18th United States Congress

18th United States Congress

17th ← → 19th United States Capitol (1827) Duration: March 4, 1823 – March 4, 1825 Senate President: Daniel D. Tompkins Senate Pres. pro tem: John Gaillard House Speaker: Henry Clay Members: 48 Senators 213 Representatives 3 Non-voting members Senate Majority: Democratic-Republican House Majority: Democratic-Republican Sessions 1st: December 1, 1823 – May 27, 1824 2nd: December 6, 1824 – March 3, 1825

The Eighteenth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1823 to March 4, 1825, during the seventh and eighth years of James Monroe's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Fourth Census of the United States in 1820. Both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority.

Major events

Main articles: 1823 in the United States, 1824 in the United States, and 1825 in the United States

• August 1823: Arikara War fought between the Arikara nation and the United States, the first American military conflict with the Plains Indians.
• December 2, 1823: Monroe Doctrine: President James Monroe delivered a speech to the Congress, announcing a new policy of forbidding European interference in the Americas and establishing American neutrality in future European conflicts.
• February 9, 1825, The House of Representatives elected John Quincy Adams President of the United States

Major legislation

Main article: List of United States federal legislation § 18th United States Congress

• January 7, 1824: Tariff of 1824, Sess. 1, ch. 4, 4 Stat. 2
• March 3, 1825: Crimes Act of 1825, Sess. 2, ch. 65, 4 Stat. 115

Party summary

The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.

Senate

Affiliation	Party (Shading indicates majority caucus)				Total
	Democratic-Republican			Federalist		Vacant
	Adams-Clay (A-DR)	Crawford (C-DR)	Jackson (J-DR)	(A-F)
End of previous Congress	43			4	47	1
Begin	11	20	11	4	46	2
End			12	5	48	0
Final voting share	89.6%			10.4%
Beginning of next Congress	Jacksonian: 25				45	3
	Anti-Jacksonian: 20

House of Representatives

Affiliation	Party (Shading indicates majority caucus)						Total
	Democratic-Republican			Federalist				Vacant
	Adams-Clay (A-DR)	Crawford (C-DR)	Jackson (J-DR)	Adams-Clay (A-F)	Crawford (C-F)	Jackson (J-F)
End of previous Congress	154			31			185	2
Begin	71	53	64	15	2	7	212	1
End	72						213	0
Final voting share	88.7%			11.3%
Beginning of next Congress	Jacksonian: 104						213	0
	Adams: 109

Leadership

President of the Senate
Daniel D. Tompkins

Senate

• President: Daniel D. Tompkins (DR)
• President pro tempore: John Gaillard (DR)

House of Representatives

• Speaker: Henry Clay (DR)

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district.

Senate

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1826; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1828; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1824.

Alabama

• 2. William R. King (J-DR)
• 3. William Kelly (J-DR)

Connecticut

• 3. James Lanman (C-DR)
• 1. Elijah Boardman (J-DR), until August 18, 1823
  • Henry W. Edwards (J-DR), from October 8, 1823

Delaware

• 2. Nicholas Van Dyke (A-F), from January 7, 1824
• 1. Thomas Clayton (A-F), from January 8, 1824

Georgia

• 3. John Elliott (C-DR)
• 2. Nicholas Ware (C-DR), until September 7, 1824
  • Thomas W. Cobb (C-DR), from December 6, 1824

Illinois

• 2. Jesse B. Thomas (C-DR)
• 3. Ninian Edwards (A-DR), until March 4, 1824
  • John McLean (C-DR), from November 23, 1824

Indiana

• 1. James Noble (C-DR)
• 3. Waller Taylor (A-DR)

Kentucky

• 2. Richard M. Johnson (J-DR)
• 3. Isham Talbot (A-DR)

Louisiana

• 2. Henry Johnson (A-DR), until May 27, 1824
  • Dominique J. Bouligny (A-DR), from November 19, 1824
• 3. James Brown (A-DR), until December 10, 1823
  • Josiah S. Johnston (A-DR), from January 15, 1824

Maine

• 2. John Chandler (C-DR)
• 1. John Holmes (C-DR)

Maryland

• 3. Edward Lloyd (C-DR)
• 1. Samuel Smith (C-DR)

Massachusetts

• 1. Elijah H. Mills (A-F)
• 2. James Lloyd (A-F)

Mississippi

• 2. Thomas H. Williams (J-DR)
• 1. David Holmes (J-DR)

