0s

For other uses, see 0S (disambiguation).

This article is about the first "decade" of the AD/CE time system (AD 1–9). For the first decade of each century, sometimes referred to as "the 0s", see years 0–9 for the respective centuries, e.g. 1800s, 1900s or 2000s etc.

Millennium:	1st millennium
Centuries:	1st century BC – 1st century – 2nd century
Decades:	20s BC 10s BC 0s BC – 0s – 10s 20s 30s
Years:	1 AD 2 AD 3 AD 4 AD 5 AD 6 AD 7 AD 8 AD 9 AD
0s-related categories:	Births – Deaths – By country Establishments – Disestablishments

Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 1st century AD

This "decade" only has 9 years. Note that there is no year zero (0) in either the proleptic Gregorian calendar or the Julian calendar. Hence, AD 1 was preceded by the year 1 BC (not 0 BC).

This is a list of events occurring in the 0s, ordered by year.

By place

Roman Empire

• Tiberius, under order of Augustus, quells revolts in Germania (1–5).
• Gaius Caesar and Lucius Aemilius Paullus are appointed consuls.
• Gaius Caesar marries Livilla, daughter of Antonia Minor and Nero Claudius Drusus, in an effort to gain prestige.
• Quirinius becomes a chief advisor to Gaius in Armenia. Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, whose father Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus had served as consul in 16 BCE, also serves in the Armenia campaigns.
• Areius Paianeius becomes Archon of Athens.

Asia

• Confucius is given his first royal title (posthumous name) of Lord Baochengxun Ni.
• Sapadbizes, Yuezhi prince and King of Kush (Bactria), dies. Heraios succeeds him as king.

Africa

• The Kingdom of Aksum, centered in modern day Ethiopia and Eritrea, is founded (approximate date).
• Amanishakheto, Queen of Kush (Nubia), dies. Her son, Natakamani, becomes King of Kush.

Americas

• Moxos ceases to be a significant religious area in South America (approximate date).
• The Teotihuacan culture in Mesoamerica begins (approximate date).
• The Olmec 2 phase of the Olmec civilization begins; San Lorenzo and La Venta grow in population.

By topic

Arts and sciences

• The poem Metamorphoses is written by Ovid.

Religion

• Birth of Jesus, as assigned by Dionysius Exiguus in his anno Domini era according to at least one scholar. However, most scholars think Dionysius placed the birth of Jesus in the previous year, 1 BC. Furthermore, most modern scholars do not consider Dionysius' calculations authoritative, placing the event several years earlier (see Chronology of Jesus).

By place

Roman Empire

• Following the death of Lucius Caesar, Livia Drusilla persuades Augustus to allow her son Tiberius back into Rome as a private citizen, after six years in enforced retirement on Rhodes.
• Gaius Caesar meets with Phraates V, the king of Parthia on the Euphrates. Rather than invade, Gaius Caesar concludes peace with the Parthians—Parthia recognizes Roman claims to Armenia.
• Publius Alfenus Varus and Publius Vinicius become Roman Consuls.

Europe

• Cedeides becomes Archon of Athens.

Africa

• Juba II of Mauretania joins Gaius Caesar in Armenia as a military advisor. It is during this period that he meets Glaphyra, a Cappadocian princess and the former wife of Alexandros of Judea, a brother of Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Judea, and becomes enamoured of her.

Asia

• Wang Mang begins a program of personal aggrandizement, restoring marquess titles to past imperial princes and introducing a pension system for retired officials. Restrictions are placed on the Emperor's mother, Consort Wei and members of the Wei Clan.
• The first census is concluded in China after having begun the year before: final numbers show a population of nearly 60 million (59,594,978 people in slightly more than 12 million households). The census is one of the most accurate surveys in Chinese history.
• The Chinese census shows nearly one million people living in Vietnam.

By place

Roman Empire

• The rule of emperor Augustus is renewed for a ten-year period.
• Augustus adopts his grandson, Gaius Caesar, with the expectation that he will succeed him. Gaius is made proconsul and is sent on a special mission to the East.
• Lucius Aelius Lamia and Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus are consuls of Rome.

Europe

• Menneas becomes Archon of Athens.
• Five German tribes are unified by Marbod, King of the Marcomanni. The unification of the five tribes represents a direct threat to Rome in the area that will become Silesia and Saxony.

East Asia

• King Yuri of Goguryeo moved the capital from Jolbon Fortress to Gungnae City.
• Wang Mang foils a plot by his son, Wang Yu, his brother-in-law, Lu Kuan, and the Wei clan to oust him from the regent's position. Wang Yu and Lu Kuan are killed in the purge that follows.

