Ringlet

This article is about the butterfly. For the hairstyle, see Ringlet (haircut). For the town, see Ringlet, Malaysia.

Ringlet
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Nymphalidae
Genus:	Aphantopus
Species:	A. hyperantus
Binomial name
Aphantopus hyperantus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Note that information on this species applies to Western Europe and some details may not be consistent with the species in other parts of its range.

The Ringlet (Aphantopus hyperantus) is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is only one of the numerous "ringlet" butterflies in the tribe Satyrini.

Range

The Ringlet Aphantopus hyperantus is a widely distributed species found throughout much of the Palearctic ecozone.In Europe it is common in most countries but absent from northern Scandinavia, peninsular Italy (found in North Italy), Portugal, Southern and central Spain (found in Cantabrian Mountains and the eastern Pyrenees), the Mediterranean islands and North Africa.In Greece it is found in Northern regions (Macedonia, Thessaly ) Beyond Europe it is found across much of temperate Asia including Russia, Siberia, Mongolia, China and Korea.

Caterpillar

Description

Aphantopus hyperantus and similar species depicted in K. Eckstein Die Schmetterlinge Deutschlands

Aphantopus hyperantus is a medium-sized butterfly with a wingspan of up to 35 to 42 millimeters. The wing upper and lower sides are solid brown with small, yellowish-rimmed eye-spots. The newly emerged ringlet has a velvety appearance and is almost black, with a white fringe to the wings. The number and size of the eye spots is variable, they may be missing on the upper wing surface. In central Europe and southern England the rare form arete occurs. The eggs are pale yellow when first laid, but become pale brown.

The caterpillars are about 25 millimeters long. They are grey or light reddish brown and have dark, reddish brown and very fine dots.Dorsally there is a dark longitudinal line, which is widened at the segment boundaries. Toward the rear, this line is more intensely colored. The head is darker and has several faint longitudinal stripes.

Colour and wing spot variation

• 

  Newly emerged, with one spot

• 

  Fresh, with one spot

• 

  Worn specimen with two spots

• 

  Faded specimen with three spots

• 

  Underside

Subspecies

Status uncertain.

• ssp. hyperantus Linnaeus, 1758 - West Europe The type locality is Sweden
• ssp. sibiricus Obraztsov, 1936 - the Altai, South Siberia and Transbaikalia
• ssp. sajana (O. Bang-Haas, 1906) - the Sayan Mountains
• ssp. ocellata (Butler, 1882) (= amurensis Staudinger, 1892; = insularis Kurentzov, 1966) - the Amur and Ussuri
• ssp. arctica (Seitz, 1909) - North Europe

Habitat

They live in grassy, moist or dry forest clearings with bushes but not in open places. There is a strong degree of attachment to woodland edges and blackberry bushes. The insect can also be very common where there are creeping thistles (Cirsium arvense) or swamp thistles (Cirsium palustre), oregano (Origanum vulgare), Forest scabious (Knautia sylvatica), or hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium) which are favourite foodplants of the imagos. The males fly in search of newly hatched females in slow, uninterrupted flight and flutter round, about and between grass stems.

Flight Time

The imagos fly in one generation from mid June to late August.

Food of the larva

The caterpillars feed on many grasses.Among the food plants are:

• Brachypodium sylvaticum
• Brachypodium pinnatum
• Phleum pratense
• Dactylis glomerata
• Festuca rubra
• Bromus erectus
• Bromus hordeaceus
• Cynosurus cristatus
• Poa pratensis
• Poa nemoralis
• Carex hirta
• Carex strigosa
• Carex sylvatic
• Carex brizoides
• Carex panice
• Agrostis capillaris
• Lilium effusum
• Agropyron repens
• Holcus mollis
• Holcus lanatus
• Deschampsia cespitosa
• Molinia caerulea
• Arrhenatherum elatius
• Calamagrostis epigejos

Development and Biology

The female scatters non-adhesive eggs in a slow low flight over grasslands. The larva is nocturnal.There are 4 moults. The larva hibernates while in the 3rd instar, breaking diapause to feed on warm winter evenings during the winter. Feeding resumes in the spring. The pupa stands generally upright in a flimsy silk cocoon, at the base of a grass tussock.This stage lasts for 2 weeks.A. hyperantus is generally considered to have a closed population structure since it occurring in small, well-defined populations

Etymology

hyperantus is Greek hyper means beyond, over, above. anthos means flower. Also husband of one of the Daughters of Danaus

Sources

• Tom Tolman, Richard Lewington The Butterflies of Europe and Northwest Africa. Nabu-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-440-07573-7 *Heiko Bellmann Der neue Kosmos-Schmetterlingsführer, Schmetterlinge, Raupen und Futterpflanzen. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2003ISBN 3-440-09330-1
• Günter Ebert, Erwin Rennwald (Hrsg.) Tagfalter. 2. Spezieller Teil: Satyridae, Libytheidae, Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae. In: Die Schmetterlinge Baden-Württembergs. 1. Auflage. Band 2, Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1991, ISBN 3-8001-3459-4.

External links

• Eurobutterflies Matt Rowlings
• European Butterflies and Moths by Christopher Jonko
• Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa
• UK Butterflies