Cadmium oxide

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Cadmium oxide
Oxid kademnatý.JPG
NaCl polyhedra.png
Names
IUPAC name
Cadmium oxide
Other names
Cadmium(II) oxide,
Cadmium monoxide
Identifiers
1306-19-0 YesY
ChemSpider 14099 YesY
EC Number 215-146-2
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
PubChem 14782
RTECS number EV1925000
UN number 2570
  • InChI=1S/Cd.O YesY
    Key: CXKCTMHTOKXKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N YesY
  • InChI=1/Cd.O/rCdO/c1-2
    Key: CXKCTMHTOKXKQT-MBQGENNCAM
  • [Cd]=O
Properties
CdO
Molar mass 128.41 g·mol−1
Appearance colorless powder (alpha form)
red-brown crystal (beta form) [1]
Odor odorless
Density 8.15 g/cm3(crystalline),
6.95 g/cm3 (amorphous)[2] solid.
Melting point 900–1,000 °C (1,650–1,830 °F; 1,170–1,270 K)
decomposition of amorphous form[3]
Boiling point 1,559 °C (2,838 °F; 1,832 K) sublimation[3]
4.8 mg/L (18 °C)[4]
Solubility soluble in dilute acid
slowly soluble in ammonium salts
insoluble in alkalies
Vapor pressure 0.13 kPa (1000 °C)
2.62 kPa (1200 °C)
61.4 kPa (1500 °C)[5]
Band gap 2.18 eV
Electron mobility 531 cm2/V·s
-3×10−5 cm3/mol
Thermal conductivity 0.7 W/m·K
2.49
Structure
cubic, cF8
Fm3m, No. 225
a = 4.6958 Å
Thermochemistry
43.64 J/mol·K[4]
55 J/mol·K[6]
−258 kJ/mol[6][5]
-229.3 kJ/mol[4]
Vapor pressure {{{value}}}
Related compounds
Other anions
 Cadmium sulfide
Cadmium selenide
Cadmium telluride
Other cations
 Zinc oxide
Mercury oxide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
YesY verify (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references

Cadmium oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula CdO. It is one of the main precursors to other cadmium compounds. It crystallizes in a cubic rocksalt lattice like sodium chloride, with octahedral cation and anion centers.[7] It occurs naturally as the rare mineral monteponite. Cadmium oxide can be found as a colorless amorphous powder or as brown or red crystals.[8] Cadmium oxide is an n-type semiconductor[9] with a band gap of 2.18 eV (2.31 eV) at room temperature (0 K).[10]

Production and structure

Since cadmium compounds are often found in association with zinc ores, cadmium oxide is a common by-product of zinc refining.[11] It is produced by burning elemental cadmium in air. Pyrolysis of other cadmium compounds, such as the nitrate or the carbonate, also affords this oxide. When pure, it is red but CdO is unusual in being available in many differing colours due to its tendency to form defect structures resulting from anion vacancies.[12] Cadmium oxide is prepared commercially by oxidizing cadmium vapor in air.[13]

Uses

Cadmium oxide is used in cadmium plating baths, electrodes for storage batteries, cadmium salts, catalyst, ceramic glazes, phosphors, and nematocide.[8] Major uses for cadmium oxide are as an ingredient for electroplating baths, and in pigments.[14]

Transparent conductor

CdO is used as a transparent conductive material,[15] which was prepared as a transparent conducting film back in 1907 by Karl Baedeker (scientist).[16] Cadmium oxide in the form of thin films has been used in applications such as photodiodes, phototransistors, photovoltaic cells, transparent electrodes, liquid crystal displays, IR detectors, and anti reflection coatings.[17] CdO microparticles undergo bandgap excitation when exposed to UV-A light and is also selective in phenol photodegradation.[18]

Cadmium plating

Most commercial electroplating of cadmium is done by electrodeposition from cyanide baths. These cyanide baths consist of cadmium oxide and sodium cyanide in water, which likely form cadmium cyanide and sodium hydroxide. A typical formula is 32 g/L cadmium oxide and 75 g/L sodium cyanide. The cadmium concentration may vary by as much as 50%. Brighteners are usually added to the bath and the plating is done at room temperature with high purity cadmium anodes.[19]

Reactivity

CdO is a basic oxide and is thus attacked by aqueous acids to give solutions of [Cd(H2O)6]2+. Upon treatment with strong alkaline solutions, [Cd(OH)
4]2−
 forms. A thin coat of cadmium oxide forms on the surface of cadmium in moist air at room temperature.[8] Cadmium will oxidize at room temperatures to form CdO.[19] Cadmium vapor and steam will form CdO and hydrogen in a reversible reaction.[19]

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=500
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cadmium oxide in Linstrom, P.J.; Mallard, W.G. (eds.) NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD. http://webbook.nist.gov (retrieved 2014-05-23)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Lewis, Richard J., Sr., Hawley's condensed chemical dictionary, 13th ed., 1997, p. 189
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Clifford A. Hampel and Gessner G. Hawley, The encyclopedia of Chemistry, 3rd Ed., 1973, p. 169
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Clifford A. Hampel, Rare Metals Handbook, 1954, p. 87-103

External links

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