Cliff Palace
Cliff Palace is the largest cliff dwelling in North America. The structure built by the Ancestral Puebloans is located in Mesa Verde National Park in their former homeland region. The cliff dwelling and park are in the southwestern corner of Colorado, in the Southwestern United States.
History
Tree ring dating indicates that construction and refurbishing of Cliff Palace was continuous from c. 1190 CE through c. 1260 CE, although the major portion of the building was done within a twenty-year time span. The Ancestral Pueblo that constructed this cliff dwelling and the others like it at Mesa Verde were driven to these defensible positions by "increasing competition amidst changing climatic conditions."[1] Cliff Palace was abandoned by 1300, and while debate remains as to the causes of this, some believe a series of megadroughts interrupting food production systems is the main cause. Cliff Palace was first discovered in 1888 by Richard Wetherill and Charlie Mason while out looking for stray cattle.[2][3][4]
Description
Cliff Palace was constructed primarily out of sandstone, mortar and wooden beams. The sandstone was shaped using harder stones, and a mortar of soil, water and ash was used to hold everything together. "Chinking" stones were placed within the mortar to fill gaps and provide stability. Many of the walls were decorated with colored earthen plasters, which were the first to erode over time.[citation needed] Many visitors wonder about the relatively small size of the doorways at Cliff Palace; the explanation being that at the time the average man was under 5' 6", while the average woman was closer to 5'.[citation needed] Cliff Palace contains 23 kivas (round sunken rooms of ceremonial importance), and 150 rooms and had a population of approximately 100 people. One kiva, in the center of the ruin, is at a point where the entire structure is partitioned by a series of walls with no doorways or other access portals. The walls of this kiva were plastered with one color on one side and a different color on the opposing side.[5] It is estimated that around 100 people inhabited Cliff Palace during its time of use. "It is thought that Cliff Palace was a social, administrative site with high ceremonial usage".[6] Archaeologists believe that Cliff Palace contained more clans than the surrounding Mesa Verde communities. This belief stems from the higher ratio of rooms to kivas. Cliff Palace has a room to kiva ratio of 9 to 1. The average room to kiva ratio for a Mesa Verde community is 12 to 1.[1] This ratio of kivas to rooms may suggest that Cliff Palace might have been the center of a large polity that included surrounding small communities.[1]
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Cliff Palace Dwellings.jpg
Cliff Palace Dwellings
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Mesa-Verde---Cliff-Palace-in 1891 - edit1.jpg
Cliff Palace in 1891
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Round tower, Cliff Palace in 1941.
Photograph by Ansel Adams.
Square Tower
A large square tower is to the right and almost reaches the cave "roof." It was in ruins by the 1800s. The National Park Service carefully restored it to its approximate height and stature, making it one of the most memorable buildings in Cliff Palace. It is the tallest structure at Mesa Verde standing at 26 feet tall, with four levels. Slightly different-colored materials were used to show it was a restoration.[7][8]
References
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Bibliography
- Chapen, Frederick H. The Land of the Cliff-Dwellers. Appalachian Mountain Club, W. B. Clarke and Co., Boston, 1892. Reprinted by the University of Arizona Press, with notes and forward by Robert H. Lister, 1988. ISBN 0-8165-1052-0.
- Noble, David Grant. "Ancient Ruins of the Southwest", pp. 36–43. Northland Publishing, Flagstaff, Arizona 1995. ISBN 0-87358-530-5.
- Oppelt, Norman T. "Guide to Prehistoric Ruins of the Southwest", pp. 159–161. Pruett Publishing, Boulder, Colorado, 1989. ISBN 0-87108-783-9.
- Turney, Chris. "Ice, Mud & Blood: Lessons of Climates Past", 2008
- Mesa Verde National Park Website
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cliff Palace. |
- National Park Service: official Cliff Palace website
- National Park Service: Mesa Verde National Park website
- map showing location of Cliff Palace
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- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Archaeology of Native North America, 2010, Dean R. Snow, Prentice-Hall, New York. pp. 128
- ↑ Turney, Chris (2008). Ice, Mud & Blood: Lessons of Climates Past.
- ↑ People, NPS.gov, Accessed November 11, 2010
- ↑ Cliff Palace, NPS.gov, Accessed March 20, 2012
- ↑ Cliff Palace, NPS.gov, Accessed November 11, 2010
- ↑ Cliff Palace, NPS.gov, Accessed March 14, 2011
- ↑ Preservation, NPS.gov, Accessed November 11, 2010
- ↑ Square Tower House Description, CyArk.org, Accessed March 20, 2012
- Pages with broken file links
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- Buildings and structures completed in the 12th century
- Mesa Verde National Park
- Cliff dwellings
- Dwellings of the Pueblo peoples
- Puebloan buildings and structures
- Ancient Puebloan archaeological sites in Colorado
- Archaeological museums in Colorado
- Native American history of Colorado
- Buildings and structures in Montezuma County, Colorado
- Landmarks in Colorado
- Pre-Columbian cultural areas
- Native American archeology
- Oasisamerica cultures
- Ruins in the United States
- Former populated places in Colorado
- Historic house museums in Colorado
- Museums in Montezuma County, Colorado
- Former populated places in Montezuma County, Colorado