Missouri

• 3. David Barton (A-DR)
• 1. Thomas H. Benton (J-DR)

New Hampshire

• 3. John F. Parrott (A-DR)
• 2. Samuel Bell (A-DR)

New Jersey

• 2. Mahlon Dickerson (C-DR)
• 1. Joseph McIlvaine (A-DR), from November 12, 1823

New York

• 3. Rufus King (A-F)
• 1. Martin Van Buren (C-DR)

North Carolina

• 3. Nathaniel Macon (C-DR)
• 2. John Branch (C-DR)

Ohio

• 1. Benjamin Ruggles (C-DR)
• 3. Ethan Allen Brown (A-DR)

Pennsylvania

• 3. Walter Lowrie (C-DR)
• 1. William Findlay (J-DR)

Rhode Island

• 2. Nehemiah R. Knight (C-DR)
• 1. James De Wolf (C-DR)

South Carolina

• 3. John Gaillard (C-DR)
• 2. Robert Y. Hayne (J-DR)

Tennessee

• 1. John H. Eaton (J-DR)
• 2. Andrew Jackson (J-DR)

Vermont

• 3. William A. Palmer (A-DR)
• 1. Horatio Seymour (A-DR)

Virginia

• 1. James Barbour (C-DR)
• 2. John Taylor (C-DR), until August 21, 1824
  • Littleton W. Tazewell (J-DR), from December 7, 1824

House of Representatives

The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.

Alabama

• 1. Gabriel Moore (J-DR)
• 2. John McKee (J-DR)
• 3. George W. Owen (J-DR)

Connecticut

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

• At-large. Noyes Barber (A-DR)
• At-large. Samuel A. Foote (A-DR)
• At-large. Ansel Sterling (A-DR)
• At-large. Ebenezer Stoddard (A-DR)
• At-large. Gideon Tomlinson (A-DR)
• At-large. Lemuel Whitman (A-DR)

Delaware

• At-large. Louis McLane (C-F)

Georgia

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

• At-large. Joel Abbot (C-DR)
• At-large. George Cary (C-DR)
• At-large. Thomas W. Cobb (C-DR), until December 6, 1824
  • Richard Henry Wilde (C-DR), from February 7, 1825
• At-large. Alfred Cuthbert (C-DR)
• At-large. John Forsyth (C-DR)
• At-large. Edward F. Tattnall (C-DR)
• At-large. Wiley Thompson (C-DR)

Illinois

• At-large. Daniel P. Cook (A-DR)

Indiana

• 1. William Prince (J-DR), until September 8, 1824
  • Jacob Call (J-DR), from December 23, 1824
• 2. Jonathan Jennings (J-DR)
• 3. John Test (J-DR)

Kentucky

• 1. David Trimble (A-DR)
• 2. Thomas Metcalfe (A-DR)
• 3. Henry Clay (A-DR)
• 4. Robert P. Letcher (A-DR)
• 5. John T. Johnson (J-DR)
• 6. David White (A-DR)
• 7. Thomas P. Moore (J-DR)
• 8. Richard A. Buckner (A-DR)
• 9. Charles A. Wickliffe (J-DR)
• 10. Francis Johnson (A-DR)
• 11. Philip Thompson (A-DR)
• 12. Robert P. Henry (J-DR)

Louisiana

• 1. Edward Livingston (J-DR)
• 2. Henry H. Gurley (A-DR)
• 3. William L. Brent (A-DR)

Maine

• 1. William Burleigh (A-DR)
• 2. Stephen Longfellow (A-F)
• 3. Ebenezer Herrick (A-DR)
• 4. Joshua Cushman (A-DR)
• 5. Enoch Lincoln (A-DR)
• 6. Jeremiah O'Brien (A-DR)
• 7. David Kidder (A-DR)

Maryland

The 5th district was a plural district with two representatives.

