Benjamin Church (ranger)

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Benjamin Church
Colonel Benjamin Church.jpg
Colonel Benjamin Church: Forerunner of the United States Army Rangers
Born 1639
Plymouth Colony
Died January 17, 1718 (aged 78–79)
Little Compton, Rhode Island
Allegiance Plymouth Colony (England)
Service/branch Plymouth Colony Militia
Rank Colonel
Battles/wars King Philip's War

King William's War

Queen Anne's War
Other work representative

Colonel Benjamin Church (c. 1639 – January 17, 1718) is considered the forerunner of the United States Army Rangers.[1] He was the captain of the first Ranger force in America (1676).[2] Church was commissioned by the Governor of the Plymouth Colony, Josiah Winslow to form the first ranger company for King Philip's War. He later employed the company to raid Acadia during King William's War and Queen Anne's War.

Church designed his force primarily to emulate Indian patterns of war. Toward this end, he endeavored to learn to fight like Indians from Indians.[3] Americans became rangers exclusively under the tutelage of the Indian allies. (Until the end of the colonial period, rangers depended on Indians as both allies and teachers.)[4]

Church developed a special full-time unit mixing white colonists selected for frontier skills with friendly Indians to carry out offensive strikes against hostile Indians and French in terrain where normal militia units were ineffective. His memoirs "Entertaining Passages relating to Philip's War" were published in 1716 and are considered the first American military manual.

Family

Born in Plymouth Colony in about 1639, Church married Alice Southworth on December 26, 1667 in Duxbury, Massachusetts. He resided for a time in Duxbury and later moved to Bristol. Alice Southworth Church's table grave is a particularly historically significant grave in Little Compton, Rhode Island.[5]

King Philip's War

Church was the principal aide to Governor Josiah Winslow of Plymouth Colony. Holding the rank of captain, he fought during King Philip's War (1675–1678) on the New England frontier against the Wampanoag, Nipmuck and Podunk tribes of Indians. He is best known for his actions during this time in commanding a company of men independent of the governor's direct command. Church's men were the first colonial force successful in raiding the Indians' camps in forests and swamps. During previous decades, colonists were on the defense against the Natives, although relations were generally peaceful until 1675.

Church was eventually allowed to recruit Indians when traditional Army tactics of the times were unsuccessful. He persuaded many neutral or formerly hostile Indians to surrender and join his unit, where they operated skillfully as irregular troops. Some of these men had converted to Christianity in settlements before the war. These were known as Praying Indians. After being organized by Church, these troops tracked Indians into the forests and swamps and conducted effective raids and ambushes on their camps.

Great Swamp Fight

Portrait of King Philip, by Paul Revere, illustration from the 1772 edition of Benjamin Church's The Entertaining History of King Philip's War

During the Great Swamp Fight, Church was wounded while playing a leading role in the battle in which an estimated 300 Narragansetts were killed.[6]

After the Great Swamp Fight, Benjamin Church and the others hoped to follow the Narragansetts to their villages. The natives had fled leaving Church and others stranded in enemy territory and without provisions. Their expedition had to fight for survival and eventually were forced to eat their horses rather than starve.[7]

The war soon ended after an operation by Church's company on August 12, 1676, when one of Church's Indian allies (John Alderman) killed the chieftain King Philip (also known as Metacomet). Upon inspection of Philip's body, Church is quoted as saying "a doleful, great, naked, dirty beast." Philip was then butchered in a manner standard with English punishment for treason, drawing and quartering.

King William's War

During King William's War (1688-97), Church led four New England raiding parties into Acadia (which included most of Maine) against the Acadians and Native Americans. On the first expedition into Acadia, on September 21, 1689, Major Benjamin Church and 250 troops defended a group of English settlers in the Battle of Deering Oaks (also known as the Battle of Brackett's Woods). The British were trying to establish themselves at Falmouth, Maine (present-day Portland, Maine). Although natives killed 21 of his men, he was successful and the natives retreated.[8] Church then returned to Boston leaving the small group of English settlers unprotected. (The following spring, May 1690, over 400 French and native troops under the leadership of Castin returned to Falmouth and massacred all the British settlers in the Battle of Fort Loyal. When Church returned to the village later that summer he buried the dead.)[9]

Faux engraved portrait of Church by Paul Revere. Yale University Art Gallery. The portrait is actually of English poet Charles Churchill. See [1].

In Church's second expedition a year later on 11 September 1690 he arrived with 300 men at Casco Bay. His mission was to relieve the English Fort Pejpescot (present day Brunswick, Maine), which had been taken by natives.[10] He went up Androscoggin River to Fort Pejepscot.[11] From there he went 40 miles up river to Livermore Falls, Maine and attacked a native village.[12] Church's men shot 3-4 native men when they were retreating. Church discovered five English captives in the wigwams. Church butchered six or seven prisoners and took nine prisoners.[13] A few days later, in retaliation, the natives attacked Church at Cape Elizabeth on Purpooduc Point, killing 7 of his men and wounding 24 others.[14] On September 26, Church returned to Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

Church's third expedition during the war was in 1692 when he raided Penobscot (present-day Indian Island, Maine) with 450 men.[15] Church and his men then went on to raid Taconock (Winslow, Maine).[16]

Four years later, Church went on his fourth expedition and carried out the Siege of Fort Nashwaak (1696) (present day Fredericton, New Brunswick) which was then Capital of Acadia, and the Raid on Chignecto (1696) in Acadia, now holding the rank of major.[17] Despite weighing approximately 250 pounds, he led his troops personally in killing inhabitants of Chignecto, looting their household goods, burning their houses and slaughtering the livestock.

