1828 in science
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
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The year 1828 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Contents
Astronomy
- Félix Savary computes the first orbit of a visual double star when he calculates the orbit of the double star Xi Ursae Majoris.
Biochemistry
- Urea becomes the first organic compound to be artificially synthesised, by Friedrich Wöhler, potentially discrediting a cornerstone of vitalism, the belief that life is not subject to the laws of science in the way inanimate objects are.
Biology
- April 27 – London Zoo opens in Regent's Park for members of the Zoological Society of London.[1]
- Karl Ernst von Baer lays the foundations of the science of comparative embryology with his book Über Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere.
- Martin Lichtenstein publishes a monograph on the Dipodidae, Über die Springmäuse, in Berlin.
- Belfast Botanic Gardens open.
Chemistry
- Jöns Jakob Berzelius produces a table of atomic weights and discovers thorium.
- Friedrich Wöhler synthesizes urea, thereby establishing that organic compounds could be produced from inorganic starting materials, disproving the theory of vitalism.[2]
Medicine
- February 19 – The Boston Society for Medical Improvement is established in the United States.
- April 17 – Royal Free Hospital, established as the London General Institution for the Gratuitous Care of Malignant Diseases by surgeon William Marsden, opens.
- December 24 – Burke and Hare murders: William Burke is sentenced to hang for his part in the murder of 17 victims to provide bodies for dissection by Edinburgh anatomist Robert Knox.
- F. Maury publishes Traité Complet de l'Art du Dentiste, the first handbook of dentistry.[3]
Paleontology
- January 7 – Rev. Henry Duncan describes his discovery of the fossil footmarks of quadrupeds (Chelichnus duncani) in Permian red sandstone in south west Scotland, the first scientific report of a fossil track.[4]
- December – Mary Anning discovers Britain's first pterosaur fossil at Lyme Regis on the south coast of England.
- Adolphe Theodore Brongniart publishes Prodrome d'une histoire des Végétaux Fossils, a study of fossil plants.
Physics
- Self-taught English mathematician George Green publishes An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism[5] in Nottingham, the first mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism, introducing a form of divergence theorem (a version of Green's theorem), the idea of potential theory, and the concept of what will come to be called Green's functions.[6][7]
- Irish astronomer William Rowan Hamilton publishes Theory of Systems of Rays.
Technology
- October 1 – James Beaumont Neilson of Scotland patents the hot blast process for ironmaking.[8]
- Ányos Jedlik creates the world's first electric motor.
- The brothers John and Charles Deane produce the first diving helmet by adaptation of a smoke helmet produced for them by Augustus Siebe.[9]
- Scottish architect Peter Nicholson sets out a method of preparing stones for construction of a helicoidal skew arch.[10][11][12]
Awards
- Copley Medal: not awarded
Births
- April 17 – Sampson Gamgee (died 1886), Tuscan-born English surgeon.
- March 24 – Jules Verne (died 1905), French science fiction author.
- September 15 – Aleksandr Butlerov (died 1886), Russian chemist.
- October 31 – Joseph Swan (died 1914), English physicist.
- November 22 – Lydia Shackleton (died 1914), Irish botanical artist.
Deaths
- March 17 – James Edward Smith (born 1759), English botanist.
- March 23 – David Friesenhausen (born 1756), German-Hungarian-Jewish rabbi, mathematician and astronomer.
- July 5 – Andrew Duncan (born 1744), Scottish physician.
- August 8 – Carl Peter Thunberg (born 1743), Swedish botanist.
- August 22 – Franz Joseph Gall (born 1758), German-born neuroanatomist.
- December 22 – William Hyde Wollaston (born 1766), English chemist.
References
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