• 1. Raphael Neale (A-F)
• 2. Joseph Kent (A-DR)
• 3. Henry R. Warfield (A-F)
• 4. John Lee (J-F)
• 5. Peter Little (J-DR)
• 5. Isaac McKim (J-DR)
• 6. George E. Mitchell (A-DR)
• 7. William Hayward, Jr. (C-DR)
• 8. John S. Spence (A-DR)

Massachusetts

• 1. Daniel Webster (A-F)
• 2. Benjamin W. Crowninshield (A-DR)
• 3. Jeremiah Nelson (A-F)
• 4. Timothy Fuller (A-DR)
• 5. Jonas Sibley (A-DR)
• 6. John Locke (A-DR)
• 7. Samuel C. Allen (A-F)
• 8. Samuel Lathrop (A-F)
• 9. Henry W. Dwight (A-F)
• 10. John Bailey (A-DR), March 4, 1823 to March 18, 1824, and again from December 13, 1824
• 11. Aaron Hobart (A-DR)
• 12. Francis Baylies (J-F)
• 13. John Reed, Jr. (A-F)

Mississippi

• At-large. Christopher Rankin (J-DR)

Missouri

• At-large. John Scott (A-DR)

New Hampshire

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

• At-large. Ichabod Bartlett (A-DR)
• At-large. Matthew Harvey (A-DR)
• At-large. Arthur Livermore (A-DR)
• At-large. Aaron Matson (A-DR)
• At-large. William Plumer, Jr. (A-DR)
• At-large. Thomas Whipple, Jr. (A-DR)

New Jersey

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

• At-large. George Cassedy (J-DR)
• At-large. Lewis Condict (J-DR)
• At-large. Daniel Garrison (J-DR)
• At-large. George Holcombe (J-DR)
• At-large. James Matlack (A-DR)
• At-large. Samuel Swan (J-DR)

New York

There were three plural districts, the 20th & 26th had two representatives each, the 3rd had three representatives.

• 1. Silas Wood (A-DR)
• 2. Jacob Tyson (C-DR)
• 3. Churchill C. Cambreleng (C-DR)
• 3. John J. Morgan (J-DR)
• 3. Peter Sharpe (A-DR)
• 4. Joel Frost (C-DR)
• 5. William W. Van Wyck (A-DR)
• 6. Hector Craig (J-DR)
• 7. Lemuel Jenkins (C-DR)
• 8. James Strong (A-F)
• 9. James L. Hogeboom (C-DR)
• 10. Stephen Van Rensselaer (A-F)
• 11. Charles A. Foote (C-DR)
• 12. Lewis Eaton (C-DR)
• 13. Isaac Williams, Jr. (A-DR)
• 14. Henry R. Storrs (A-F)
• 15. John Herkimer (A-DR)
• 16. John W. Cady (A-DR)
• 17. John W. Taylor (A-DR)
• 18. Henry C. Martindale (A-F)
• 19. John Richards (C-DR)
• 20. Ela Collins (C-DR)
• 20. Egbert E. Ten Eyck (C-DR)
• 21. Lot Clark (C-DR)
• 22. Justin Dwinell (C-DR)
• 23. Elisha Litchfield (C-DR)
• 24. Rowland Day (C-DR)
• 25. Samuel Lawrence (A-DR)
• 26. Dudley Marvin (A-DR)
• 26. Robert S. Rose (A-DR)
• 27. Moses Hayden (A-DR)
• 28. William B. Rochester (A-DR), until ????, 1823
  • William Woods (A-DR), from November 3, 1823
• 29. Isaac Wilson (A-DR), until January 7, 1824
  • Parmenio Adams (A-DR), from January 7, 1824
• 30. Albert H. Tracy (A-DR)

North Carolina

• 1. Alfred M. Gatlin (C-DR)
• 2. Hutchins G. Burton (C-DR), until March 23, 1824
  • George Outlaw (C-DR), from January 19, 1825
• 3. Thomas H. Hall (C-DR)
• 4. Richard D. Spaight, Jr. (C-DR)
• 5. Charles Hooks (C-DR)
• 6. Weldon N. Edwards (C-DR)
• 7. John Culpepper (A-F)
• 8. Willie P. Mangum (C-DR)
• 9. Romulus M. Saunders (C-DR)
• 10. John Long (C-DR)
• 11. Henry W. Connor (J-DR)
• 12. Robert B. Vance (J-DR)
• 13. Lewis Williams (C-DR)

Ohio

• 1. James W. Gazlay (J-DR)
• 2. Thomas R. Ross (C-DR)
• 3. William McLean (A-DR)
• 4. Joseph Vance (A-DR)
• 5. John W. Campbell (J-DR)
• 6. Duncan McArthur (A-DR)
• 7. Samuel F. Vinton (A-DR)
• 8. William Wilson (C-DR)
• 9. Philemon Beecher (A-DR)
• 10. John Patterson (A-DR)
• 11. John C. Wright (A-DR)
• 12. John Sloane (A-DR)
• 13. Elisha Whittlesey (A-DR)
• 14. Mordecai Bartley (A-DR)

Pennsylvania

There were six plural districts, the 7th, 8th, 11th, and 16th had two representatives each, the 4th and 9th had three representatives each.

