Scaled Composites White Knight Two

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White Knight Two
WhiteKnight Two flying.jpg
Role Flying Space Aircraft Carrier
Manufacturer Scaled Composites
Designer Robert Morgan, James Tighe[1][2]
First flight December 21, 2008
Number built 1
Developed from Scaled Composites White Knight

The Scaled Composites Model 348 White Knight Two (WK2) is a jet-powered cargo aircraft which is used to lift the SpaceShipTwo spacecraft to release altitude. It was developed by Scaled Composites from 2007 to 2010 as the first stage of Tier 1b, a two-stage to suborbital-space manned launch system. WK2 is based on the successful mothership to SpaceShipOne, White Knight, which itself is based on Proteus.

With an "open architecture" design and explicit plans for multi-purpose use, the aircraft could also operate as a zero-g aircraft for passenger training or microgravity science flights, handle missions in high-altitude testing more generally, or be used to launch payloads other than SpaceShipTwo.[3] A study of use of the aircraft as a forest fire water bomber has also been mentioned, one that would utilize a large carbon composite water tank that could be quickly replenished to make repeat runs over fires.[3]

Virgin Galactic has ordered two White Knight Two vehicles.[4] Together, WK2 and SS2 form the basis for Virgin Galactic's fleet of suborbital spaceplanes.

In November 2010, The Spaceship Company had announced that it planned to build at least three additional White Knight Two aircraft and an additional five SpaceShipTwo rocket planes, the aircraft to be built by Virgin after the initial prototypes of each craft are built by Scaled Composites. [5] As of 2015, it is not clear how many SS2 and WK2 vehicles will actually be built.

The first White Knight Two is named VMS Eve after Richard Branson's mother Eve Branson; it was officially unveiled on July 28, 2008, and flew for the first time on December 21, 2008. The second is expected to be named VMS Spirit of Steve Fossett after Branson's close friend Steve Fossett, who died in an aircraft accident in 2007.[6][7]

History

During 2012–2014, Virgin Galactic was also considering use of the WhiteKnightTwo as the air-launch platform for a new two-stage liquid-fueled rocket small satellite launcher called LauncherOne.[8] In the event—by late 2015—they decided to use a larger carrier aircraft for the job. [9]

Design

File:Vg-wk2-080728 (2) cr8.jpg
PW308 used on the White Knight Two

White Knight Two is roughly three times larger than White Knight in order to perform a captive flight with the larger SpaceShipTwo spacecraft. The WK2 is similar in wingspan to a Boeing B-29 Superfortress.[10] White Knight Two is a very modern aircraft, as even the flight control cables are constructed of carbon fiber, using a new patented design.[3]

WK2 will provide preview flights offering several seconds of weightlessness before the suborbital event. It is intended to have a service ceiling of about 60,000 ft (18 km), offering a dark blue sky to passengers. This will allow tourists to practice before the real flight.[11]

White Knight Two is of twin fuselage design with four jet engines mounted two on each wing.[12] One fuselage is an exact replica of that of SpaceShipTwo (to allow tourist training), and the other will carry 'cut-rate' day-trippers into the stratosphere.[13]

The design is quite different from the White Knight, both in size, use of tail, engine configuration and placement of cockpit(s). The White Knight uses two T-tails, but the White Knight Two uses two cruciform tails. Engine configuration is also very different. White Knight Two has four engines hung underneath the wings on pylons while White Knight's pair of engines are on either side of its single fuselage.

Timeline of introduction

White Knight Two at its rollout and christening ceremony on July 28, 2008

Virgin Galactic contracted aerospace designer Burt Rutan to build the mothership and spacecraft.[14][15]

On January 23, 2008 the White Knight Two design was revealed.[16] On July 28, 2008 the completion and rollout of the first aircraft, Eve, (Tail Number: N348MS[17]) occurred at Scaled's Mojave headquarters. Branson predicted that the maiden space voyage would take place in 18 months: "It represents... the chance for our ever-growing group of future astronauts and other scientists to see our world in a completely new light."

On March 22, 2010 the VSS Enterprise completed its 25th flight, the first occasion it carried the SpaceShipTwo. In a flight of 2 hours 54 minutes, it ascended to an altitude of 45,000 ft (14,000 m).[18] The launch customer of White Knight Two is Virgin Galactic, which will have the first two units, and exclusive rights to the craft for the first few years.

Flight test program

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Main article: Flight test program of VMS Eve

An extensive flight test program of VMS Eve, with nearly twenty flights between December 2008 and August 2009, was undertaken to validate the design and gradually expand the aircraft operating envelope.[19][20] The flight tests were complete by September 2009, and testing with SpaceShipTwo began in early 2010.[21]

Aircraft specifications

400px

Data from Virgin Galactic Presentation 2007[22]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2 (flight crew) + spaceship launch crew
  • Capacity: payload 17,000 kg (37,000 lb)[23] to 50,000 ft (15,000 m).; 200 kg satellite to LEO when carrying a LauncherOne orbital launch vehicle.[24]
  • Length: 78 ft 9 in (24 m)
  • Wingspan: 141 ft 1 in (43 m)
  • Powerplant: 4 × Pratt & Whitney Canada PW308 turbofan engines, 6,900 lbf (30.69 kN) thrust each

Performance

  • Service ceiling: 70,000 ft (21,000 m) [23]

See also

References

  1. ↑ US patent D612791, Tighe, James, "U.S. Design Patent 612,719 for the ornamental design for an aircraft", issued 2010-03-30 
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Spacecraft factory to break ground in Mojave, Los Angeles Times, 2010-11-08, accessed 2010-11-09.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ bbc.co.uk, "Branson unveils space tourism jet" BBC News
  15. ↑ "Virgin Galactic rolls out SpaceShipTwo's 'mothership'" newscientist.com,
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ http://www.personalspaceflight.info/
  20. ↑ Scaled Composites, "White Knight Two Flight Test Summaries" (accessed 2009-10-01)
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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