Pacific kingfisher

Pacific kingfisher
Conservation status
Not recognized (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Coraciiformes
Family:	Alcedinidae
Subfamily:	Halcyoninae
Genus:	Todiramphus
Species:	T. sacer
Binomial name
Todiramphus sacer (Gmelin, 1788)

The Pacific kingfisher (Todiramphus sacer) is a medium-sized kingfisher belonging to the subfamily Halcyoninae, the tree kingfishers. It has a wide range throughout the South Pacific islands. It was previously considered a subspecies of the collared kingfisher.

Description

File:Collaredkingfisherfem fiji.jpg

Female, Fiji.

It has a variety of calls which vary geographically. The most typical call is loud, harsh and metallic and is repeated several times.

Distribution and habitat

It is most commonly found in coastal areas, particularly in mangrove swamps. It also inhabits farmland, open woodland, grassland and gardens. It is usually seen further inland than the collared kingfisher, where it was previously considered conspecific,ranging into forest or into mountain areas. Birds often perch conspicuously on wires, rocks or bare branches.

On the Pacific islands it is usually common in a variety of coastal and inland habitats with various subspecies present on the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga, and American Samoa.

List of subspecies

There are numerous subspecies.

Solomon Islands

• T. s. pavuvu (Mayr, 1935) – Pavuvu
• T. s. mala (Mayr, 1935) – Malaita
• T. s. solomonis (E. P. Ramsay, 1882) – Makira and adjacent islands
• T. s. sororum (I. C. J. Galbraith & E. H. Galbraith, 1962) – Malaupaina and Malaulalo
• T. s. amoenus (Mayr, 1931) – Rennell and Bellona
• T. s. ornatus (Mayr, 1931) – Nendo and Tinakula
• T. s. brachyurus (Mayr, 1931) – Reef Islands
• T. s. vicina (Mayr, 1931) – Duff Islands
• T. s. utupuae (Mayr, 1931) – Utupua
• T. s. melanodera (Mayr, 1931) – Vanikoro

Vanuatu

• T. s. torresianus (Mayr, 1931) – Hiw and Lo
• T. s. santoensis (Mayr, 1931) – Banks Islands southwards to Espiritu Santo and Malo
• T. s. juliae (Heine, 1860) – Aoba and Maewo southwards to Efate
• T. s. erromangae (Mayr, 1938) – Erromango and Anatom
• T. s. tannensis (Sharpe, 1892) – Tanna

Fiji

• T. s. vitiensis (Peale, 1848) – Vanua Levu, Taveuni, Viti Levu, Koro, Ovalau and Gau
• T. s. marinus (Mayr, 1941) – Lau Archipelago
• T. s. eximius (Mayr, 1941) – Kadavu

Polynesia

• T. s. regina (Mayr, 1941) – Futuna
• T. s. pealei (Finsch & Hartlaub, 1867) – Tutuila
• T. s. manuae (Mayr, 1941) – Ofu-Olosega and Tau
• T. s. sacer (J. F. Gmelin, 1788) – central and southern Tonga. Gmelin originally named it Alcedo sacra. It was supposedly venerated by the locals, like the sacred kingfisher.

Feeding

Small crabs are the favoured food in coastal regions but a wide variety of other animals are eaten including insects, worms, snails, shrimps, frogs, lizards, small fish and sometimes other small birds as well. The bird perches almost motionless for long periods waiting for prey. When it spots something it glides down to catch it and then flies back to the perch where larger items are pounded against the branch to subdue them. Any indigestible remains are regurgitated as pellets.

Reproduction

The nest is a hole, either a natural tree hole or a burrow excavated by the birds themselves in a rotten tree, termite mound or earth bank. They will also occupy old woodpecker holes. Two to seven rounded whitish eggs are laid directly on the floor of the burrow with no nest material used. Both parents take part in incubating the eggs and feeding the chicks. The young birds leave the nest about 44 days after hatching. Two broods are often raised in a year.

References

• Heinrich L. Bregulla (1992) Birds of Vanuatu, Anthony Nelson, Oswestry, England.
• C Hilary Fry, Kathie Fry & Alan Harris (1992) Kingfishers, Bee-eaters & Rollers, Christopher Helm (Publishers) Ltd., London.
• Craig Robson (2002) A Field Guide to the Birds of South-East Asia, New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd.

External links

• Pacific kingfisher videos, photos, and sounds at the Internet Bird Collection
• Pacific kingfisher photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)