• 1. Samuel Breck (A-F)
• 2. Joseph Hemphill (J-F)
• 3. Daniel H. Miller (J-DR)
• 4. James Buchanan (J-F)
• 4. Samuel Edwards (J-F)
• 4. Isaac Wayne (J-F)
• 5. Philip S. Markley (J-DR)
• 6. Robert Harris (J-DR)
• 7. Daniel Udree (J-DR)
• 7. Henry Wilson (J-DR)
• 8. Samuel D. Ingham (J-DR)
• 8. Thomas J. Rogers (J-DR), until April 20, 1824
  • George Wolf (J-DR), from December 9, 1824
• 9. William Cox Ellis (J-F)
• 9. George Kremer (J-DR)
• 9. Samuel McKean (J-DR)
• 10. James S. Mitchell (J-DR)
• 11. John Findlay (J-DR)
• 11. James Wilson (J-DR)
• 12. John Brown (J-DR)
• 13. John Tod (J-DR), until ????, 1824
  • Alexander Thomson (J-DR), from December 6, 1824
• 14. Andrew Stewart (J-DR)
• 15. Thomas Patterson (J-DR)
• 16. James Allison, Jr. (J-DR)
• 16. Walter Forward (J-DR)
• 17. George Plumer (J-DR)
• 18. Patrick Farrelly (J-DR)

Rhode Island

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

• At-large. Job Durfee (A-DR)
• At-large. Samuel Eddy (A-DR)

South Carolina

• 1. Joel R. Poinsett (J-DR)
• 2. James Hamilton, Jr. (J-DR)
• 3. Robert B. Campbell (J-DR)
• 4. Andrew R. Govan (J-DR)
• 5. George McDuffie (J-DR)
• 6. John Wilson (J-DR)
• 7. Joseph Gist (J-DR)
• 8. John Carter (J-DR)
• 9. Starling Tucker (J-DR)

Tennessee

• 1. John Blair (J-DR)
• 2. John Cocke (J-DR)
• 3. James I. Standifer (J-DR)
• 4. Jacob C. Isacks (J-DR)
• 5. Robert Allen (J-DR)
• 6. James T. Sandford (J-DR)
• 7. Samuel Houston (J-DR)
• 8. James B. Reynolds (J-DR)
• 9. Adam R. Alexander (J-DR)

Vermont

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

• At-large. Rollin C. Mallary (A-DR)
• At-large. William C. Bradley (A-DR)
• At-large. Charles Rich (A-DR), until October 15, 1824
  • Henry Olin (A-DR), from December 13, 1824
• At-large. Daniel A. A. Buck (A-DR)
• At-large. Samuel C. Crafts (A-DR)

Virginia

• 1. Thomas Newton, Jr. (A-DR)
• 2. Arthur Smith (C-DR)
• 3. William S. Archer (C-DR)
• 4. Mark Alexander (C-DR)
• 5. John Randolph (C-DR)
• 6. George Tucker (C-DR)
• 7. Jabez Leftwich (C-DR)
• 8. Burwell Bassett (C-DR)
• 9. Andrew Stevenson (C-DR)
• 10. William C. Rives (C-DR)
• 11. Philip P. Barbour (C-DR)
• 12. Robert S. Garnett (C-DR)
• 13. William Lee Ball (C-DR), until February 29, 1824
  • John Taliaferro (C-DR), from March 24, 1824
• 14. Charles F. Mercer (C-DR)
• 15. John S. Barbour (C-DR)
• 16. James Stephenson (C-F)
• 17. Jared Williams (C-DR)
• 18. Joseph Johnson (J-DR)
• 19. William McCoy (C-DR)
• 20. John Floyd (C-DR)
• 21. William Smith (C-DR)
• 22. Alexander Smyth (C-DR)

Non-voting members

• Arkansas Territory. Henry W. Conway
• Florida Territory. Richard K. Call
• Michigan Territory. Gabriel Richard

