Born in the U.S.A.

This article is about the Bruce Springsteen album. For the title song, see Born in the U.S.A. (song). For other uses, see Born in the U.S.A. (disambiguation).

Born in the U.S.A.
Studio album by Bruce Springsteen
Released	June 4, 1984
Recorded	January 1982 – March 1984
Studio	The Power Station and The Hit Factory in New York City
Genre	Rock and roll, heartland rock, pop
Length	46:57
Label	Columbia
Producer	Jon Landau, Chuck Plotkin, Bruce Springsteen, Steven Van Zandt
Bruce Springsteen chronology
Nebraska (1982)Nebraska1982 Born in the U.S.A. (1984) Live/1975-85 (1986)Live/1975-851986
Singles from Born in the U.S.A.
"Dancing in the Dark" Released: May 4, 1984 "Cover Me" Released: July 31, 1984 "Born in the U.S.A." Released: October 30, 1984 "I'm on Fire" Released: February 6, 1985 "Glory Days" Released: May 31, 1985 "I'm Goin' Down" Released: September 7, 1985 "My Hometown" Released: November 21, 1985

Born in the U.S.A. is the seventh studio album by American rock singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen. It was released on June 4, 1984, by Columbia Records. It was written by Springsteen and recorded with his E Street Band and producers Chuck Plotkin and Jon Landau at The Power Station and The Hit Factory in New York City.

When Born in the U.S.A. was first released, it was met with positive reviews and massive commercial success. It produced seven top-10 hit singles and was promoted with a worldwide concert tour by Springsteen. Born in the U.S.A. became his most commercially successful album and one of the highest-selling records ever, having sold 30 million copies by 2012. It has also been cited by critics as one of the greatest albums of all time.

Background

Born in the U.S.A. showed Springsteen embracing a livelier mainstream sound than on his previous records but continued to express progressive themes and values in his lyrics. According to Roger Scott, it was "such a defiantly rock 'n' roll album", while Rolling Stone magazine's Debby Bull said Springsteen incorporated "electronic textures" to music he "kept as its heart all of the American rock & roll from the early Sixties". Although Springsteen's previous record Nebraska had darker songs, he said Born in the U.S.A was not entirely different: "If you look at the material, particularly on the first side, it's actually written very much like Nebraska – the characters and the stories, the style of writing – except it's just in the rock-band setting." Springsteen considered leaving "No Surrender" off of the album, explaining that "you don't hold out and triumph all the time in life. ... You compromise, you suffer defeat; you slip into life's gray areas." E Street Band guitarist Steven Van Zandt convinced Springsteen otherwise: "He argued that the portrait of friendship and the song's expression of the inspirational power of rock music was an important part of the picture."

The title track from Born in the U.S.A inspired the Annie Leibovitz photo of Springsteen's backside against the backdrop of an American flag, which was used as the album cover. Springsteen commented on the origin of the concept: "We had the flag on the cover because the first song was called "Born in the U.S.A.", and the theme of the record kind of follows from the themes I've been writing about for at least the last six or seven years. But the flag is a powerful image, and when you set that stuff loose, you don't know what's gonna be done with it." Some people thought that the cover depicted Springsteen urinating on the flag. He denied it: "That was unintentional. We took a lot of different types of pictures, and in the end, the picture of my ass looked better than the picture of my face, that's what went on the cover. I didn't have any secret message. I don't do that very much." According to political writer Peter Dreier, the music's "pop-oriented" sound and the marketing of Springsteen as "a heavily muscled rocker with an album cover featuring a giant US flag, may have overshadowed the album's radical politics."

Release and promotion

Born in the U.S.A. became the first compact disc manufactured in the United States for commercial release when CBS and Sony opened its CD manufacturing plant in Terre Haute, Indiana in September 1984. Columbia Records' CDs previously had been imported from Japan. Although Springsteen had been a well-known star for almost 10 years before the album was released, Larry Rodgers from the Arizona Republic wrote "it was not until he hit the gym to get buffed up and showed off his rear end in Annie Leibovitz's famous cover photo for Born in the U.S.A. that he became an American pop icon". touching off a wave of "Bossmania", as author Chris Smith called it. According to Bryan K. Garman, in his book A Race of Singers – Whitman's Working-Class Hero From Guthrie to Springsteen, this new image helped Springsteen popularize his persona on a new scale, but also brought him a decisive attachment to political and sociocultural issues, in the times when Ronald Reagan was reviving a patriotic pride by reaffirming the values of prosperity, expansion, and world domination of the United States "within a decidedly masculine framework."