By place

Roman Empire

• Emperor Caesar Augustus summons Tiberius to Rome, and names him his heir and future emperor. At the same time, Agrippa Postumus, the last son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, is also adopted and named as Augustus' heir.
• Tiberius also adopts Germanicus as his own heir.
• Sextus Aelius Catus becomes consul.
• The Lex Aelia Sentia regulates the manumission of slaves.
• A pact of non-aggression and friendship is signed between the Roman Empire, represented by Tiberius, and the German tribe the Cherusci, represented by their King Segimer. Arminius and Flavus, sons of Segimer, are brought into the Roman army as leaders of the auxiliary troops.
• Julia the Elder returns from exile to live in Rhegium in disgrace.
• Augustus pardons Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus, along with Aemilia Lepida, the granddaughter of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, for alleged involvement in a conspiracy against the emperor.
• Marcus Plautius Silvanus is appointed as proconsul of Asia.

Middle East

• King Phraataces and Queen Musa of Parthia are overthrown and killed, the crown being offered to Orodes III of Parthia—the beginning of the interregnum.

Korea

• Namhae Chachaung succeeds Bak Hyeokgeose as king of the Korean kingdom of Silla (traditional date).

China

• Emperor Ping of Han marries Empress Wang (Ping), daughter of Wang Mang, cementing his influence.
• Wang Mang is given the title "superior duke".{{sfn|Klingaman| 1990<onlyinclude>| p= 64

By place

Roman Empire

• Rome acknowledges Cunobelinus, King of the Catuvellauni, as King of Britain.
• The Germanic Tribes of Cimbri and Charydes send ambassadors to Rome.
• Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus and Lucius Valerius Messalla Volesus (or Gaius Ateius Capito) become Roman consuls.
• Tiberius conquers Germania Inferior.
• Agrippina the Elder marries Germanicus, her second cousin.
• Livilla marries Drusus Julius Caesar, Tiberius's son.
• Polycharmus Azenius becomes Archon of Athens.

China

• Wang Mang, the power behind the throne, is granted the "Nine Awards of Imperial Favor" — a set of ceremonial robes, sceptres, weapons and privileges bestowed only on those in the most intimate relationship with the emperor. This is a further sign of the rising power of Wang Mang.

By place

Roman Empire

• Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Idumea, is deposed and banished to Vienne in Gaul.
• Iudaea and Moesia become Roman provinces destroying the Dardani; Syria is guarded by legions X Fretensis, III Gallica, VI Ferrata, and XII Fulminata.
• Emperor Augustus sets up a special treasury, the aerarium militare (170 million sestertii), to pay bonuses to retiring legion veterans.
• Tiberius makes Carnuntum his base of operations against Maroboduus; The Roman legion XX Valeria Victrix fights with Tiberius against the Marcomanni.
• The Illyrian tribes in Dalmatia and Pannonia start the Great Illyrian Revolt.
• The building of a Roman fort signifies the origin of the city of Wiesbaden.
• Caecina Severus is made governor of Moesia.
• Publius Sulpicius Quirinius becomes Governor of Syria and nominally of Judea.
• Quirinius conducts a census in Judea (according to Josephus), which results in a revolt in the province, led by Judas the Galilean, and supported by the Pharisee Zadok. The revolt is repressed, and the rebels are crucified, but it results in the birth of the Zealot movement, the members of which regard the God of Judaism as their only master.
• Due to a food shortage in Rome, Augustus doubles the grain rations distributed to the people.
• Due to a catastrophic fire in Rome, the barracks system is created to allow quicker response in the case of emergencies.
• Augustus banishes Agrippa Postumus, one of his adopted sons, to the island of Planasia.
• Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius become Roman consuls.
• Theophilus becomes Archon of Athens. There are no further records of Archons until after 23.

China

• January – Some Chinese fear for the life of the young, ailing Emperor Ping Di as the planet Mars disappears behind the moon this month.
• February 3 – The boy emperor, Ping Di dies of unexpected causes at age 14; Wang Mang alone selects the new emperor, the Ruzi Ying, age 2, starting the Jushe era of the Han Dynasty.
• Candidates for government office must take civil-service examinations.
• The imperial Liu clan suspect the intentions of Wang Mang and foment agrarian rebellions during the course of Ruzi Ying's reign. The first of these is led by Liu Chong, Marquess of Ang-Zong (a/k/a Marquis of An-chung), with a small force starting in May or June.

7

This article is about the number. For the year, see AD 7. For other uses, see 7 (disambiguation) and No. 7 (disambiguation).

← 6 7 8 →
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 → List of numbers — Integers ← 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 →
Cardinal	seven
Ordinal	7th (seventh)
Numeral system	septenary
Factorization	prime
Prime	4th
Divisors	1, 7
Roman numeral	VII, vii
Greek prefix	hepta-/hept-
Latin prefix	septua-
Binary	1112
Ternary	213
Quaternary	134
Quinary	125
Senary	116
Octal	78
Duodecimal	712
Hexadecimal	716
Vigesimal	720
Base 36	736
Greek numeral	Z, ζ
Amharic	፯
Arabic, Kurdish, Persian	٧
Sindhi, Urdu	۷
Bengali	৭
Chinese numeral	七, 柒
Devanāgarī	७
Telugu	౭
Tamil	௭
Hebrew	ז
Khmer	៧
Thai	๗
Kannada	೭
Malayalam	൭

7 (seven) is the natural number following 6 and preceding 8. It is the only prime number preceding a cube.