Speaker of the House Henry Clay

Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Senate

• deaths: 3
• resignations: 3
• vacancy: 2
• Total seats with changes: 8

See also: List of special elections to the United States Senate

State (class)	Vacator	Reason for change	Successor	Date of successor's formal installation
New Jersey (1)	Vacant	Samuel L. Southard resigned at end of previous Congress	Joseph McIlvaine (A-DR)	Elected November 12, 1823
Delaware (1)	Vacant	Legislature had failed to elect. Incumbent was re-elected late in the Congress.	Nicholas Van Dyke (A-F)	Elected January 7, 1824
Delaware (1)	Vacant	Caesar A. Rodney resigned in previous term	Thomas Clayton (A-F)	Elected January 8, 1824
Connecticut (1)	Elijah Boardman (J-DR)	Died August 18, 1823	Henry W. Edwards (J-DR)	Appointed October 8, 1823
Louisiana (3)	James Brown (A-DR)	Resigned December 10, 1823 after being appointed Minister to France	Josiah S. Johnston (A-DR)	Elected January 15, 1824
Illinois (3)	Ninian Edwards (A-DR)	Resigned March 4, 1824 after being appointed Minister to Mexico	John McLean (C-DR)	Elected December 6, 1824
Louisiana (2)	Henry Johnson (A-DR)	Resigned May 27, 1824 to run for Governor of Louisiana	Dominique J. Bouligny (A-DR)	Elected November 19, 1824
Virginia (2)	John Taylor (C-DR)	Died August 21, 1824	Littleton W. Tazewell (J-DR)	Elected December 7, 1824
Georgia (2)	Nicholas Ware (C-DR)	Died September 7, 1824	Thomas W. Cobb (C-DR)	Elected December 6, 1824

House of Representatives

• deaths: 3
• resignations: 5
• contested election: 2
• Total seats with changes: 10

Main article: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives

District	Vacator	Reason for change	Successor	Date successor seated
Massachusetts 10th	Vacant	John Bailey was declared not entitled to seat in previous election, and was elected to replace himself in special election	John Bailey (A-DR)	Seated December 13, 1824
New York 28th	William B. Rochester (A-DR)	Resigned April 21, 1823	William Woods (A-DR)	Seated November 3, 1823
Pennsylvania 13th	John Tod (J-DR)	Resigned some time in 1824	Alexander Thomson (J-DR)	Seated December 6, 1824
New York 29th	Isaac Wilson (A-DR)	Lost contested election January 7, 1824	Parmenio Adams (A-DR)	Seated January 7, 1824
Virginia 13th	William Lee Ball (C-DR)	Died February 29, 1824	John Taliaferro (C-DR)	Seated March 24, 1824
North Carolina 2nd	Hutchins G. Burton (C-DR)	Resigned March 23, 1824 after being elected Governor of North Carolina	George Outlaw (C-DR)	Seated January 19, 1825
Pennsylvania 8th	Thomas J. Rogers (J-DR)	Resigned April 20, 1824	George Wolf (J-DR)	Seated December 9, 1824
Indiana 1st	William Prince (J-DR)	Died September 8, 1824	Jacob Call (J-DR)	Seated December 23, 1824
Vermont 3rd	Charles Rich (A-DR)	Died October 15, 1824	Henry Olin (A-DR)	Seated December 13, 1824
Georgia At-large	Thomas W. Cobb (C-DR)	Resigned December 6, 1824 after being elected to the US Senate	Richard H. Wilde (C-DR)	Seated February 7, 1825

Employees

• Architect of the Capitol: Charles Bulfinch

Senate

• Chaplain: William Staughton (Baptist), elected December 10, 1823
  • Charles P. McIlvaine (Episcopalian), elected December 14, 1824
• Secretary: Charles Cutts
• Sergeant at Arms: Mountjoy Bayly

House of Representatives

• Chaplain: Henry B. Bascom (Methodist) elected December 1, 1823
  • Reuben Post (Presbyterian) elected December 6, 1824
• Clerk: Matthew St. Clair Clarke
• Doorkeeper: Benjamin Birch
• Sergeant at Arms: Thomas Dunn, elected December 1, 1823, died
  • John O. Dunn, elected December 6, 1824

See also

• United States elections, 1822 (elections leading to this Congress)
  • United States Senate elections, 1822 and 1823
  • United States House of Representatives elections, 1822
• United States elections, 1824 (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
  • United States Senate elections, 1822 and 1823
  • United States House of Representatives elections, 1824

External links

• Statutes at Large, 1789-1875
• Senate Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• House Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
• U.S. House of Representatives: House History
• U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists