Centrosymmetric matrix

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File:Matrix symmetry qtl4.svg
Symmetry pattern of a centrosymmetric 5×5 matrix

In mathematics, especially in linear algebra and matrix theory, a centrosymmetric matrix is a matrix which is symmetric about its center. More precisely, an n × n matrix A = [ Ai,j ] is centrosymmetric when its entries satisfy

Ai,j = An−i+1,n−j+1 for 1 ≤ i,j ≤ n.

If J denotes the n × n matrix with 1 on the counterdiagonal and 0 elsewhere (that is, Ji,n+1-i = 1; Ji,j = 0 if j ≠ n+1-i), then a matrix A is centrosymmetric if and only if AJ = JA. The matrix J is sometimes referred to as the exchange matrix.

Examples

  • All 2×2 centrosymmetric matrices have the form
 \begin{bmatrix} a & b \\ b & a \end{bmatrix}.
  • All 3×3 centrosymmetric matrices have the form
 \begin{bmatrix} a & b & c \\ d & e & d \\ c & b & a \end{bmatrix}.

Algebraic structure

If A and B are centrosymmetric matrices over a given field K, then so are A+B and cA for any c in K. In addition, the matrix product AB is centrosymmetric, since JAB = AJB = ABJ. Since the identity matrix is also centrosymmetric, it follows that the set of n × n centrosymmetric matrices over K is a subalgebra of the associative algebra of all n × n matrices.

Related structures

An n × n matrix A is said to be skew-centrosymmetric if its entries satisfy Ai,j = -An−i+1,n−j+1 for 1 ≤ i,j ≤ n. Equivalently, A is skew-centrosymmetric if AJ = -JA, where J is the exchange matrix defined above.

The centrosymmetric relation AJ = JA lends itself to a natural generalization, where J is replaced with an involutory matrix K (i.e., K2 = I)[1] [2] [3] or, more generally, a matrix K satisfying Km = I for an integer m > 1.[4]

Symmetric centrosymmetric matrices are sometimes called bisymmetric matrices. When the ground field is the field of real numbers, it has been shown that bisymmetric matrices are precisely those symmetric matrices whose eigenvalues are the same up to sign after pre or post multiplication by the exchange matrix.[2] A similar result holds for Hermitian centrosymmetric and skew-centrosymmetric matrices.[5]

References

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Further reading

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External links

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