The seven Classical planets resulted in seven being the number of days in a week. It is often considered lucky in Western culture and is often seen as highly symbolic. Unlike Western culture, in Vietnamese culture, the number seven is sometimes considered unlucky.

It is the first natural number whose pronunciation contains more than one syllable.

Evolution of the Arabic digit

In the beginning, Indians wrote 7 more or less in one stroke as a curve that looks like an uppercase ⟨J⟩ vertically inverted. The western Ghubar Arabs' main contribution was to make the longer line diagonal rather than straight, though they showed some tendencies to making the digit more rectilinear. The eastern Arabs developed the digit from a form that looked something like our 6 to one that looked like an uppercase V. Both modern Arab forms influenced the European form, a two-stroke form consisting of a horizontal upper stroke joined at its right to a stroke going down to the bottom left corner, a line that is slightly curved in some font variants. As is the case with the European digit, the Cham and Khmer digit for 7 also evolved to look like their digit 1, though in a different way, so they were also concerned with making their 7 more different. For the Khmer this often involved adding a horizontal line to the top of the digit. This is analogous to the horizontal stroke through the middle that is sometimes used in handwriting in the Western world but which is almost never used in computer fonts. This horizontal stroke is, however, important to distinguish the glyph for seven from the glyph for one in writing that uses a long upstroke in the glyph for 1. In some Greek dialects of the early 12th century the longer line diagonal was drawn in a rather semicircular transverse line.

On the seven-segment displays of pocket calculators and digital watches, 7 is the digit with the most common graphic variation (1, 6 and 9 also have variant glyphs). Most calculators use three line segments, but on Sharp, Casio, and a few other brands of calculators, 7 is written with four line segments because in Japan, Korea and Taiwan 7 is written with a "hook" on the left, as ① in the following illustration.

While the shape of the character for the digit 7 has an ascender in most modern typefaces, in typefaces with text figures the character usually has a descender, as, for example, in .

Most people in Continental Europe, and some in Britain and Ireland as well as Latin America, write 7 with a line in the middle ("7"), sometimes with the top line crooked. The line through the middle is useful to clearly differentiate the digit from the digit one, as the two can appear similar when written in certain styles of handwriting. This form is used in official handwriting rules for primary school in Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Poland, other Slavic countries, France, Italy, Belgium, Finland, Romania, Germany, Greece, and Hungary.

Mathematics

Seven, the fourth prime number, is not only a Mersenne prime (since 2³ − 1 = 7) but also a double Mersenne prime since the exponent, 3, is itself a Mersenne prime. It is also a Newman–Shanks–Williams prime, a Woodall prime, a factorial prime, a lucky prime, a happy number (happy prime), a safe prime (the only Mersenne safe prime), a Leyland prime of the second kind and the fourth Heegner number.

• Seven is the lowest natural number that cannot be represented as the sum of the squares of three integers. (See Lagrange's four-square theorem#Historical development.)
• Seven is the aliquot sum of one number, the cubic number 8 and is the base of the 7-aliquot tree.
• 7 is the only number D for which the equation 2ⁿ − D = x² has more than two solutions for n and x natural. In particular, the equation 2ⁿ − 7 = x² is known as the Ramanujan–Nagell equation.
• 7 is the only dimension, besides the familiar 3, in which a vector cross product can be defined.
• 7 is the lowest dimension of a known exotic sphere, although there may exist as yet unknown exotic smooth structures on the 4-dimensional sphere.
• 999,999 divided by 7 is exactly 142,857. Therefore, when a vulgar fraction with 7 in the denominator is converted to a decimal expansion, the result has the same six-digit repeating sequence after the decimal point, but the sequence can start with any of those six digits. For example, 1/7 = 0.142857 142857... and 2/7 = 0.285714 285714....

In fact, if one sorts the digits in the number 142,857 in ascending order, 124578, it is possible to know from which of the digits the decimal part of the number is going to begin with. The remainder of dividing any number by 7 will give the position in the sequence 124578 that the decimal part of the resulting number will start. For example, 628 ÷ 7 = 89+5/7; here 5 is the remainder, and would correspond to number 7 in the ranking of the ascending sequence. So in this case, 628 ÷ 7 = 89.714285. Another example, 5238 ÷ 7 = 748+2/7, hence the remainder is 2, and this corresponds to number 2 in the sequence. In this case, 5238 ÷ 7 = 748.285714.