Queen Anne's War

During Queen Anne's War, Church went on his fifth and final expedition into Acadia. In retaliation for the Deerfield Massacre, in 1704 Major Church raided Acadia in the Raid on Castine, Maine, Raid on St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Raid on Grand Pre, Raid on Pisiguit (present day Falmouth and Windsor) and the Raid on Chignecto. (Church took a former prisoner of the Maliseet, John Gyles as his translator.) Church took prisoners and claimed to have left only five houses standing in Acadia. One of the prominent Acadian prisoners he took in the Raid of Pisiguit (1704) was Noel Doiron.[18]

Later life

Church held public office as the first representative of Bristol to the Plymouth Colony legislature between 1682 and 1684.

Church died at Little Compton in 1718 and was buried in the Little Compton Common cemetery.

Legacy

Benjamin Church grave in Little Compton Common in Rhode Island
Benjamin Church grave

Church kept notes on his tactics and operations in 1675-1676 which were eventually published in 1716 as "Entertaining Passages relating to Philip's War". Colonel Church was the great-grandfather[19] of Dr. Benjamin Church, the first "Surgeon General" (though that title came later) of the Continental Army. Dr. Church, previously thought to have been a staunch Whig, would be arrested by George Washington as a spy for General Thomas Gage.

Famous Rangers such as Rogers Rangers and Gorham's Rangers would eventually follow in the tradition begun by Church.

In 1992, in honor of his innovative tactical methods, Church was inducted into the U.S. Army Ranger Hall of Fame and a bronze Ranger Tab was affixed to his grave stone.

The Rhode Island Society of Colonial Wars placed a plaque near Colonel Church's grave in honor of his leadership and bravery during King Philip's War.

See also

References

Primary Sources

  • Church, Benjamin, as told to Thomas Church, The History of Philip's War, Commonly Called The Great Indian War of 1675 and 1676, edited by Samuel G. Drake,(Exeter, NH: J & B Williams, 1829); Facsimile Reprint by Heritage Books, Bowie, Maryland, 1989.
  • The history of King Philip's War ; also of expeditions against the French and Indians in its Eastern parts of New England, in the years 1689, 1692, i696 AND 1704. With some account of the divine providence towards Col. Benjamin Church. By Benjamin Church, Thomas Church, Samuel Gardner Drake(See Benjamin Church - Online Book)
  • Church, Thomas. The History of the Great Indian War Church's Book

Secondary Sources

  • Drake, Samuel. The Border Wars of New England, commonly called King William's and Queen Anne's Wars. 1910. Drake's book
  • Faragher, John Mack, A Great and Noble Scheme New York; W. W. Norton & Company, 2005. ISBN 0-393-05135-8
  • Philip Gould. (1996). Reinventing Benjamin Church: Virtue, Citizenship and the History of King Philip's War in Early National America. Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Winter, 1996), pp. 645–657
  • Grenier, John. The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005).
  • Philbrick, Nathaniel, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War. New York: Viking Penguin, 2006. ISBN 0-670-03760-5
  • Zelner, Kyle F. A Rabble in Arms: Massachusetts Towns and Militiamen during King Philip's War (New York: New York University Press, 2009) ISBN 978-0814797341

Endnotes

  1. ↑ John Grenier. The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier. Cambridge University Press. 2005. p. 35
  2. ↑ John Grenier. The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier. Cambridge University Press. 2005. p. 33
  3. ↑ John Grenier. The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier. Cambridge University Press. 2005. p. 35
  4. ↑ John Grenier, p. 33-34
  5. ↑ Roger Guillemette Commissioner - Newport County Rhode Island Advisory Commission on Historic Cemeteries
  6. ↑ John Grenier. The First Way of War. Cambridge University Press. 2005. p. 32
  7. ↑ Grenier, p. 32
  8. ↑ Drake, The Border Wars of New England, p. 33
  9. ↑ The history of the great Indian war of 1675 and 1676, commonly called Philip ... By Benjamin Church, Thomas Church, Samuel Gardner Drake, pp175-176
  10. ↑ The history of the great Indian war of 1675 and 1676, commonly called Philip ... By Benjamin Church, Thomas Church, Samuel Gardner Drake, pp179-180
  11. ↑ Drake, p. (66)
  12. ↑ Androscoggin Indian stronghold (Amitgonpontook) located on Laurel Hill, Auburn, Maine near the Little Androscoggin River. Attacked by the colonial militia under Capt. Benjamin Church in September 1690.
  13. ↑ Drake, p. (67);
  14. ↑ Drake, p. .(p.69).
  15. ↑ The history of the great Indian war of 1675 and 1676, commonly called Philip ... By Benjamin Church, Thomas Church, Samuel Gardner Drake, p.212
  16. ↑ Church, p. 214
  17. ↑ The history of the great Indian war of 1675 and 1676, commonly called Philip ... By Benjamin Church, Thomas Church, Samuel Gardner Drake, pp215
  18. ↑ Scott, S. and Scott, T. Noel Doiron and the East Hants Acadians. The Journal: The Nova Scotia HIstorical Society.
  19. ↑ Wakefield, Robert S. Richard Church and His Descendants for Four Generations: General Society of Mayflower Descendants, 1998

Links

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