Born in the U.S.A. was the best-selling album of 1984 and proved to the best-selling record of Springsteen's career. It was promoted with a worldwide concert tour and seven singles that became top-10 hits: "Dancing in the Dark", "Cover Me", "Born in the U.S.A.", I'm on Fire", "Glory Days", "I'm Goin' Down", and "My Hometown". It became one of the best-selling albums of all time, and by 2012, it had sold 30 million copies. As the album became a massive commercial success, Springsteen expressed his thoughts on his growing fame in a 1984 interview: "Yeah, there's a change [in me]. [Being a rich man] doesn't make living easier, but it does make certain aspects of your life easier. You don't have to worry about rent, you can buy things for your folks and help out your friends, and you can have a good time, you know? There were moments where it was very confusing. (...) I don't really think [money] does change you. It's an inanimate thing, a tool, a convenience. If you've got to have a problem, it's a good problem to have. (...) Money was kind of part of the dream when I started. I don't think...I never felt like I ever played a note for the money. I think if I did, people would know, and they'd throw you out of the joint. And you'd deserve to go. But at the same time, it was a part of the dream."

Critical reception

Professional ratings
Review scores
Source	Rating
AllMusic
Chicago Tribune
Christgau's Record Guide	A+
Los Angeles Times
MusicHound	4/5
Q
Rolling Stone
The Rolling Stone Album Guide
Saturday Review
Sputnikmusic	4.5/5

Born in the U.S.A. received positive reviews from critics. In a contemporary review for Rolling Stone, Dave Marsh called it Springsteen's most accessible listen since Born to Run (1975) and said that he knew how to incorporate "technopop elements without succumbing to the genre's banalities". The magazine's Debby Miller wrote that Springsteen has set songs that were as well thought-out as Nebraska to more sophisticated production and spirited music, and that the four story-driven songs that end each side of the album give it an "extraordinary depth" because of his world-beating lyrics. Robert Hilburn from the Los Angeles Times felt that, with the album's "richer" musical settings, Springsteen had succeeded in articulating his message to a wider audience. John Swenson of Saturday Review credited him for showing a more disciplined writing style than on his previous albums and for "championing traditional rock values at a time when few newer bands show interest in such a direction". Writing in The Village Voice, Robert Christgau said Springsteen improved upon his previous work by eschewing dejected themes of nostalgia and losers in favor of tougher lyrics, a sense of humor, and an upbeat worldview more honest than the one-dimensional politics of Nebraska. He added that the record's vibrant music "reminds me like nothing in years that what teenagers loved about rock and roll wasn't that it was catchy or even rhythmic but that it just plain sounded good". Born in the U.S.A. was voted the best album of the year in The Village Voice's annual Pazz & Jop critics poll for 1984. Christgau, the poll's creator, also ranked it number one on his list, in 1990 he named it the ninth-best album of the 1980s.

In a retrospective review, Christgau wrote that, although Born in the U.S.A. may have seemed more conservative than Springsteen's previous work, it showed him evolving on what was his "most rhythmically propulsive, vocally incisive, lyrically balanced, and commercially undeniable album". Greg Kot, writing in the Chicago Tribune, later called it "an 11-million-selling record with a conscience". AllMusic's William Ruhlmann interpreted the album as an apotheosis for Springsteen's reoccurring characters from his past albums and said that Born in the U.S.A. "marked the first time that Springsteen's characters really seemed to relish the fight and to have something to fight for". Richard Williams was more critical in a retrospective review for Q magazine, writing that Springsteen had exaggerated his usual characters and themes in a deliberate attempt at commercial success. Williams added: "The decision by someone who grew up in the '60s to exploit the American flag on the cover and to bury the anti-war message of Born In The USA beneath an impenetrable layer of clenched-fist bombast ... was, in the era of Reagan and welfare cuts, downright irresponsible."