• A seven-sided shape is a heptagon. The regular n-gons for n ≤ 6 can be constructed by compass and straightedge alone, but the regular heptagon cannot. Figurate numbers representing heptagons (including seven) are called heptagonal numbers. Seven is also a centered hexagonal number.
• There are seven frieze groups, the groups consisting of symmetries of the plane whose group of translations is isomorphic to the group of integers.
• There are seven fundamental types of catastrophes.

Graph of the probability distribution of the sum of 2 six-sided dice

• When rolling two standard six-sided dice, seven has a 6 in 6² (or 1/6) probability of being rolled (1–6, 6–1, 2–5, 5–2, 3–4, or 4–3), the greatest of any number. The opposite sides of a standard six-sided dice always add to 7.
• The Millennium Prize Problems are seven problems in mathematics that were stated by the Clay Mathematics Institute in 2000. Currently, six of the problems remain unsolved.

Basic calculations

Multiplication	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	15	25	50	100	1000
7 × x	7	14	21	28	35	42	49	56	63	70	105	175	350	700	7000

Division	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
	11	12	13	14	15
7 ÷ x	7	3.5	2.3	1.75	1.4	1.16	1	0.875	0.7	0.7
	0.63	0.583	0.538461	0.5	0.46
x ÷ 7	0.142857	0.285714	0.428571	0.571428	0.714285	0.857142	1	1.142857	1.285714	1.428571
	1.571428	1.714285	1.857142	2	2.142857

Exponentiation	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
7x	7	49	343	2401	16807	117649	823543	5764801	40353607	282475249
x7	1	128	2187	16384	78125	279936	823543	2097152	4782969	10000000

Radix	1	5	10	15	20	25	30	40	50	60	70	80	90	100
	110	120	130	140	150	200	250	500	1000	10000	100000	1000000
x7	1	5	137	217	267	347	427	557	1017	1147	1307	1437	1567	2027
	2157	2317	2447	2607	3037	4047	5057	13137	26267	411047	5643557	113333117

In science

• Seven colors in a rainbow: ROYGBIV
• Seven Continents
• Seven Seas
• Seven climes
• The neutral pH balance
• Number of music notes in a scale
• Number of spots most commonly found on ladybugs
• Atomic number for Nitrogen

In Psychology

• Seven, plus or minus two as a model of working memory.
• Seven psychological types called the Seven Rays in the teachings of Alice A. Bailey
• In Western Culture, Seven is consistently listed as people's favorite number.
• When guessing numbers 1-10 the number 7 is most likely to be picked.
• Seven-year itch: happiness in marriage said to decline after 7 years

In culture

In literature

• Seven Dwarfs

In sports

• Sports with seven players per side
  • Kabaddi
  • Rugby sevens
  • Water Polo
  • Netball
  • Handball
  • Flag Football
  • Ultimate Frisbee
• Seven is the least number of players a soccer team must have on the field in order for a match to start and continue.
• A touchdown plus an extra point is worth seven points.

See also

• Diatonic scale
• Lucky number
• Symbolism of the number 7
• Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
• Seven days of the Week
• Septenary (numeral system)
• Year Seven (School)
• Se7en (disambiguation)
• Sevens (disambiguation)
• One-seventh area triangle
• Z with stroke (Ƶ)
• List of highways numbered 7

References

• Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers London: Penguin Group (1987): 70–71

By place

Roman Empire

• August 3 – Roman general Tiberius defeats the Illyrians in Dalmatia on the River Bathinus, but the Great Illyrian Revolt continues.
• Vipsania Julia is exiled. Lucius Aemilius Paullus and his family are disgraced. Augustus breaks off the engagement of Claudius to Paullus' daughter Aemilia Lepida. An effort is made to betrothe Claudius to Livia Medullina.
• Marcus Furius Camillus, Sextus Nonius Quinctilianus, and Lucius Apronius become Roman consuls.
• Roman poet Ovid is banished from Rome and exiled to the Black Sea near Tomis (present-day Constanța).

Europe

• Tincomarus, deposed king of the Atrebates, flees Britain for Rome; Eppillus becomes king.

Middle East

• Vonones I becomes king of Parthia.

Asia

• Start of Chushi era of the Chinese Han dynasty.
• In China, Wang Mang crushes a rebellion by Chai I, and on the winter solstice (which has been dated January 10 of the following year) officially assumes the title emperor, establishing the short-lived Xin dynasty.

By topic

Arts

• After completing Metamorphoses, Ovid begins the Fasti (Festivals), 6 books that detail the first 6 months of the year and provide valuable insights into the Roman Calendar.

9

This article is about the number. For the year, see AD 9. For other uses, see 9 (disambiguation) and Number nine (disambiguation).

