↑ Siebenbürgen Village List. Retrieved January 11, 2007.
  2. ↑ K. Gündisch, Transylvania and the Transylvanian Saxons. Langen-Müller, Munich, ISBN 3784426859
  3. ↑ Leslie S. Klinger, The New Annotated Dracula, W. W. Norton, 2008
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ (Romanian) Florina Pop, "Bistriţa: Fotografie unicat din decembrie 1918", Adevărul, December 1, 2010; accessed September 26, 2013
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ The total surface of the property covers 16.5 hectares and consists of a dendrological park (with approx. 150 indigenous and exotic species) Arcalia Centre, Babeș-Bolyai University, retrieved on August 18, 2015
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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