1913 Alberta general election

Alberta general election, 1913

25 March 1913 (1913-03-25)
56 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta 29 seats were needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party Third party   150x150px 150x150px Leader Arthur Sifton Edward Michener Charles M. O'Brien Party Liberal Conservative Socialist Leader since 1910 1910 1909 Leader's seat Vermilion Red Deer ran in Rocky Mountain Last election 36 seats, 59.3% 2 seats, 31.7% 1 seat, 2.6% Seats before 33 6 1 Seats won 39 17 0 Seat change +6 +11 -1 Popular vote 47,748 43,737 1,814 Percentage 49.2% 45.1% 1.9% Swing -10.1 +13.4% -0.7%
270px Map of 1913 Provincial electoral districts
Premier before election Arthur Sifton Liberal Premier-designate Arthur Sifton Liberal

The Alberta general election of 1913 was the third general election for the Province of Alberta, Canada. The writ was dropped on 25 March 1913 and election day was held 17 April 1913 to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. Elections in two northern districts took place on 30 July 1913 to compensate for the remote location of the riding. The method to elect members was under the First Past the Post voting system with the exception of the Edmonton district which returned two members under a plurality block vote. The writ period for the general election was very short being 23 days.

This election was lead for the first time by Premier Arthur Sifton of the Alberta Liberal Party who took over for Alexander Rutherford. Premier Rutherford resigned for his government's involvement in the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway Scandal but remained a sitting member. Sifton faced great criticism for calling the snap election, after ramming gerrymandered electoral boundaries through the legislature, running up the provincial debt and neglecting on promised railways. Labor candidates in this election allied with the Liberal government and not run under a labor banner.

Edward Michener the official opposition leader of the Conservative Party ended up capitalizing on anger toward the Sifton government. He would lead the largest opposition to date in Alberta history. The Liberals would win a comfortable majority of seats despite being almost even in the popular vote. The Socialist Party vote would collapse and lose their only seat as Charles M. O'Brien went down to defeat at the hands of a Conservative.

Events leading to the election

The campaign

Premier Arthur L. Sifton

The writ of election was issued after a sitting of the house on the night of 25 March 1913. The premier dropped the election writ and dissolved the house after he ensured that the governments legislation on new electoral boundaries had been given Royal Assent. The new boundaries gave the Liberals an advantage, not only were they blatantly gerrymandered to their favour, but the opposition and even private citizens had a tough time figuring out what district they were in.

File:Edward michener.png

Edward Michener Leader of the official opposition.

Day one of the campaign brought controversy as it was reported that Hotel organizers and Liquor establishments were being expected to donate generously to the Liberal campaign in order to get licence renewals for their establishments.

Arthur Sifton and his lieutenant Charles Cross both contested nominations in two electoral districts. It was reported in the Calgary Herald that were so scared of the electorate they felt they might not win if they faced just one district. The media accused Premier Sifton of having little confidence in his ability to return his government to power. The Liberal party in order to prevent possible vote splitting made deals with local trade unions and labour organizations to prevent candidates from running under the Labour banner.

The Conservative Party would protest the snap election by filing a legal injunction in the Supreme Court, to prevent the election from being held on 17 April 1913. The grounds for the injunction were based on the date of nomination closure being in violation of statue. The writs were issued with nomination day being 10 April 1913. The Conservatives argued that this was 10 hours short of the 16 full days prescribed in the Elections Ordinance, and the election should be ruled invalid.

Election issues

File:Siftonrailroadcartoon.png

Calgary Herald cartoon satirizing Premier Arthur Sifton's promised railroads.

The big issues of the election centred on the Sifton government's lack of infrastructure building in Southern Alberta.

The ballooning Alberta debt which in a few years had gone from C$2 million to C$27 million was talked about often.

Gerrymandered boundaries

Prior to the dropping of the writ the Sifton government forced a bill through the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. The bill was entitled Bill 90: An Act to Amend an Act concerning members elected to the Legislative assembly of Alberta It was introduced in the assembly on 20 March 1913 and given Royal Assent on 25 March 1913.

The bill increased the amount of electoral districts in the province by 25. The boundaries did not contain equal population with one riding Clearwater only containing 74 people enumerated. Calgary Centre was the largest population wise with 20,000 people enumerated. The bill drawn with a line at the centre of the province gave 30 seats to the north half of the province with 26 seats in the south.

The Conservative and Socialist opposition vigorously opposed the bill, but failed to pass any amendments. The bill was jammed through third reading in the 25 March legislative sitting and given Royal Assent that evening, just shy of the writ of elections being dropped.

Siftonism and Crossism

File:1913nantondistrictelectionad.png

A ad that appeared in the Nanton News 10 April 1913 effectively highlights campaign issues, the ad was run by Conservative J.T. Cooper to attack his opponent Liberal John Glendenning

The Liberal campaign was dubbed "Siftonism" inferring that Sifton was a disease that needed to be cleaned from Alberta. The media at the time picked up on that, and roasted the Liberal party. The Conservative party attacked the Liberals on the Railway Scandal and Lack of provincial infrastructure.

Results

The final result was the Liberal Party, under its new leader, Arthur L. Sifton, won a third term in office, defeating the Conservative Party, which was once again led by Edward Michener.

The opposition received a much higher proportion of the votes and increased its seat count to 17 from 2, while the Liberals again got more votes than the Conservatives and won many of the new seats, allowing them to hang on to a majority.

The votes were split almost evenly between the Conservatives and Liberals with a difference of 4 percent separating the two parties. In the Rocky Mountain constituency, the Socialist vote doubled but the vote for the Conservative went up even more, to make that candidate the winner, and the Socialists lost their only seat in the Assembly.