← 8 9 10 →
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 → List of numbers — Integers ← 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 →
Cardinal	nine
Ordinal	9th (ninth)
Numeral system	nonary
Factorization	32
Divisors	1, 3, 9
Roman numeral	IX, ix
Greek prefix	ennea-
Latin prefix	nona-
Binary	10012
Ternary	1003
Quaternary	214
Quinary	145
Senary	136
Octal	118
Duodecimal	912
Hexadecimal	916
Vigesimal	920
Base 36	936
Amharic	፱
Arabic, Kurdish, Persian, Sindhi, Urdu	٩
Armenian numeral	Թ
Bengali	৯
Chinese numeral	九, 玖
Devanāgarī	९
Greek numeral	θ´
Hebrew numeral	ט
Tamil numerals	௯
Khmer	៩
Telugu numeral	౯
Thai numeral	๙
Malayalam	൯

9 (nine) is the natural number following 8 and preceding 10.

Mathematics

9 is a composite number, its proper divisors being 1 and 3. It is 3 times 3 and hence the third square number. Nine is a Motzkin number. It is the first composite lucky number, along with the first composite odd number and only single-digit composite odd number.

3 times 3 is one more than 2 times 2 times 2. Thus, 9 is a positive perfect power that is one more than another positive perfect power, and it can be proved by Mihăilescu's Theorem that 9 is the only number having this property.

9 is the highest single-digit number in the decimal system. It is the second non-unitary square prime of the form (p²) and the first that is odd. All subsequent squares of this form are odd.

Since 9 = 3²¹, 9 is an exponential factorial.

A polygon with nine sides is called a nonagon or enneagon. A group of nine of anything is called an ennead.

In base 10, a positive number is divisible by 9 if and only if its digital root is 9. That is, if any natural number is multiplied by 9, and the digits of the answer are repeatedly added until it is just one digit, the sum will be nine:

• 2 × 9 = 18 (1 + 8 = 9)
• 3 × 9 = 27 (2 + 7 = 9)
• 9 × 9 = 81 (8 + 1 = 9)
• 121 × 9 = 1089 (1 + 0 + 8 + 9 = 18; 1 + 8 = 9)
• 234 × 9 = 2106 (2 + 1 + 0 + 6 = 9)
• 578329 × 9 = 5204961 (5 + 2 + 0 + 4 + 9 + 6 + 1 = 27; 2 + 7 = 9)
• 482729235601 × 9 = 4344563120409 (4 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 9 = 45; 4 + 5 = 9)

There are other interesting patterns involving multiples of nine:

• 12345679 × 9 = 111111111
• 12345679 × 18 = 222222222
• 12345679 × 81 = 999999999

This works for all the multiples of 9. n = 3 is the only other n > 1 such that a number is divisible by n if and only if its digital root is divisible by n. In base-N, the divisors of N − 1 have this property. Another consequence of 9 being 10 − 1, is that it is also a Kaprekar number.

The difference between a base-10 positive integer and the sum of its digits is a whole multiple of nine. Examples:

• The sum of the digits of 41 is 5, and 41 − 5 = 36. The digital root of 36 is 3 + 6 = 9, which, as explained above, demonstrates that it is divisible by nine.
• The sum of the digits of 35967930 is 3 + 5 + 9 + 6 + 7 + 9 + 3 + 0 = 42, and 35967930 − 42 = 35967888. The digital root of 35967888 is 3 + 5 + 9 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 8 + 8 = 54, 5 + 4 = 9.

Casting out nines is a quick way of testing the calculations of sums, differences, products, and quotients of integers known as long ago as the 12th century.

Six recurring nines appear in the decimal places 762 through 767 of π, see Six nines in pi.

If dividing a number by the amount of 9s corresponding to its number of digits, the number is turned into a repeating decimal. (e.g. 274/999 = 0.274274274274...)

There are nine Heegner numbers.

List of basic calculations

Multiplication	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	20	25	50	100	1000
9 × x	9	18	27	36	45	54	63	72	81	90	180	225	450	900	9000

Division	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
9 ÷ x	9	4.5	3	2.25	1.8	1.5	1.285714	1.125	1	0.9	0.81	0.75	0.692307	0.6428571	0.6
x ÷ 9	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.8	1	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.4	1.5	1.6

Exponentiation	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
9x	9	81	729	6561	59049	531441	4782969	43046721	387420489	3486784401
x9	1	512	19683	262144	1953125	10077696	40353607	134217728	387420489	1000000000

Radix	1	5	10	15	20	25	30	40	50	60	70	80	90	100
	110	120	130	140	150	200	250	500	1000	10000	100000	1000000
x9	1	5	119	169	229	279	339	449	559	669	779	889	1109	1219
	1329	1439	1549	1659	1769	2429	3079	6159	13319	146419	1621519	17836619

Evolution of the Arabic digit

See also: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

In the beginning, various Indians wrote a digit 9 similar in shape to the modern closing question mark without the bottom dot. The Kshatrapa, Andhra and Gupta started curving the bottom vertical line coming up with a 3-look-alike. The Nagari continued the bottom stroke to make a circle and enclose the 3-look-alike, in much the same way that the sign @ encircles a lowercase a. As time went on, the enclosing circle became bigger and its line continued beyond the circle downwards, as the 3-look-alike became smaller. Soon, all that was left of the 3-look-alike was a squiggle. The Arabs simply connected that squiggle to the downward stroke at the middle and subsequent European change was purely cosmetic.