In 1987, Born in the U.S.A. was voted the fifth greatest album rock album of all time in Paul Gambaccini's poll of 81 critics, writers, and radio broadcasters. In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked Born in the U.S.A. number 85 on their list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and in 2013, it was named the 428th greatest album in a similar list published by NME.

Legacy

With Born in the U.S.A., Springsteen helped popularize American heartland rock in the mainstream, which allowed for greater success for recording artists such as John Mellencamp, Tom Petty, and Bob Seger. After Mellencamp released his 1985 album Scarecrow, critics mentioned him alongside Springsteen and also referred to his music as heartland rock.

Springsteen has expressed some mixed feelings about the album, believing that Nebraska contains some of his strongest writing, while Born in the U.S.A. did not necessarily follow suit. The title track "more or less stood by itself", he declared. "The rest of the album contains a group of songs about which I've always had some ambivalence." Even so, and despite expressing the "grab-bag nature" of the album, he acknowledged its powerful effect on his career, claiming: "Born in the U.S.A. changed my life and gave me my largest audience. It forced me to question the way I presented my music and made me think harder about what I was doing."

Springsteen's manager, Jon Landau, said that there were no plans for the band to celebrate the album's anniversary with a deluxe reissue box set in the manner of previous Springsteen albums. "At least not yet," he added. A full album live performance DVD titled Born in the U.S.A. Live: London 2013 was released exclusively through Amazon.com on January 14, 2014 along with a purchase of Springsteen's album, High Hopes.

Track listing

All songs written by Bruce Springsteen.

Side one
No.	Title	Length
1.	"Born in the U.S.A."	4:40
2.	"Cover Me"	3:27
3.	"Darlington County"	4:48
4.	"Working on the Highway"	3:13
5.	"Downbound Train"	3:35
6.	"I'm on Fire"	2:40

Side two
No.	Title	Length
7.	"No Surrender"	4:00
8.	"Bobby Jean"	3:48
9.	"I'm Goin' Down"	3:29
10.	"Glory Days"	4:15
11.	"Dancing in the Dark"	4:04
12.	"My Hometown"	4:34

Personnel

Musicians

• Bruce Springsteen – lead vocals, lead guitar, acoustic guitar
• Roy Bittan – piano, synthesizer, background vocals
• Clarence Clemons – saxophone, percussion, background vocals
• Danny Federici – organ, glockenspiel, piano on "Born in the U.S.A."
• Garry Tallent – bass guitar, background vocals
• Steven Van Zandt – acoustic guitar, mandolin, harmony vocals
• Max Weinberg – drums, background vocals
• Richie "La Bamba" Rosenberg – background vocals on "Cover Me" and "No Surrender"
• Ruth Davis – background vocals on "My Hometown"

Production

• Bob Clearmountain – mixing
• John Davenport – assistant engineer
• Jeff Hendrickson – assistant engineer
• Andrea Klein – art direction, design, cover design
• Bruce Lampcov – assistant engineer
• Annie Leibovitz – photography
• Bob Ludwig – mastering
• Bill Scheniman – engineer
• Toby Scott – engineer
• Billy Straus – assistant engineer
• Zoe Yanakis – assistant engineer

Charts

Weekly charts

Chart	Position
Australian Kent Music Report	1
Austrian Albums Chart	1
Canadian RPM Albums Chart	1
Dutch Albums Chart	1
French SNEP Albums Chart	2
Italian Albums Chart	2
Japanese Oricon LPs Chart	6
New Zealand Albums Chart	1
Norwegian VG-lista Albums Chart	1
Spanish Albums Chart	2
Swedish Albums Chart	1
Swiss Albums Chart	1
UK Albums Chart	1
U.S. Billboard 200	1
West German Media Control Albums Chart	1

Year-end charts

Chart (1984)	Position
Australian Albums Chart	7
Canadian Albums Chart	1
Dutch Albums Chart	61
Japanese Albums Chart	53
UK Albums Chart	37
U.S. Billboard Year-End	28
Chart (1985)	Position
Australian Albums Chart	2
Austrian Albums Chart	4
Canadian Albums Chart	7
Dutch Albums Chart	1
French Albums Chart	19
Italian Albums Chart	3
Swiss Albums Chart	3
UK Albums Chart	4
U.S. Billboard Year-End	1
Chart (1986)	Position
Canadian Albums Chart	67
Spanish Albums Chart	11
U.S. Billboard Year-End	16