Oddly, the Assembly did not have its full complement of MLAs after the election, as C.W. Cross was elected to two seats. When this happened elsewhere, such as Laurier's election as MP in both the North-West Territories (including part of what would be Alberta) and Quebec, the double winner resigned one of the seats. But Cross held both seats until the next general election.

Summary

Party		Party Leader	# of candidates	Seats			Popular Vote
				1909	Elected	% Change	#	%	% Change
	Liberal	Arthur L. Sifton	51/541 2	36	38/391	+8.3%	47,748	49.23%	-10.03%
	Conservative	Edward Michener	56	2	17	+750%	43,737	45.10%	+13.4%
	Independent		14	1	-	-100%	3,639	3.75%	+0.36%
	Socialist	Charles M. O'Brien	5	1	-	-100%	1,814	1.87%	-0.73%
	Liberal-Labor	Arthur L. Sifton	23	*	-	*	4	4	*
	Independent Liberal		1	1	-	-100%	47	0.05%	-2.57%
Total			129/132	41	55/56	+36.6%	96,985	100%
Source: Elections Alberta

Note

1. Charles Cross ran in and won in two ridings.
2. Arthur Sifton and Alexander G. MacKay ran for the Liberals in two districts but only won in 1 district.
3. Liberal-Labor candidates were a result of the Liberal Labour coalition struck by Premier Sifton prior to the election, these candidates ran in place of Liberals. See also Liberal-Labour (Canada).
4. Liberal-Labor popular vote is included in Liberal vote.

Party name			Calgary	Edmonton1	North	Central	South	Total
	Liberal	Seats:	0	1	11	15	11	38
		Popular vote:	32.1%	40.3%	37.9%	32.5%	19.8%
	Conservative	Seats:	3	2	1	5	7	18
		Popular vote:	50.5%	31.5%	38.3%	44.1%	55.5%
Total seats:			3	3	12	20	18	56
Parties that won no seats:
	Socialist	Popular vote:	5.5%	1.0%	3.1%	1.2%	2.8%
	Independent	Popular vote:	0.1%	0.2%	-	-	0.1%
	Independent Liberal	Popular vote:	0.1%	0.2%	-	-	0.1%

Members of the Legislative Assembly elected

For complete electoral history, see individual districts

3rd Alberta Legislative Assembly
	District	Member	Party
1	Acadia	John McColl	Liberal
2	Alexandra	James Lowery	Conservative
4	Beaver River	Wilfrid Gariépy	Liberal
5	Bow Valley	George Lane	Liberal
6	Centre Calgary	Thomas Tweedie	Conservative
7	North Calgary	Samuel Bacon Hillocks	Conservative
8	South Calgary	Thomas Blow	Conservative
9	Camrose	George P. Smith	Liberal
10	Cardston	Martin Woolf	Liberal
11	Claresholm	William Moffat	Liberal
12	Clearwater	Henry William McKenney	Liberal
13	Cochrane	Charles W. Fisher	Liberal
14	Coronation	Frank H. Whiteside	Liberal
15	Didsbury	Joseph Stauffer	Liberal
16	Edmonton	Charles Cross	Liberal
16		Albert Ewing	Conservative
17	Edmonton South	Herbert Crawford	Conservative
18	Edson	Charles Cross	Liberal
19	Gleichen	John Peter McArthur	Liberal
20	Grouard	Jean Côté	Liberal
21	Hand Hills	Robert Eaton	Liberal
22	High River	George Douglas Stanley	Conservative
23	Innisfail	Fred W. Archer	Conservative
24	Lac Ste. Anne	Peter Gunn	Liberal
25	Lacombe	William Puffer	Liberal
26	Leduc	Stanley Tobin	Liberal
27	Lethbridge City	John Smith Stewart	Conservative
28	Little Bow	James McNaughton	Liberal
29	Macleod	Robert Patterson	Conservative
30	Medicine Hat	Nelson Spencer	Conservative
31	Nanton	John M. Glendenning	Liberal
32	Okotoks	George Hoadley	Conservative
33	Olds	Duncan Marshall	Liberal
35	Pembina	Gordon MacDonald	Liberal
36	Pincher Creek	John Kemmis	Conservative
37	Ponoka	William A. Campbell	Liberal
38	Red Deer	Edward Michener	Conservative
39	Redcliff	Charles Pingle	Liberal
40	Ribstone	James Gray Turgeon	Liberal
41	Rocky Mountain	Robert Campbell	Conservative
42	Sedgewick	Charles Stewart	Liberal
43	St. Albert	Lucien Boudreau	Liberal
44	Stettler	Robert L. Shaw	Liberal
45	St. Paul	Prosper-Edmond Lessard	Liberal
46	Stony Plain	Conrad Weidenhammer	Conservative
47	Sturgeon	John R. Boyle	Liberal
48	Taber	Archibald J. McLean	Liberal
49	Vegreville	Joseph S. McCallum	Liberal
50	Vermilion	Arthur Lewis Sifton	Liberal
51	Victoria	Francis Walker	Liberal
52	Wainwright	George LeRoy Hudson	Conservative
53	Warner	Frank Leffingwell	Liberal
54	Wetaskiwin	Charles H. Olin	Liberal
55	Whitford	Andrew Shandro	Liberal

Charles Cross was elected in both Edson and Edmonton and represented both ridings until 1917

30 July 1913

	District	Member	Party
3	Athabasca	Alexander Grant MacKay	Liberal
34	Peace River	Alphaeus Patterson	Conservative

References

1. ^ Application by law clerk to stop election Edmonton Daily Bulletin 5 April 1913

See also

• List of Alberta political parties