While the shape of the glyph for the digit 9 has an ascender in most modern typefaces, in typefaces with text figures the character usually has a descender, as, for example, in .

The modern digit resembles an inverted 6. To disambiguate the two on objects and documents that can be inverted, they are often underlined. Another distinction from the 6 is that it is sometimes handwritten with two strokes and a straight stem, resembling a raised lower-case letter q.

Alphabets and codes

• In the NATO phonetic alphabet, the digit 9 is called "Niner".
• Five-digit produce PLU codes that begin with 9 are organic.

Commerce

• Common terminal digit in psychological pricing.

Culture and mythology

Indian culture

Nine is a number that appears often in Indian culture and mythology. Some instances are enumerated below.

• Nine influencers are attested in Indian astrology.
• In the Vaisheshika branch of Hindu philosophy, there are nine universal substances or elements: Earth, Water, Air, Fire, Ether, Time, Space, Soul, and Mind.
• Navaratri is a nine-day festival dedicated to the nine forms of Durga.
• Navaratna, meaning "nine jewels" may also refer to Navaratnas – accomplished courtiers, Navratan – a kind of dish, or a form of architecture.
• In Indian aesthetics, there are nine kinds of Rasa.

Chinese culture

• Nine (九 pinyin jiǔ) is considered a good number in Chinese culture because it sounds the same as the word "long-lasting" (久 pinyin jiǔ).
• Nine is strongly associated with the Chinese dragon, a symbol of magic and power. There are nine forms of the dragon, it is described in terms of nine attributes, and it has nine children. It has 117 scales – 81 yang (masculine, heavenly) and 36 yin (feminine, earthly). All three numbers are multiples of 9 (9 × 13 = 117, 9 × 9 = 81, 9 × 4 = 36) as well as having the same digital root of 9.
• The dragon often symbolizes the Emperor, and the number nine can be found in many ornaments in the Forbidden City.
• The circular altar platform (Earthly Mount) of the Temple of Heaven has one circular marble plate in the center, surrounded by a ring of nine plates, then by a ring of 18 plates, and so on, for a total of nine rings, with the outermost having 81 = 9 × 9 plates.
• The name of the area called Kowloon in Hong Kong literally means: nine dragons.
• The nine-dotted line (Chinese: 南海九段线; pinyin: nánhǎi jiǔduàn xiàn; literally: "Nine-segment line of the South China Sea") delimits certain island claims by China in the South China Sea.
• The nine-rank system was a civil service nomination system used during certain Chinese dynasties.
• 9 Points of the Heart (Heal) / Heart Master (Immortality) Channels in Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Ancient Egypt

• The nine bows is a term used in Ancient Egypt to represent the traditional enemies of Egypt.
• The Ennead is a group of nine Egyptian deities, who, in some versions of the Osiris myth, judged whether Horus or Set should inherit Egypt.

European culture

• The Nine Worthies are nine historical, or semi-legendary figures who, in the Middle Ages, were believed to personify the ideals of chivalry.
• In Norse mythology, the universe is divided into nine worlds which are all connected by the world tree Yggdrasil
• In Norse mythology as well, the number nine is associated with Odin, as that is how many days he hung from the world tree Yggdrasil before attaining knowledge of the runes.

Greek mythology

• The nine Muses in Greek mythology are Calliope (epic poetry), Clio (history), Erato (erotic poetry), Euterpe (lyric poetry), Melpomene (tragedy), Polyhymnia (song), Terpsichore (dance), Thalia (comedy), and Urania (astronomy).
• It takes nine days (for an anvil) to fall from heaven to earth, and nine more to fall from earth to Tartarus.
• Leto labored for nine days and nine nights for Apollo, according to the Homeric Hymn to Delian Apollo.

Mesoamerican mythology

• The Lords of the Night, is a group of nine deities who each ruled over every ninth night forming a calendrical cycle

Aztec mythology

• Mictlan the underworld in Aztec mythology, consists of nine levels.

Mayan mythology

• The Mayan underworld Xibalba consists of nine levels.
• El Castillo the Mayan step-pyramid in Chichén Itzá, consists of nine steps. It is said that this was done to represent the nine levels of Xibalba.

