Facial skeleton

Facial bones
File:Facial skeleton - en.svg The fourteen bones that form the human facial skeleton.
File:Facial bones - animation02.gif The fourteen facial bones. (Neurocranium is shown in semi-transparent.)   Blue: Vomer (1)   Yellow: Maxilla (2)   Purple: Mandible (1)   Pink: Nasal bones (2)   Red: Palatine bones (2)   Bright blue: Lacrimal bones (2)   Dark green: Zygomatic bones (2)   Bright green: Inferior nasal concha (2)
Details
Latin	ossa faciei, ossa facialia
Identifiers
Dorlands /Elsevier	Facial bones
TA
TH	{{#property:P1694}}
TE	{{#property:P1693}}
FMA	{{#property:P1402}}
Anatomical terms of bone [[[d:|edit on Wikidata]]]

The facial skeleton, viscerocranium, or splanchnocranium consists of a part of the skull that is derived from the pharyngeal arches. The facial bones are the bones of the anterior and lower skull. The rest of the skull is the neurocranium.

Structure

For the human skull, most sources always include these fourteen bones in their lists of facial bones:

• Inferior nasal concha (2)
• Lacrimal bones (2)
• Mandible
• Maxilla (2)
• Nasal bones (2)
• Palatine bones (2)
• Vomer
• Zygomatic bones (2)

Variations

The hyoid bone is sometimes included. The ethmoid bone (or a part of it) and also the sphenoid bone are sometimes included, but otherwise considered part of the neurocranium. Some sources describe the maxilla's left and right parts as two bones. Likewise, the palatine bone is also sometimes described as two bones.

Textbooks differ as to what bones to include in the facial skeleton. Some textbooks make a strict distinction between bones of the neurocranium and viscerocranium, based on the embryological origins of the bones. Other textbooks tend to include all the bones that can be seen in a frontal aspect of the human skull; consequently they include bones such as the frontal bone.

Development

The viscerocranium is derived from the neural crest cells (also responsible for the development of the neurocranium, teeth and adrenal medulla) or from the sclerotome which derives from the somite block of the mesoderm. As with the neurocranium, in Chondricthyes and other cartilaginous vertebrates, they are not replaced via endochondral ossification. In tetrapods, such as amphibians and reptiles, the columella connecting to the tympanum is derived from the splanchnocranium. In mammals, the splanchnocranium derives the bones of the middle ear, the malleus, the incus and stapes.

Additional images

• 

  Human facial skeleton. Front view.

• 705 Lateral View of Skull-01.jpg

  Human skull. Lateral view.

• 

  Facial bones and neurocranium (labeled as "Brain case").

See also

• Face

External links

• ent/9 at eMedicine - "Facial Bone Anatomy"