Certifications

Region	Certification	Sales/shipments
Australia (ARIA)	13× Platinum	910,000
Canada (Music Canada)	Diamond	1,000,000
Finland (Musiikkituottajat)	2× Platinum	108,913
France (SNEP)	Platinum	453,000
Germany (BVMI)	2× Platinum	1,000,000
Japan (Oricon Charts)		212,700
New Zealand (RMNZ)	16× Platinum	240,000
Spain (PROMUSICAE)	Gold	50,000
United Kingdom (BPI)	3× Platinum	1,120,000
United States (RIAA)	15× Platinum	15,000,000
*sales figures based on certification alone ^shipments figures based on certification alone xunspecified figures based on certification alone

See also

• List of best-selling albums
• List of best-selling albums in Australia
• List of best-selling albums in Italy
• List of best-selling albums in New Zealand
• List of best-selling albums in the United States

External links

• Born in the U.S.A. (Adobe Flash) at Radio3Net (streamed copy where licensed)
• Born in the U.S.A. at Discogs (list of releases)

Preceded by Diggi Loo, Diggi Ley by Herrey's Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits	Swedish Chart number-one album June 26, 1984 – August 3, 1984 June 28, 1985 – August 9, 1985	Succeeded by Chicago 17 by Chicago Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits
Preceded by Sports by Huey Lewis and the News Purple Rain by Prince and The Revolution	Billboard 200 number-one album July 7, 1984 – August 3, 1984 January 19, 1985 – February 8, 1985	Succeeded by Purple Rain by Prince and The Revolution Like a Virgin by Madonna
Preceded by Footloose (soundtrack) by Various artists Private Dancer by Tina Turner She's So Unusual by Cyndi Lauper	Top Canadian Chart number-one album July 14, 1984 – August 25, 1984 December 15, 1984 – January 5, 1985 February 2, 1985 – February 9, 1985	Succeeded by Purple Rain by Prince and the Revolution Volume 1 by The Honeydrippers Reckless by Bryan Adams
Preceded by Levva livet! by Åge Aleksandersen	Norwegian VG-lista number-one album 14 – 30 / 1984	Succeeded by Midt om natten by Kim Larsen
Preceded by Bodyswerve by Jimmy Barnes	Australian Kent Music Report number-one album October 22, 1984 – October 28, 1984 February 18, 1985 – March 3, 1985 April 1, 1985 – May 5, 1985	Succeeded by The Unforgettable Fire by U2
Preceded by The Unforgettable Fire by U2 Make It Big by Wham! Alf by Alison Moyet No Jacket Required by Phil Collins	New Zealand Chart number-one album November 25, 1984 February 10, 1985 – February 17, 1985 March 3, 1985 – April 7, 1985 April 28 – June 2, 1985	Succeeded by Diamond Life by Sade Alf by Alison Moyet No Jacket Required by Phil Collins Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits
Preceded by Agent Provocateur by Foreigner Misplaced Childhood by Marillion	UK number one album February 16, 1985 – February 22, 1985 July 6, 1985 – August 2, 1985	Succeeded by Meat Is Murder by The Smiths Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits
Preceded by Around the World in a Day by Prince and The Revolution Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits	Dutch Mega Top 100 number-one album May 18, 1985 – May 25, 1985 June 15, 1985 – September 7, 1985	Succeeded by Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits Like a Virgin by Madonna
Preceded by The 1st Album by Modern Talking	West German Media Control Chart number-one album June 28, 1985 – September 12, 1985	Succeeded by Like a Virgin by Madonna
Preceded by Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits	Austrian Chart number-one album July 15, 1985 – September 15, 1985	Succeeded by Grenzenlos by STS
Preceded by Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits	Swiss Music Chart number-one album August 18, 1985 September 1, 1985 – September 22, 1985	Succeeded by Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits Sonne in der Nacht by Peter Maffay