Anthropology

Idioms

• "to go the whole nine yards-"
• "A cat-o'-nine-tails suggests perfect punishment and atonement." – Robert Ripley.
• "A cat has nine lives"
• "to be on cloud nine"
• "A stitch in time saves nine"
• "found true 9 out of 10 times"
• "possession is nine tenths of the law"
• The word "K-9" pronounces the same as canine and is used in many US police departments to denote the police dog unit. Despite not sounding like the translation of the word canine in other languages, many police and military units around the world use the same designation.
• Someone dressed "to the nines" is dressed up as much as they can be.
• In North American urban culture, "nine" is a slang word for a 9mm pistol or homicide, the latter from the Illinois Criminal Code for homicide.

Society

• The 9 on Yahoo!, hosted by Maria Sansone, was a daily video compilation show, or vlog, on Yahoo! featuring the nine top "web finds" of the day.
• Nine justices sit on the United States Supreme Court.

Technique

International maritime signal flag for 9

Playing cards showing the 9 of all four suits

• Stanines, a method of scaling test scores, range from 1 to 9.
• There are 9 square feet in a square yard.

Pseudoscience

• In Pythagorean numerology the number 9 symbolizes the end of one cycle and the beginning of another.

Literature

• There are nine circles of Hell in Dante's Divine Comedy.
• The Nine Bright Shiners, characters in Garth Nix's Old Kingdom trilogy. The Nine Bright Shiners was a 1930s book of poems by Anne Ridler and a 1988 fiction book by Anthea Fraser; the name derives from "a very curious old semi-pagan, semi-Christian" song.
• The Nine Tailors is a 1934 mystery novel by British writer Dorothy L. Sayers, her ninth featuring sleuth Lord Peter Wimsey.
• Nine Unknown Men are, in occult legend, the custodians of the sciences of the world since ancient times.
• In J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth, there are nine rings of power given to men, and consequently, nine ringwraiths. Additionally, The Fellowship of the Ring consists of nine companions.
• In Lorien Legacies there are nine Garde sent to Earth.
• Number Nine is a character in Lorien Legacies.
• In the series A Song of Ice and Fire, there are nine regions of Westeros (the Crownlands, the North, the Riverlands, the Westerlands, the Reach, the Stormlands, the Vale of Arryn, the Iron Islands and Dorne). Additionally, there is a group of nine city-states in western Essos known collectively as the Free Cities (Braavos, Lorath, Lys, Myr, Norvos, Pentos, Qohor, Tyrosh and Volantis).
• In The Wheel of Time series, Daughter of the Nine Moons is the title given to the heir to the throne of Seanchan, and the Court of the Nine Moons serves as the throne room of the Seanchan rulers themselves. Additionally, the nation of Illian is partially governed by a body known as the Council of Nine, and the flag of Illian displays nine golden bees on it. Furthermore, in the Age of Legends, the Nine Rods of Dominion were nine regional governors who administered individual areas of the world under the ruling world government.

Organizations

• Divine Nine – The National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) is a collaborative organization of nine historically African American, international Greek-lettered fraternities and sororities.

Places and thoroughfares

• List of highways numbered 9
• Ninth Avenue is a major avenue in Manhattan.
• South Africa has 9 provinces
• Negeri Sembilan, a Malaysian state located in Peninsular Malaysia, is named as such as it was historically a confederation of nine (Malay: sembilan) settlements (nagari) of the Minangkabau migrated from West Sumatra.

Religion and philosophy

• Nine, as the highest single-digit number (in base ten), symbolizes completeness in the Baháʼí Faith. In addition, the word Baháʼ in the Abjad notation has a value of 9, and a 9-pointed star is used to symbolize the religion.
• The number 9 is revered in Hinduism and considered a complete, perfected and divine number because it represents the end of a cycle in the decimal system, which originated from the Indian subcontinent as early as 3000 BC.
• In Buddhism, Gautama Buddha was believed to have nine virtues, which he was (1) Accomplished, (2) Perfectly Enlightened, (3) Endowed with knowledge and Conduct or Practice, (4) Well-gone or Well-spoken, (5) the Knower of worlds, (6) the Guide Unsurpassed of men to be tamed, (7) the Teacher of gods and men, (8) Enlightened, and (9) Blessed.
• Important Buddhist rituals usually involve nine monks.
• The first nine days of the Hebrew month of Av are collectively known as "The Nine Days" (Tisha HaYamim), and are a period of semi-mourning leading up to Tisha B'Av, the ninth day of Av on which both Temples in Jerusalem were destroyed.
• Nine is a significant number in Norse Mythology. Odin hung himself on an ash tree for nine days to learn the runes.
• The Fourth Way Enneagram is one system of knowledge which shows the correspondence between the 9 integers and the circle.
• In the Christian angelic hierarchy there are 9 choirs of angels.
• Ramadan, the month of fasting and prayer, is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar.
• Tian's Trigram Number, of Feng Shui, in Taoism.
• In Christianity there are nine Fruit of the Holy Spirit which followers are expected to have: love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control.
• The Bible recorded that Christ died at the 9th hour of the day (3 pm).

