Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation

"Chicago Convention" redirects here. For science fiction conventions using the abbreviated term Chicon, see Chicon (Worldcon).

Chicago Convention

Convention on International Civil Aviation
{{{image_alt}}} Signature of the Chicago Convention
Signed	7 December 1944
Location	Chicago
Effective	4 April 1947
Condition	26 ratifications
Parties	191 (Cook Islands as well as all United Nations members, except for Liechtenstein, Dominica and Tuvalu)
Depositary	Government of the United States of America
Languages	English, French, Spanish and Russian

The Convention on International Civil Aviation, also known as the Chicago Convention, established the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a specialized agency of the United Nations charged with coordinating and regulating international air travel. The Convention establishes rules of airspace, aircraft registration and safety, and details the rights of the signatories in relation to air travel. The Convention also exempts commercial air fuels from tax.

The document was signed on December 7, 1944 in Chicago, U.S., by 52 signatory states. It received the requisite 26th ratification on March 5, 1947 and went into effect on April 4, 1947, the same date that ICAO came into being. In October of the same year, ICAO became a specialized agency of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). The Convention has since been revised eight times (in 1959, 1963, 1969, 1975, 1980, 1997, 2000 and 2006).

As of 2013, the Chicago Convention has 191 state parties, which includes all member states of the United Nations—except Dominica, Liechtenstein, and Tuvalu—plus the Cook Islands.

Main Articles

Some important articles are:

Article 1: Every state has complete and exclusive sovereignty over airspace above its territory.

Article 3 bis: Every State must refrain from resorting to the use of weapons against civil aircraft in flight.

Article 5: The aircraft of states, other than scheduled international air services, have the right to make flights across state's territories and to make stops without obtaining prior permission. However, the state may require the aircraft to make a landing.

Article 6: (Scheduled air services) No scheduled international air service may be operated over or into the territory of a contracting State, except with the special permission or other authorization of that State.

Article 10: (Landing at customs airports): The state can require that landing to be at a designated customs airport and similarly departure from the territory can be required to be from a designated customs airport.

Article 12: Each state shall keep its own rules of the air as uniform as possible with those established under the convention, the duty to ensure compliance with these rules rests with the contracting state.

Article 13: (Entry and Clearance Regulations) A state's laws and regulations regarding the admission and departure of passengers, crew or cargo from aircraft shall be complied with on arrival, upon departure and whilst within the territory of that state.

Article 16: The authorities of each state shall have the right to search the aircraft of other states on landing or departure, without unreasonable delay...

Article 24: Aircraft flying to, from or across, the territory of a state shall be admitted temporarily free of duty. Fuel, Oil, spare parts, regular equipment and aircraft stores retained on board are also exempt custom duty, inspection fees or similar charges.

Article 29: Before an international flight, the pilot in command must ensure that the aircraft is airworthy, duly registered and that the relevant certificates are on board the aircraft. The required documents are:

Certificate of Registration

Certificate of Airworthiness

Passenger names, place of boarding and destination

Crew licences

Journey Logbook

Radio Licence

Cargo manifest

Article 30: The aircraft of a state flying in or over the territory of another state shall only carry radios licensed and used in accordance with the regulations of the state in which the aircraft is registered. The radios may only be used by members of the flight crew suitably licensed by the state in which the aircraft is registered.

Article 32: the pilot and crew of every aircraft engaged in international aviation must have certificates of competency and licences issued or validated by the state in which the aircraft is registered.

Article 33: (Recognition of Certificates and Licences) Certificates of Airworthiness, certificates of competency and licences issued or validated by the state in which the aircraft is registered, shall be recognised as valid by other states. The requirements for issue of those Certificates or Airworthiness, certificates of competency or licences must be equal to or above the minimum standards established by the Convention.

Article 40: No aircraft or personnel with endorsed licenses or certificate will engage in international navigation except with the permission of the state or states whose territory is entered. Any license holder who does not satisfy international standard relating to that license or certificate shall have attached to or endorsed on that license information regarding the particulars in which he does not satisfy those standards".

Annexes

The Convention is supported by nineteen annexes containing standards and recommended practices (SARPs). The annexes are amended regularly by ICAO and are as follows:

• Annex 1 – Personnel Licensing

Licensing of flight crews, air traffic controllers & aircraft maintenance personnel. Including Chapter 6 containing medical standards.

• Annex 2 – Rules of the Air
• Annex 3 – Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation

Vol I – Core SARPs

Vol II – Appendices and Attachments

• Annex 4 – Aeronautical Charts
• Annex 5 – Units of Measurement to be used in Air and Ground Operations
• Annex 6 – Operation of Aircraft

Part I – International Commercial Air Transport – Aeroplanes

Part II – International General Aviation – Aeroplanes

Part III – International Operations – Helicopters

• Annex 7 – Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks
• Annex 8 – Airworthiness of Aircraft
• Annex 9 – Facilitation
• Annex 10 – Aeronautical Telecommunications

Vol I – Radio Navigation Aids

Vol II – Communication Procedures including those with PANS status

Vol III – Communication Systems

Part I – Digital Data Communication Systems

Part II – Voice Communication Systems

Vol IV – Surveillance Radar and Collision Avoidance Systems

Vol V – Aeronautical Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization

• Annex 11 – Air Traffic Services – Air Traffic Control Service, Flight Information Service and Alerting Service
• Annex 12 – Search and Rescue
• Annex 13 – Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation
• Annex 14 – Aerodromes

Vol I – Aerodrome Design and Operations

Vol II – Heliports

• Annex 15 – Aeronautical Information Services
• Annex 16 – Environmental Protection

Vol I – Aircraft Noise

Vol II – Aircraft Engine Emissions

• Annex 17 – Security: Safeguarding International Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference
• Annex 18 – The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
• Annex 19 – Safety Management (Since 14 November 2013)

Annex 5, Units of Measurement to be Used in Air and Ground Operations, named in its Table 3-3 three "non-SI alternative units permitted for temporary use with the SI": the foot (for vertical distance = altitude), the knot (for speed), and the nautical mile (for long distance).

Outcomes

Article 24 of the Convention prevents the taxation of commercial aviation fuel (though fuel for recreational purposes is not exempt). This has led to debate in the UK Parliament over whether the lack of tax represents a subsidy to the aviation industry, estimated at £10 billion annually in the UK. Furthermore, the planned inclusion of international aviation into the European Union Emission Trading Scheme in 2014 has been called an 'illegal tax' by countries including the USA and China, who cite the Chicago Convention.

References

   Paul Michael Krämer, Chicago Convention, 50th Anniversary Conference, Chicago, October 31 – November 1, 1994. Zeitschrift für Luft- und Weltraumrecht 1995, S. 57.

External links

• An Investigation into the Origins and Developments of the Exemption from various kinds of Taxation of International Aviation Meijers, Daniël (2005) International Centre for Integrative Studies (Includes the history of the Convention's development)
• Annex 5: Units of Measurement to be Used in Air and Ground Operations
• The Postal History of ICAO : The Chicago Convention