Science

Astronomy

• Before 2006 (when Pluto was officially designated as a non-planet), there were nine planets in the Solar System.
• Messier object M9 is a magnitude 9.0 globular cluster in the constellation Ophiuchus.
• The New General Catalogue object NGC 9, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Pegasus.

Chemistry

• The purity of chemicals (see Nine (purity)).
• Nine is the atomic number of fluorine.

Physiology

A human pregnancy normally lasts nine months, the basis of Naegele's rule.

Sports

Billiards: A Nine-ball rack with the no. 9 ball at the center

• Nine-ball is the standard professional pocket billiards variant played in the United States.
• In association football (soccer), the centre-forward/striker traditionally (since at least the fifties) wears the number 9 shirt.
• In baseball:
  • There are nine players on the field including the pitcher.
  • There are nine innings in a standard game.
  • 9 represents the right fielder's position.
  • NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture, published by the University of Nebraska Press
• In rugby league, the jersey number assigned to the hooker in most competitions. (An exception is the Super League, which uses static squad numbering.)
• In rugby union, the number worn by the starting scrum-half.

Technology

• ISO 9 is the ISO's standard for the transliteration of Cyrillic characters into Latin characters
• In the Rich Text Format specification, 9 is the language code for the English language. All codes for regional variants of English are congruent to 9 mod 256.
• The seven-segment display allows the number 9 to be constructed two ways, either with a hook at the end of its stem or without one. Most LCD calculators use the former, but some VFD models use the latter.
• The9 Limited (owner of the9.com) is a company in the video-game industry, including former ties to the extremely popular MMORPG World of Warcraft.

Music

• "Revolution 9", a sound collage which appears on The Beatles' eponymous 1968 album The Beatles (aka The White Album), prominently features a loop of a man's voice repeating the phrase "Number nine".
• There are 9 semitones in a Major 6th interval in music.
• There was a superstition among some notable classical music composers that they would die after completing their ninth symphony. Some composers who died after composing their ninth symphony include Ludwig van Beethoven, Anton Bruckner, Antonin Dvorak and Gustav Mahler.

See also

• 9 (disambiguation)
• 0.999...
• Cloud Nine
• List of highways numbered 9

Further reading

• Cecil Balmond, "Number 9, the search for the sigma code" 1998, Prestel 2008, ISBN 3-7913-1933-7, ISBN 978-3-7913-1933-9

Significant people

• Erato, Artaxiad Dynasty Queen of Armenia, 8–5 BC, 2 BC – 2 AD, 6–11
• Ariobarzan of Atropatene, Client King of Armenia, r. 1 BC – 2 AD
• Artavazd V, Client King of Armenia, r. 2–11
• Tigranes V, Artaxiad Dynasty King of Armenia, r. 2–6
• Ping Di, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 1 BC – 5 AD
• Ruzi Ying, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 6–9
• Wang Mang, Usurper Emperor of the short-lived Xin Dynasty in China r. 9–23
• Antiochus III, King of Commagene, r. 12 BC – 17 AD
• Arminius, German war chief
• Arshak II, King of Caucasian Iberia, r. 20 BC-1 AD
• Pharasmanes I, King of Caucasian Iberia, r. 1-58
• Strato II and Strato III, co-kings of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, r. 25 BC – 10 AD
• Crimthann Nia Náir, Legendary High King of Ireland, r. 8 BC – 9 AD
• Cairbre Cinnchait, Legendary High King of Ireland, r. 9–14
• Suinin, Legendary Emperor of Japan, r. 29 BC – 70 AD
• Natakamani, King of Kush, r. (1 BC – AD 20)
• Abgar V of Edessa, King of Osroene, 4 BC–AD 7, 13–50
• Ma'nu IV, King of Osroene, 7–13
• Phraates V, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 2 BC – 4 AD
• Musa of Parthia, mother and co-ruler with Phraates V, r. 2 BC – 4 AD
• Orodes III, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 4–6
• Vonones I, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 8–12
• Artabanus of Parthia, pretender to the Parthian throne and future King of Parthia
• Caesar Augustus, Roman Emperor (27 BC – 14 AD)
• Gaius Caesar, Roman general
• Livy, Roman historian
• Ovid, Roman poet
• Quirinius, Roman nobleman and politician
• Hillel the Elder, Jewish scholar and Nasi of the Sanhedrin, in office c. 31 BC – 9 AD
• Shammai, Jewish scholar and Av Beit Din of the Sanhedrin, in office 20 BC – 20 AD
• Tiberius, Roman general, statesman, and future emperor
• Hyeokgeose, King of Silla, r. 57 BC – 4 AD
• Namhae, King of Silla, r. 4–24

See also

• 00s (disambiguation)